1
|
Chau SL, Zhao A, Jia W, Wang L. Simultaneous Determination of Pesticide Residues and Mycotoxins in Storage Pu-erh Tea Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:6883. [PMID: 37836726 PMCID: PMC10574668 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins and pesticides are the most concerning chemical contaminants that can affect the quality of Pu-erh tea during its production and storage. This study presents a method that can simultaneously determine 31 pesticide residues and six mycotoxins in Pu-erh tea within 11 min using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) after QuEChERS extraction. The lower limit of quantification (LOQ) for all analytes ranged between 0.06 and 50 ppb. Recoveries for each pesticide and mycotoxin ranged between 62.0 and 130.3%, with intra- and inter-day precisions lower than 15%. Good linear relationships were obtained, with correlation coefficients of r2 > 0.991 for all analytes. The established method was applied to 31 Pu-erh tea samples, including raw and ripened Pu-erh tea with different storage times. As a result, pesticide residues were not detected in any of the collected samples, and the mycotoxins detected in the samples were well below the official maximum residue limits (MRLs). Notably, the levels of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2) were lower than 1 ppb in the samples stored for more than 30 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Leung Chau
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200023, China;
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; (S.L.C.); (W.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Szternfeld P, Montalvo D, Broos J, Cheyns K, Joly L, Vanhee C. Pesticides, trace elements and pharmaceuticals in tea samples available in Belgian retail shops and the risk associated upon acute and chronic exposure. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:58-68. [PMID: 36537161 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2145617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the consumption of tea and herbal tea has gained more and more popularity across the globe, but the potential presence of chemical contaminants (e.g. pesticides, trace elements, synthetic drugs) may raise health concerns. This study analysed selected teas available in Belgian retail stores and performed a risk assessment for these samples. No chemical adulteration could be detected in dry tea material. More than 38% of the dry leaves samples contained at least one pesticide exceeding the maximal residue level (MRL) set by the EU. However, further risk assessment, based on the values of pesticide residues and the toxic trace elements encountered in the brew, demonstrate that the consumption of these teas will not give rise to health concerns. Nonetheless, attention should be given to the leaching potential of nickel from teas and the presence of arsenic in brews from algae containing teas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Szternfeld
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Daniela Montalvo
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of trace elements and nanomaterials, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Julie Broos
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of trace elements and nanomaterials, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Laure Joly
- Department of Chemical & Physical Health Risks, Chemical & Physical Health Risks department, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Celine Vanhee
- Department of Chemical and physical health risks, Laboratory of medicines and health products, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan JC, An J, Ren R, Liu SY, He HL, Zhao G. Occurrence and exposure risk assessment of pesticide residues in green tea samples cultivated in Hangzhou area, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:8-13. [PMID: 35879826 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentration of pesticide residues in 105 green tea samples grown in Hangzhou area were investigated. Of the 14 pesticides analysed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the 27 pesticides analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, only 18 were detected in the tea samples. The most frequently detected pesticide residues were imidacloprid (35.2%), acetamiprid (26.7%), carbendazim (21.0%), bifenthrin (21.0%), and cyhalothrin (19.1%). Carbofuran was the only pesticide which exceeded in one sample the maximum residue limit. The concentrations of the analytes in tea samples ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 2.64 mg/kg. Their mean concentrations were all below the LOD, except for imidacloprid, acetamiprid, carbendazim, bifenthrin and cyhalothrin. Based on a preliminary long-term exposure assessment, the hazard quotient values of the detected pesticides varied in the range 0.47 × 10-3 - 1.1 × 10-3%, which indicates that these levels did not pose a risk to human health in Hangzhou area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Cai Fan
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jun An
- Zhejiang Evergreen Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd., Hanghzou, P. R. China
| | - Ren Ren
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Li He
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He M, Lyu X. Application of BRAFO-tiered approach for health benefit-risk assessment of dark tea consumption in China. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112615. [PMID: 34656696 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dark tea, a unique tea fermented primarily in China, has numerous potential beneficial effects. However, harmful substances present in dark tea have provoked significant concern. To conduct a quantitative benefit-risk assessment of dark tea for Chinese residents and provide guidance on rational consumption, a framework of Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO) and meta-analysis was applied to construct a disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, a reference scenario (no intake) and an alternative scenario (intake of 3 cups/day) were determined. The overall health impacts of dark tea were simulated by comparing the risks of fluoride and AF with benefits of reduced-risk to coronary heart disease (CHD) and diabetes in different scenarios. Three cups of fermented tea consumed per day decreased risks of CHD and diabetes by 8.16% and 12.77% respectively. After quantitative integration of information, the ultimate net health effect was found to be -1958.827 illustrating that the benefits of drinking three cups of dark tea per day outweigh the risks. However, considering the uncertainties in the process, decision-makers should proceed with caution, consulting additional well-conducted studies and further managing harmful substances in dark tea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengru He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohua Lyu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
