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Iwegbue CMA, Afolabi OL, Ogwu IF, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Safety evaluation of organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in imported canned fish in Nigeria. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114676. [PMID: 38641043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) concentrations were measured in thirty popular brands of imported canned fish (mackerel, sardines, and tuna) in Nigeria to ascertain potential threats to humans arising from their consumption. The Σ20 OCP concentrations in mackerel ranged from 0.47 to 7.36 ng g-1, while those of tuna and sardines varied from 1.06 to 2.19 and 0.11 to 12.7 ng g-1, respectively. The Σ39 PBDE concentrations in mackerel varied from 0.06 to 4.21 ng g-1, while those of tuna and sardines ranged from 0.19 to 3.18 and 0.04 to 8.26 ng g-1, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of OCPs and PBDEs from ingestion of the canned fish by adults and children were in the magnitude of 0.03 to 17.6 ng kg-1 bw day-1 and 9.9 × 10-3 to 11.5 ng kg-1 bw day-1 respectively. The hazard index (HI) and total cancer risk (TCR) values for OCPs and PBDEs from ingestion of the canned fish were less than 1 and 10-6, respectively. The dietary intakes of OCPs and PBDEs from these brands of canned fish by adults and children result in no adverse non-cancer and cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obehi L Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma F Ogwu
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Vali Mohammadi F, Qajarbeygi P, Shariatifar N, Mahmoudi R, Arabameri M. Measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls in different high consumption canned foods, using the QuEChERS/GC-MS method. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100957. [PMID: 38144719 PMCID: PMC10740129 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are organic pollutants containing chlorine, which can be carcinogenic to humans. The current research focused on the heart risk and determination of PCBs levels in canned foods using the modified QuEChERS (fast, easy, cheap, effective, resistant and safe) method and gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. In this study, LOD (limit of detection), LOQ (limit of quantification), and recovery ranged from 0.06 to 0.32, 0.18 to 1.07 ng/g, and 97.05 to 102.5 %, respectively. In canned foods, the highest median of PCBs was PCB 52 (0.27 ± 0.20 ng/g fat) and the lowest median were PCB 28 and 138 (not detected in samples). Also, the maximum median of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180 were detected in eggplant samples (0.06 ng/g), haricot samples (0.49 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.36 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.19 ng/g), eggplant samples (0.11 ng/g) and lentiform samples (0.66 ng/g), respectively. The median PCBs levels of oral exposure were estimated to be in the range of 9.80E-07to 4.30E-05 ng/g.d for all population groups, which were meaningfully lesser than the Tolerable daily intake value. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) outcomes indicated that the rank order of PCBs in adults based on incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was Lentiform (7.05E-8) > canned fish (5.73E-8) > Eggplant (5.38E-8) > Haricot (4.33E-8) > pasta source (2.06E-8); and in children was Lentiform (3.40E-7) > canned fish (2.72E-7) > Eggplant (2.44E-7) > Haricot (2.06E-7) > pasta source (9.83E-8). The median values of the ILCR induced oral exposure for all groups were within safe limits (lower than 10-6). The heat map and multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) showed significantly different contributions of PCBs profile in samples as the PCA axis scores were correlated with the type of cans. Based on the obtained outcomes, it can be concluded that the PCBs of canned food do not potential health risks to Iranian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Vali Mohammadi
- Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Peyman Qajarbeygi
- Health Products Safety Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Majid Arabameri
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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Tongu SM, Sha’Ato R, Wase GA, Okonkwo JO, Vesuwe RN. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in city drains in Makurdi, central Nigeria: Seasonal variations, source apportionment and risk assessment. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14324. [PMID: 36950572 PMCID: PMC10025036 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of seasonal variation, sources and potential risks of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in open city drains in Makurdi, Central Nigeria was carried out. OCPs and PCBs were quantified using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The total (∑8OCPs) concentrations (ngL-1) of OCPs in water was 2.99 with a mean ± SD of 0.75 ± 0.12 during wet season, while during dry season, the values were 11.43 and 2.86 ± 1.54 respectively. In sediment, the total concentration (ngg-1) of OCPs was 5270.66 with a mean ± SD of 1756.89 ± 450.01 during wet season and a total concentration of 5837.93 and the mean ± SD of 1945.98 ± 646.04, during dry season. Source apportionment of OCPs suggested historic application of the pollutants. The total (∑7PCBs) concentration (ngL-1) of PCBs in water was 0.24 with a mean ± SD of 0.03 ± 0.02 during wet season and a total concentration of 0.61 with a mean ± SD of 0.09 ± 0.11 during dry season. The total concentration (ngg-1) of PCBs in sediment was 37.88, mean ± SD of 5.41 ± 5.93 during wet season and a total of 47.07 and mean ± SD of 6.72 ± 7.27 during dry season. Ecological risk assessment based on effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) or threshold effect level (TEL) and probable effect level (PEL) that ecological risks were possible for some OCPs in this study, which calls for source control and remediation of the affected sites. Toxicity equivalency (TEQ) of PCB-118, the dioxin-like congener, indicated that it was most harmful to humans/mammals followed by birds, then fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvester M. Tongu
