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Ullah I, Nasir A, Kashif M, Sikandar A, Sajid M, Adil M, Rehman AU, Iqbal MU, Ullah H. Incidence of aflatoxin M 1 in cows' milk in Pakistan, effects on milk quality and evaluation of therapeutic management in dairy animals. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:238-245. [PMID: 37982002 PMCID: PMC10581521 DOI: 10.17221/18/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at measuring the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows, its effect on the milk quality and seasonal trends, as well as to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based toxin binder. For this purpose, milk samples from dairy cows (n = 72) were collected and assayed for AFM1 before employing a clay-based toxin binder. The milk samples (n = 72) were collected from selected animals, revealing that 69.4% of the milk samples had AFM1 levels above the United States permissible limit (0.5 μg/kg). The incidence of AFM1 in milk during the winter and summer was 82.5% and 53.1%, respectively. Owing to the presence of AFM1, the level of milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein were found to be low. Subsequently, the affected animals were divided into two groups, i.e., AFM1 positive control (n = 10) and the experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group of animals were fed the clay-based toxin binder at 25 g/animal/day. A progressive decrease of 19.8% in the AFM1 levels was observed on day 4 and on day 7 (53.6%) in the treatment group. Furthermore, the fat, solids-non-fat and protein increased significantly in the milk. In conclusion, a high level of AFM1 contamination occurs in the milk in Pakistan, affecting the quality of the milk production. Clay-based toxin binders may be used to ensure the milk quality and to protect the animal and consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Habib Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan
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Alsulami T, Shehata MG, Ali HS, Alzahrani AA, Fadol MA, Badr AN. Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Camel Milk from the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa: A Reduction Approach Using Probiotic Strains. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081666. [PMID: 37107461 PMCID: PMC10137860 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel milk is known as a source of nutritional and health supplements. It is known to be rich in peptides and functional proteins. One main issue facing it is related to its contamination, mainly with aflatoxins. The present study aimed to evaluate camel milk samples from different regions while trying to reduce its toxicity using safe approaches based on probiotic bacteria. Collected samples of camel milk were sourced from two main regions: the Arabic peninsula and North Africa. Samples were tested for their contents of aflatoxins (B1 and M1) using two techniques to ensure desired contamination levels. Additionally, feed materials used in camel foods were evaluated. Applied techniques were also tested for their validation. The antioxidant activity of camel milk samples was determined through total phenolic content and antioxidant activity assays. Two strains of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NRC06 and Lactobacillus plantarum NRC21) were investigated for their activity against toxigenic fungi. The result revealed high contamination of aflatoxin M1 for all samples investigated. Furthermore, cross-contamination with aflatoxin B1 was recorded. Investigated bacteria were recorded according to their significant inhibition zones against fungal growth (11 to 40 mm). The antagonistic impacts were between 40% and 70% against toxigenic fungi. Anti-aflatoxigenic properties of bacterial strains in liquid media were recorded according to mycelia inhibition levels between 41 to 52.83% against Aspergillus parasiticus ITEM11 with an ability to reduce aflatoxin production between 84.39% ± 2.59 and 90.4% ± 1.32 from media. Bacteria removed aflatoxins from the spiked camel milk in cases involving individual toxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawfiq Alsulami
- Food Science & Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed G Shehata
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications(SRTA-City), Borg El Arab 21934, Egypt
- Food Research Section, R&D Division, Abu Dhabi Agriculture and Food Safety Authority (ADAFSA), Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 52150, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hatem S Ali
- Food Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdulhakeem A Alzahrani
- Food Science & Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A Fadol
- Food Science & Nutrition Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Noah Badr
- Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120870. [PMID: 36548766 PMCID: PMC9784103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Boakye AA, Essuman EK, Tettey CO, Kyei-Baffour V. Aflatoxin M 1 exposure in a fermented millet-based milk beverage 'brukina' and its cancer risk characterization in Greater Accra, Ghana. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12562. [PMID: 35869134 PMCID: PMC9307601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Brukina is a millet based fermented milk product which is consumed as a beverage in Ghana. It is however prone to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination, which is a serious health challenge for low and middle-income countries in subtropical regions. This study aimed at evaluating AFM1 levels and cancer risks associated with brukina (n = 150) sampled from different locations of the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. AFM1 were measured with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) connected to a Fluorescence Detector (FLD).Cancer risk assessments were also conducted using models prescribed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Additives (JECFA). Out of the 150 samples analyzed for AFM1, 80/150 (53%) tested positive between the range 0.00 ± 0.001-3.14 ± 0.77 µg/kg. Cancer risk assessments of AFM1 produced outcomes which ranged between 0.64 and 1.88 ng/kg bw/day, 0.31-9.40, 0.0323, and 1.94 × 10-3-0.06 for cases/100,000 person/yr for Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Index (H.I), Average Potency, and Cancer Risks respectively for all age categories investigated. It was concluded that the consumption of brukina posed adverse health effects on the majority of the age categories in the different locations of Greater Accra Region since the calculated H.Is were greater than one (> 1). Therefore, contamination of brukina with AFM1 should be considered a high priority in public health and Ghana's cancer risk management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Theophilus Annan
- Food Microbiology Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adjoa Agyemang Boakye
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Edward Ken Essuman
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Clement Okraku Tettey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Vincent Kyei-Baffour
- Food Chemistry and Nutrition Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, P. O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana
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Zeidan R, Ul Hassan Z, Al‐Naimi N, Al‐Thani R, Jaoua S. Detection of multimycotoxins in camel feed and milk samples and their comparison with the levels in cow milk. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:609-616. [PMID: 35154696 PMCID: PMC8825718 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel milk has been considered as an important source of nutrients and is commercialized in many countries of the world including the Middle East. This study aimed to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in camel feed and milk samples in comparison with the cow milk. Fumonisins (FUM), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN) were detected in 14%, 39%, and 39% of the tested camel feed samples, respectively. Among the tested camel feed samples, 8.3% and 5.6% were co-contaminated with OTA+FUM and FUM+ZEN, respectively. In the case of milk samples, 46.15% of camel and 63.63% of cow were found contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). In total, 16.2% and 8.1% of the milk samples were simultaneously contaminated with two and three mycotoxins, respectively. Although the levels of individual mycotoxins in the camel feed and milk samples were within the European Union (EU) permissible limits, their co-occurrence may pose severe risk to human and animal health due to possible additive and/or synergistic toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Zeidan
- Environmental Science ProgramDepartment of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Zahoor Ul Hassan
- Environmental Science ProgramDepartment of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | | | - Roda Al‐Thani
- Environmental Science ProgramDepartment of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Environmental Science ProgramDepartment of Biological and Environmental SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesQatar UniversityDohaQatar
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Muthukumaran MS, Mudgil P, Baba WN, Ayoub MA, Maqsood S. A comprehensive review on health benefits, nutritional composition and processed products of camel milk. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2008953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Selva Muthukumaran
- Department of Food Technology, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India
| | - Priti Mudgil
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University, UAE
| | - Waqas N Baba
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University, UAE
| | - Mohammed Akli Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, UAE
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, The United Arab Emirates University, UAE
| | - Sajid Maqsood
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine United Arab Emirates University, UAE
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, The United Arab Emirates University, UAE
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GAHROUI MRAEISI, HOJJATOLESLAMY M, KIANI H, MOLAVI H. Feasibility study and optimization of infant formula production using a mixture of camel milk and cow milk. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.56720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hossein KIANI
- Islamic Azad University, Iran; University of Tehran, Iran
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Kortei NK, Annan T, Kyei-Baffour V, Essuman EK, Boakye AA, Tettey CO, Boadi NO. Exposure assessment and cancer risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) through ingestion of raw cow milk in southern Ghana. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1189-1197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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