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Zhang J, Xu D, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Yang H, Zhou Y. Gold nanoparticle-mediated fluorescence immunoassay for rapid and sensitive detection of Ochratoxin A. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123312. [PMID: 37683440 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a fluorescence immunoassay based on horseradish peroxidase-labeled IgG (HRP-IgG)-modified gold nanoparticle (AuNP@HRP-IgG) probe was established for detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). Through the catalysis of HRP, the dopamine (DA) and 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHA) can rapidly generate azamonardine fluorescence compound (AFC) with intense yellow fluorescence. Large amounts of AFC can be formed within 4 min, which led to fluorescence enhancement at 545 nm. This new method displayed high sensitivity with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.18 ng/mL and a linear range of 0.78-200 ng/mL for OTA. Meanwhile, the recoveries of OTA in corn samples were 101.41% - 113.45%. Due to the universality of the probe and the rapidity of signal output, the fluorescence immunoassay allowed rapid and sensitive detection of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Die Xu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Xiaolong Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
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Imade F, Ankwasa EM, Geng H, Ullah S, Ahmad T, Wang G, Zhang C, Dada O, Xing F, Zheng Y, Liu Y. Updates on food and feed mycotoxin contamination and safety in Africa with special reference to Nigeria. Mycology 2021; 12:245-260. [PMID: 34900380 PMCID: PMC8654414 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1941371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed is a major concern in sub-Sahara African countries, particularly Nigeria. It represents a significant limit to health of human, livestock as well as the international trade. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and beauvericin are the major mycotoxins recognised in the aetiology of food safety challenges that precipitated countless number of diseases. In Nigeria, aflatoxins and fumonisin found in nearly all crops are the most common mycotoxins of economic and health importance such as sorghum, maize and groundnuts. Thus, consumption of food contaminated with mycotoxins are inevitable, hence the need for adequate regulation is necessary in these frontier economies as done in many developed economies to ensure food safety for human and animals. In low and middle-income countries, especially Nigeria, there is lack of awareness and sufficient information on the risk associated with consequent of mycotoxin contamination on wellbeing of human, animals health and the economy. It is based on the foregoing that this paper summarized the status of mycotoxin present in Nigerian food and feeds relative to the global regulatory standards. This aimed at preventing consuming mycotoxin contaminated food stuff while confronting its associated challenges. Suggestions on some possible control strategies to mitigate vending mycotoxin food and feeds were made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Imade
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,Botany Department, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Edo State Nigeria
| | - Edgar Mugizi Ankwasa
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong Geng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Sana Ullah
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tanvir Ahmad
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Oyeyemi Dada
- Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinense Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beljing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences /Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China.,School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University/South China Food Safety Research Center, Guangdong, China
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El-Sayed Mostafa H, Ahmed Allithy AN, Abdellatif NA, Anani M, Fareed SA, El-Shafei DA, Alaa El-Din EA. Amelioration of pulmonary aflatoxicosis by green tea extract: An in vivo study. Toxicon 2020; 189:48-55. [PMID: 33212099 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFB1) are mycotoxins known to be associated with human and animal diseases. The lung is a at risk from AFB1exposure either via inhalation or circulation. Green tea consumption is increasing over time due to widespread popularity as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective agents. Therefore, we attempted to study the lung toxicity caused by AFB1 and the possible ameliorating effect of green tea extract. Forty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups; Group I: Untreated control group, Group II (vehicle): Each rat received 1 ml of olive oil, Group III (GTE): Each rat received Camellia sinensis, green tea extract (30 mg/kg/day), Group IV(AFB1): Each rat received (50 μg/kg/day of AFB1). Group V (AFB1+ GTE): Each rat received the same previously mentioned doses of AFB1 in addition to GTE concomitantly. All treatments were orally gavaged for 8 weeks then rats were sacrificed. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were measured, lung tissues' oxidative stress indices were also measured in addition to the histopathological study which was performed by using hematoxylin & eosin and Masson trichrome stains. Morphometric and statistical analyses were also performed. Oral gavage of AFB1 resulted in significant histopathological changes in the lung tissues, in the form of variable degrees of congestion, hemorrhage, interstitial inflammation with infiltration by chronic inflammatory cells, interstitial fibrosis, bronchitis, vasculitis and fibrous thickening of arterial walls. Inflammation was evident by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a declined level of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Also, oxidative stress was evident by increased levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), and decreased levels of total glutathione (tGSH) and Catalase (CAT). The histopathological changes, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress markers were significantly decreased during concomitant administration of green tea extract in (AFB1+ GTE) group. Aflatoxin B1 has deleterious effects on the lung tissue that could be minimized by concomitant administration of Green tea extract owing to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba El-Sayed Mostafa
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Maha Anani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa Antar Fareed
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
| | - Dalia Abdallah El-Shafei
- Departments of Community, Environmental & Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt.