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rufus Sha’Ato
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Geoffrey A. Wase
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan O. Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Rebecca N. Vesuwe
- Department of Chemistry, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, PMB 2373, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
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Afolabi OL, Iwegbue CMA, Obi G, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in imported canned fish in Nigeria and risk assessment. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:32-41. [PMID: 36268849 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2120543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) were measured in imported canned fish such as mackerel, sardine and tuna to evaluate the risk relating to human consumption of these products. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to evaluate the concentrations of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the samples. The ∑28 PCB concentrations in the canned mackerel, tuna and sardine ranged from 0.33 to 9.48 ng g -1, <LOQ to 8.8 ng g-1 and <LOQ to 15.1 ng g-1, respectively, while the ∑14 PCDD/Fs concentrations varied from 0.06 to 4.70 ng g-1 for mackerel, 0.72 to 9.43 ng g-1 for tuna and not detected to 22.0 ng g -1 for sardines. Health risk analysis suggests that ingestion of these samples could lead to adverse non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks over a lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obehi L Afolabi
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Grace Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Aziza AE, Iwegbue CMA, Tesi GO, Nwajei GE, Martincigh BS. Concentrations, sources, and exposure risk of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil profiles of the floodplain of the lower reaches of the River Niger, Nigeria. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:579. [PMID: 34398331 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 28 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in soils collected at three depths from thirteen different sites along the floodplain of the lower reaches of the River Niger (LRRN) in Nigeria. The aim of the study was to provide data on the levels of contamination, sources of the contaminants, and risks to the ecosystem and humans. Soil samples were Soxhlet extracted with a solvent mixture of dichloromethane (DCM)/n-hexane and cleaned up on a column packed with Florisil and silica gel. The PCBs in the samples were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Ʃ28 PCB concentrations in the floodplain soils varied between not detected (nd) and 11,151 ng g-1 for different sampling sites and depths. The PCB concentrations and homologue distribution patterns in soil profiles of the floodplain of the LRRN showed remarkable differences with respect to sites and depths. The results obtained were used to evaluate the ecological and human health risks, which indicated that there is a potential risk to organisms and humans from exposure to PCBs in these soil profiles. The source evaluation as determined by principal component analysis suggested that PCBs in these soil profiles came from burnt circuit boards, cable wires, use of paints, discharges from transformers, long-range migration, and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Aziza
- Department of Chemistry, Delta State University, P.M.B. 1, Abraka, Nigeria
| | | | - Godswill O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Godwin E Nwajei
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Ejeromedoghene O, Tesi JN, Uyanga VA, Adebayo AO, Nwosisi MC, Tesi GO, Akinyeye RO. Food security and safety concerns in animal production and public health issues in Africa: A perspective of COVID-19 pandemic era. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 15:100600. [PMID: 33015275 PMCID: PMC7523516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 on food security can best be understood from the downturn on agricultural and other related economic activities which were almost brought to a total halt during the pandemic. The restriction of movement/lockdown policy instituted by various governments heavily affected local and national food production as farmers could not go to their farmlands. More so, there was price gouging on raw food items as local farmers were reducing cultivation and harvest because of their safety. The lockdown also affected the transportation of food products from farms and local companies to the market and across inter-state/province borders. Additionally, many human infections traceable to disease outbreak from animal origin suggest a great risk of exposure to infectious agents by live animal farmers. In combating this menace, local food production needs to be encouraged more, while measures should be put in place to facilitate farmer's participation in government regulations on enforcing biosecurity, health standards, disease monitoring, and surveillance practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ejeromedoghene
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu Province, PR China.,Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - J N Tesi
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221 Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - V A Uyanga
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Street, Tai'an City, 271018 Shandong Province, China
| | - A O Adebayo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - M C Nwosisi
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221 Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - G O Tesi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
| | - R O Akinyeye
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ekiti State University, P.M.B. 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
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