YAO Q, LIN Q, YAN SA, HUANG M, CHEN L. Dietary risk assessment of fluoride, lead, chromium, and cadmium through consumption of Tieguanyin tea and white tea. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.69220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua YAO
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Qiu LIN
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | - Sun-an YAN
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| | | | - Lihua CHEN
- Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hepsağ F, Kizildeniz T. Pesticide residues and health risk appraisal of tomato cultivated in greenhouse from the Mediterranean region of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22551-22562. [PMID: 33420929 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research aims at assessing the health risks associated with pesticide residues in greenhouse grown tomato production in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. A multiresidue method based on modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) was used for sample preparation that is applied for pesticide detection from extraction of tomato samples in the methodology generated by The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Official Method. The restrain of the quantification varied from 0.002 to 0.009 mg kg-1. The validated data exposed both adequate recoveries, repeatability and reproducibility, including accomplished all other requirements of the European DG SANTE/12682/2019 Guideline. This study divulges that tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse demonstrate 61.5% of samples with one or various pesticide residues. The maximum permitted residue level of above the EU DG Guideline was in 12.2% of the samples. The main determined pesticide residues on the tomatoes cultivated in greenhouse were identified as chlorpyrifos methyl, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, and acetamiprid. Chlorpyrifos methyl (9.5%), cyfluthrin (6.6%), deltamethrin (5.5%), and acetamiprid (3.2%) were recognized as the most conducing residues to the hazard index (HI). The HI was 9.5% for adults and 11.02% for children (3 to <10 years). The major contributor of the HI was chlorpyrifos in both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Hepsağ
- School of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Technology, Korkut Ata University, Kadirli Campus, 80750, Osmaniye, Turkey.
| | - Tefide Kizildeniz
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Biosystem Engineering Department, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Merkez Campus, 51240, Niğde, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang T, Ma M, Chen C, Yang X, Qian Y. Three widely used pesticides and their mixtures induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis through the ROS-related caspase pathway in HepG2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112162. [PMID: 33813062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Difenoconazole, cypermethrin and triazophos are widely used pesticides in agricultural production and frequently detected in foods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of these pesticides and their mixtures on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) content, apoptosis rate and DNA fragmentation and synthesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The order of inhibitory effects for the individual pesticides was ranked as difenoconazole > cypermethrin > triazophos. The enhanced expression of caspase-3, caspase-7 and PARP activity was observed in HepG2 cells, which was 1.7, 1.3 and 1.6-fold higher than the control, respectively, along with significant protein cleavage; and induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Further, the pesticide mixtures significantly increased ROS level (up to 1.3-fold), induced DNA fragmentation (up to 1.8-fold), inhibited DNA synthesis (up to 53%), and damaged the cells by destroying the cell membrane and producing a large amount of LDH at concentration range of 10-30 μM. Specifically, mixtures containing difenoconazole showed stronger toxicities than individual pesticides, implying higher health risks associated with mixtures. Our results show that three widely used pesticides exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis through the ROS-related caspase pathway, providing a basis for evaluation of health risks from pesticide mixtures via food consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiancai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Argo-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Argo-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Argo-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Argo-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Argo-Product Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Argo-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, NO.12 Zhong-guan-cun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yao Q, Yan SA, Li J, Huang M, Lin Q. Health risk assessment of 42 pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea from Fujian, China. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:932-939. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1802476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Yao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sun-An Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Inspection and Quarantine Technique Center of Fujian Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minmin Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standards Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lu EH, Huang SZ, Yu TH, Chiang SY, Wu KY. Systematic probabilistic risk assessment of pesticide residues in tea leaves. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125692. [PMID: 31962224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiple pesticide residues are frequently present in tea leaves and while the majority of residues satisfy Taiwan's current health regulations, there are potential health effects from pesticide exposure that are of great concern for tea drinkers. We undertook a systematic probabilistic risk assessment of 59 pesticides in tea leaves from 1629 tea leaf samples obtained by Taiwan's Food and Drug Administration in two monitoring surveys in 2015. Bayesian statistics used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to estimate posterior distributions of pesticide residues in tea leaves, lifetime average daily doses and hazard quotients (HQs) of evaluated pesticides. We classified 95th percentile values of HQs into three categories: 0 < HQ < 0.5, 0.5 ≤ HQ ≤ 1 and 1 < HQ. The 95th percentiles of HQs for triazophos (3.39), carbofuran (2.04) and endosulfan (1.80) exceeded 1 in the adult population; the HQ for 3-OH carbofuran was 0.97 and was less than 0.5 for the remaining 55 pesticides. The health risk posed by pesticide residues for tea drinkers is negligible, if triazophos, carbofuran, endosulfan, and 3-OH carbofuran residues satisfy regulatory standards. However, five legacy pesticides, DDT, methomyl, carbofuran, dicofol and endosulfan, were identified. To reduce uncertainties, this study combined Bayesian statistics with a mode of action approach for systematic risk assessment of co-exposure to multiple pesticide residues in tea leaf samples. Measuring pesticide transfer rates will improve the quality of future risk assessments concerning residues in tea leaves. Appropriate management of pesticides in Taiwanese tea farms and monitoring of pesticide residues in imported tea is warranted to protect Taiwan's tea drinkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En-Hsuan Lu
- Legislative Yuan, Room 3309, No.1, Qingdao E. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Zu Huang
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hung Yu
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, No.128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yin Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Yuh Wu
- Legislative Yuan, Room 3309, No.1, Qingdao E. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Room 721, No. 17, Xu-Zhou Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Song X, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Gong D, Luo H, Deng Y, Yang D, Chen L. Residual behavior and risk assessment of butralin in peanut fields. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 192:62. [PMID: 31865452 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-8013-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Butralin is widely used to control single-leaf weeds and some dicotyledons. The application of butralin in the environment may cause residue beyond regulation criteria and residual toxicity. Therefore, it is important to detect and supervise the dissipation behavior of butralin in edible raw food and in the environment. The aim of this study was to monitor butralin in peanuts and soil under farmland conditions and examine the likely dietary risk assessment of butralin for Chinese people on the basis of residual concentrations. A method for the analysis of butralin residue and its dissipation in peanut plants and soil under field conditions was investigated. The results show that an analytical method for the quantization of butralin in peanuts and soil utilizing gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) was developed. Standard recovery experiments using three different butralin spiking levels of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg kg-1 in different samples (i.e., peanut kernels, shell, seedling, stalk, and soil) were conducted. The recoveries of butralin from all matrices ranged from 86 to 108% with relative standard deviations from 3 to 6% (n = 5). The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method was 0.01 mg kg-1. After storage at - 20 °C for 365 days, the degradation rate of residues of butralin in peanut kernels was less than 30%, which met the storage stability test criteria for pesticide residues in stored commodities of plant origin. The dissipation half-lives of butralin ranged from 4.2 to 6.6 days and 4.6 to 6.6 days in peanut seedlings and soil, respectively, in farmland ecosystems. At the normal harvest time, the final residue concentrations of butralin in peanuts and soil were all below the LOQ. The final total risk quotient (RQ) values were much lower than RQ = 100%, which indicated that the long-run fitness risk associated with butralin residue in different groups of registered crops is correspondingly low for people in China. The current research results could offer guidance for the rational use of butralin and provide data support for the building of maximum residue limits (MRLs) in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xiangxiang Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Yuzhou Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Daoxin Gong
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Haifeng Luo
- College of Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Yaocheng Deng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Danxin Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Ling Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tang GY, Meng X, Gan RY, Zhao CN, Liu Q, Feng YB, Li S, Wei XL, Atanasov AG, Corke H, Li HB. Health Functions and Related Molecular Mechanisms of Tea Components: An Update Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6196. [PMID: 31817990 PMCID: PMC6941079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea is widely consumed all over the world. Generally, tea is divided into six categories: White, green, yellow, oolong, black, and dark teas, based on the fermentation degree. Tea contains abundant phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, free amino acids, and saponins. However, the bioavailability of tea phytochemicals is relatively low. Thus, some novel technologies like nanotechnology have been developed to improve the bioavailability of tea bioactive components and consequently enhance the bioactivity. So far, many studies have demonstrated that tea shows various health functions, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immuno-regulatory, anticancer, cardiovascular-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, and hepato-protective effects. Moreover, it is also considered that drinking tea is safe to humans, since reports about the severe adverse effects of tea consumption are rare. In order to provide a better understanding of tea and its health potential, this review summarizes and discusses recent literature on the bioactive components, bioavailability, health functions, and safety issues of tea, with special attention paid to the related molecular mechanisms of tea health functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiao Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Cai-Ning Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yi-Bin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Sha Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, No. 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China; (Y.-B.F.); (S.L.)
| | - Xin-Lin Wei
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- The Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Harold Corke
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.-L.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; (G.-Y.T.); (X.M.); (C.-N.Z.); (Q.L.)
| |
Collapse
|