| | - Eman Ahmed Alaa El-Din
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Esan AO, Fapohunda SO, Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Krska R. Distribution of fungi and their toxic metabolites in melon and sesame seeds marketed in two major producing states in Nigeria. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:361-369. [PMID: 32666399 PMCID: PMC7536151 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, melon (n = 60) and sesame (n = 60) seeds purchased from markets within Benue and Nasarawa states, respectively, in Nigeria, during two seasons (dry and wet), were analysed for fungal and mycotoxin contamination in order to determine the safety of these foods for human consumption. Molecular analysis revealed the following seven fungal taxonomic groups in the foods: Aspergillus section Candidi, Aspergillus section Flavi, Aspergillus section Nigri, Cladosporium, Fusarium fujikuroi species group, Penicillium, and Pleosporales/Didymellaceae. A total of 78 microbial metabolites, including several mycotoxins, occurred in the foods. The most frequent mycotoxins in melon and sesame were aflatoxin B1 (occurrence: 76%) and alternariol monomethyl ether (occurrence: 59%), respectively. However, higher mean total aflatoxin levels occurred in sesame (17 μg kg-1) than in melon (11 μg kg-1). About 28 and 5% of melon and sesame, respectively, exceeded the 4 μg kg-1 total aflatoxin limit for oilseeds intended for direct human consumption in the European Union. Additionally, fumonisin B1 and moniliformin occurred only in sesame, whilst ochratoxins A and B occurred only in melon; ochratoxin B being reported for the first time in this food. Our data indicated seasonal variations in the fungal and mycotoxin contamination levels in both foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetoun O Esan
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Stephen O Fapohunda
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430, Tulln, Austria
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN, UK
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Gbashi S, Njobeh PB, Madala NE, De Boevre M, Kagot V, De Saeger S. Parallel validation of a green-solvent extraction method and quantitative estimation of multi-mycotoxins in staple cereals using LC-MS/MS. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10334. [PMID: 32587262 PMCID: PMC7316717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, 15 different mycotoxins were estimated in three staple cereals from selected agro-ecological regions in Nigeria using a 'novel' green extraction method, pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) in comparison to a conventional solvent extraction method. Discrimination of the results of PHWE and solvent extraction using principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS-DA) did not yield any differential clustering patterns. All maize samples (n = 16), 32% (n = 38) of sorghum and 35% (n = 37) of millet samples were positive for at least one of the 15 tested mycotoxins. Contamination levels for the cereals were higher in the warm humid rain forest region and gradually decreased towards the hot and arid region in the north of the country. The results demonstrate the applicability of PHWE as a possible alternative extraction method to conventional methods of extraction, which are solvent based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Ntakadzeni Edwin Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Victor Kagot
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, P.O Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, 2028, Gauteng, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Gacem MA, Ould El Hadj-Khelil A, Boudjemaa B, Gacem H. Phytochemistry, Toxicity and Pharmacology of Pistacia lentiscus, Artemisia herba-alba and Citrullus colocynthis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38881-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Ul Hassan Z, Al Thani R, A. Atia F, Al Meer S, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial formula milk and cereal-based baby food on the Qatar market. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:191-197. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1437785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ul Hassan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Roda Al Thani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fathy A. Atia
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saeed Al Meer
- Central Laboratories Unit, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Mohammed S, Munissi JJE, Nyandoro SS. Aflatoxins in sunflower seeds and unrefined sunflower oils from Singida, Tanzania. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 11:161-166. [PMID: 29486657 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1443519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A total of 61 samples comprising sunflower seeds (40) and unrefined sunflower oils (21) samples collected randomly from Singida, Tanzania were analysed by Reverse Phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). 15% (6/40) of the seed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin B1 ranging from limit of detection (LOD) to 218 ng g-1 with three of them exceeding the European Commission/European Union (EC/EU) and Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS)/Tanzania Food and Drug Authority (TFDA) maximum limits of 2 ng g-1 for AFB1 in oilseeds. The levels of total aflatoxins (AFT) in seeds ranged from LOD to 243 ng g-1. Other aflatoxins, except AFG2, were also detected. For the unrefined sunflower oils, the levels of AFB1 ranged from LOD to 2.56 ng mL-1. About 80.9% (17/21) of the analysed oil samples contained AFB1 of which 17.65% (3/17) exceeded the EC/EU and TBS/TFDA maximum limits of 2 ng mL-1. Other aflatoxins were also detected in the oils. The measured levels indicate there is a need for food quality education among food processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum Mohammed
- a Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Dar es Salaam , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - Joan J E Munissi
- a Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Dar es Salaam , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
| | - Stephen S Nyandoro
- a Chemistry Department, College of Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Dar es Salaam , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania
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Ladeira C, Frazzoli C, Orisakwe OE. Engaging One Health for Non-Communicable Diseases in Africa: Perspective for Mycotoxins. Front Public Health 2017; 5:266. [PMID: 29085817 PMCID: PMC5650707 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mycotoxins-e.g., aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, fumonisins, tremorgenic toxins, and ergot alkaloids-has been recognized in the etiology of a number of diseases. In many African countries, the public health impact of chronic (indoor) and/or repeated (dietary) mycotoxin exposure is largely ignored hitherto, with impact on human health, food security, and export of African agricultural food products. Notwithstanding, African scientific research reached milestones that, when linked to findings gained by the international scientific community, make the design and implementation of science-driven governance schemes feasible. Starting from Nigeria as leading African Country, this article (i) overviews available data on mycotoxins exposure in Africa; (ii) discusses new food safety issues, such as the environment-feed-food chain and toxic exposures of food producing animals in risk assessment and management; (iii) identifies milestones for mycotoxins risk management already reached in West Africa; and (iv) points out preliminary operationalization aspects for shielding communities from direct (on health) and indirect (on trade, economies, and livelihoods) effects of mycotoxins. An African science-driven engaging of scientific knowledge by development actors is expected therefore. In particular, One health/One prevention is suggested, as it proved to be a strategic and sustainable development framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- Environment and Health Research Group, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (ESTeSL – IPL), Lisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigação em Genética e Metabolismo, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa – Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa (ESTeSL – IPL), Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, ENSP, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chiara Frazzoli
- Department for Cardiovascular, Dysmetabolic and Aging-Associated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Adedeji BS, Ezeokoli OT, Ezekiel CN, Obadina AO, Somorin YM, Sulyok M, Adeleke RA, Warth B, Nwangburuka CC, Omemu AM, Oyewole OB, Krska R. Bacterial species and mycotoxin contamination associated with locust bean, melon and their fermented products in south-western Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Penicillium citrinum Cultured with Different Carbon Sources Identifies Genes Involved in Citrinin Biosynthesis. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020069. [PMID: 28230802 PMCID: PMC5331448 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrinin is a toxic secondary metabolite of Penicillium citrinum and its contamination in many food items has been widely reported. However, research on the citrinin biosynthesis pathway and its regulation mechanism in P. citrinum is rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effect of different carbon sources on citrinin production by P. citrinum and used transcriptome analysis to study the underlying molecular mechanism. Our results indicated that glucose, used as the sole carbon source, could significantly promote citrinin production by P. citrinum in Czapek’s broth medium compared with sucrose. A total of 19,967 unigenes were annotated by BLAST in Nr, Nt, Swiss-Prot and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Transcriptome comparison between P. citrinum cultured with sucrose and glucose revealed 1085 differentially expressed unigenes. Among them, 610 were upregulated while 475 were downregulated under glucose as compared to sucrose. KEGG pathway and Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that many metabolic processes (e.g., carbohydrate, secondary metabolism, fatty acid and amino acid metabolism) were affected, and potentially interesting genes that encoded putative components of signal transduction, stress response and transcription factor were identified. These genes obviously had important impacts on their regulation in citrinin biosynthesis, which provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of citrinin biosynthesis by P. citrinum.
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Decontardi S, Mauro A, Lima N, Battilani P. Survey of Penicillia associated with Italian grana cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 246:25-31. [PMID: 28187328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work aimed to contribute information on the mycobiota associated with ripening grana cheese, with focus on the genus Penicillium as potential mycotoxin producers. Eighteen wheels of grana cheese, aged in different storehouses situated in Northern Italy, were sampled to isolate associated fungi. Penicillium spp. were commonly dominant; morphological observation and gene sequencing were applied to identify Penicillium at species level. P. crustosum and P. solitum were the dominant species. Citrinin and ochratoxin A mycotoxins were analysed and the latter was found in all grana cheese samples. These results confirmed that a polyphasic approach is mandatory for Penicillium identification at species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Decontardi
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - A Mauro
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - N Lima
- CEB-Center of Biological Engineering, Micoteca da Universidade do Minho, 4704-553 Braga, Portugal
| | - P Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
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Ezekiel CN, Sulyok M, Somorin Y, Odutayo FI, Nwabekee SU, Balogun AT, Krska R. Mould and mycotoxin exposure assessment of melon and bush mango seeds, two common soup thickeners consumed in Nigeria. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 237:83-91. [PMID: 27543818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An examination of the mould and fungal metabolite pattern in melon and bush mango seeds locally produced in Nigeria was undertaken in order to understand the mycotoxicological risk posed to consumers of both of these important and commonly consumed soup thickeners. The variation in mycotoxin levels in graded categories of both foodstuffs were also determined. Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucorales and Trichoderma were the recovered fungi from the foodstuffs with Aspergillus species dominating (melon=97.8%; bush mango=89.9%). Among the Aspergillus species identified Aspergillus section Flavi dominated (melon: 72%; bush mango: 57%) and A. flavus, A. parasiticus, A. parvisclerotigenus and A. tamarii were the recovered species. About 56% and 73% of the A. flavus isolates from melon and bush mango seed samples, respectively were aflatoxigenic. Thirty-four and 59 metabolites including notable mycotoxins were found in the melon and bush mango seeds respectively. Mean aflatoxin levels (μg/kg) in melon (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)=37.5 and total aflatoxins=142) and bush mango seeds (AFB1=68.1 and total aflatoxins=61.7) were higher than other mycotoxins, suggesting potential higher exposure for consumer populations. Significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of mycotoxins were found in hand-peeled melon and discoloured bush mango seeds than in machine-peeled melon and non-discoloured seeds except for HT-2 and T-2 toxins which occurred conversely. All melon and bush mango seeds exceeded the 2μg/kg AFB1 limit whereas all melon and 55% of bush mango seeds exceeded the 4μg/kg total aflatoxin EU limit adopted in Nigeria. This is the first report of (1) mycotoxin co-occurrence in bush mango seeds, (2) cyclopiazonic acid, HT-2 toxin, moniliformin, mycophenolic acid, T-2 toxin and tenuazonic acid occurrence, and (3) mycotoxin exposure assessment of both foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Yinka Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Foluke I Odutayo
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria; Department of Basic Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Stella U Nwabekee
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Afeez T Balogun
- Mycology/Mycotoxicology Research Unit, Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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Pleadin J, Frece J, Kudumija N, Petrović D, Vasilj V, Zadravec M, Škrivanko M, Perković I, Markov K. Citrinin in cereals and feedstuffs coming from Croatia and Bosnia & Herzegovina. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 9:268-274. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1210242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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