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Ullah I, Nasir A, Kashif M, Sikandar A, Sajid M, Adil M, Rehman AU, Iqbal MU, Ullah H. Incidence of aflatoxin M 1 in cows' milk in Pakistan, effects on milk quality and evaluation of therapeutic management in dairy animals. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:238-245. [PMID: 37982002 PMCID: PMC10581521 DOI: 10.17221/18/2023-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed at measuring the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk of Holstein Friesian cows, its effect on the milk quality and seasonal trends, as well as to investigate the efficacy of a commercial clay-based toxin binder. For this purpose, milk samples from dairy cows (n = 72) were collected and assayed for AFM1 before employing a clay-based toxin binder. The milk samples (n = 72) were collected from selected animals, revealing that 69.4% of the milk samples had AFM1 levels above the United States permissible limit (0.5 μg/kg). The incidence of AFM1 in milk during the winter and summer was 82.5% and 53.1%, respectively. Owing to the presence of AFM1, the level of milk fat, solids-not-fat, and protein were found to be low. Subsequently, the affected animals were divided into two groups, i.e., AFM1 positive control (n = 10) and the experimental group (n = 40). The experimental group of animals were fed the clay-based toxin binder at 25 g/animal/day. A progressive decrease of 19.8% in the AFM1 levels was observed on day 4 and on day 7 (53.6%) in the treatment group. Furthermore, the fat, solids-non-fat and protein increased significantly in the milk. In conclusion, a high level of AFM1 contamination occurs in the milk in Pakistan, affecting the quality of the milk production. Clay-based toxin binders may be used to ensure the milk quality and to protect the animal and consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inayat Ullah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amar Nasir
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Arbab Sikandar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adil
- Department of Basic Sciences, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aziz ur Rehman
- Department of Pathobiology, Sub-Campus Jhang UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Habib Ullah
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, D. I. Khan, Pakistan
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Iqbal MU, Ahmad N, Khan ZSU, Awan M, Zafar I, Safdar G, Altaf S, Sajjad AG, Kiyani MM. Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among chefs working in restaurants of twins cities of Pakistan. Work 2022; 74:1507-1513. [PMID: 36565085 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the recent era, musculoskeletal disorders have affected millions of people worldwide. Chefs and other workers of the catering industry are at high risk of physical stresses, which makes them susceptible to develop various musculoskeletal pains and disorders. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to examine the frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms among chefs working in restaurants of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 307 chef participants from the restaurants of the twin cities. The participants were included via convenient sampling and data was collected through Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) from February to July 2021. RESULTS Out of 307 participants, 285 were males and 22 were females with a mean age of 32.87±7.03 years. The working duration of 192 chefs were 9-12 hours while 106 and 9 chefs worked only for 4-8 and more than 12 hours, respectively. A total of 101 chefs reported lower back and knee pain. The chefs presented with pain in the shoulders, upper back and ankle as well as feet areas were 98, 93 and 26 respectively. CONCLUSION Chefs can develop musculoskeletal symptoms including pain as a result of increased physical stress on their bodies during their work, specifically in the lower back and knee area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umer Iqbal
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zunaira Saif Ullah Khan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Awan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ibraheem Zafar
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghalia Safdar
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Altaf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Ghafoor Sajjad
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mubin Mustafa Kiyani
- Shifa College of Medical Technology, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Tetlow S, Segiet-Swiecicka A, O'Sullivan R, O'Halloran S, Kalb K, Brathwaite-Shirley C, Alger L, Ankuli A, Baig MS, Catmur F, Chan T, Dudley D, Fisher J, Iqbal MU, Puczynska J, Wilkins R, Bygate R, Roberts P. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers and endothelial injury in COVID-19. J Intern Med 2021; 289:688-699. [PMID: 33210357 PMCID: PMC7753609 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) as a receptor for cellular entry. It is theorized that ACE inhibitors (ACE-Is) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may increase vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 by upregulating ACE-2 expression, but ACE-I/ARB discontinuation is associated with clinical deterioration. OBJECTIVE To determine whether ACE-I and ARB use is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), macrovascular thrombosis and in-hospital mortality. METHODS A retrospective, single-centre study of 558 hospital inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted from 1 March to 30 April 2020, followed up until 24 May 2020. AKI and macrovascular thrombosis were primary end-points, and in-hospital mortality was a secondary end-point. RESULTS AKI occurred in 126 (23.1%) patients, 34 (6.1%) developed macrovascular thrombi, and 200 (35.9%) died. Overlap propensity score-weighted analysis showed no significant effect of ACE-I/ARB use on the risk of occurrence of the specified end-points. On exploratory analysis, severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases odds of macrovascular thrombi (OR: 8.237, 95% CI: 1.689-40.181, P = 0.009). The risk of AKI increased with advancing age (OR: 1.028, 95% CI: 1.011-1.044, P = 0.001) and diabetes (OR: 1.675, 95% CI: 1.065-2.633, P = 0.025). Immunosuppression was associated with lower risk of AKI (OR: 0.160, 95% CI: 0.029-0.886, P = 0.036). Advancing age, dependence on care, male gender and eGFR < 60 mL min-1 /1.73 m2 increased odds of in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION We did not identify an association between ACE-I/ARB use and AKI, macrovascular thrombi or mortality. This supports the recommendations of the European and American Societies of Cardiology that ACE-Is and ARBs should not be discontinued during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tetlow
- From the, Department of Acute Medicine, University College Hospital, Bloomsbury, London, UK
| | - A Segiet-Swiecicka
- Chair and Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland.,Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Institute of Cardiology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - R O'Sullivan
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - S O'Halloran
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - K Kalb
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - L Alger
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Ankuli
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M S Baig
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - F Catmur
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - T Chan
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - D Dudley
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Fisher
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - M U Iqbal
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Puczynska
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Wilkins
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - R Bygate
- Department of Acute Medicine, Newham University Hospital NHS Trust, Newham University Hospital, London, UK
| | - P Roberts
- Department of Critical Care, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London, UK
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Sajid MS, Iqbal Z, Muhammad G, Iqbal MU. Immunomodulatory effect of various anti-parasitics: a review. Parasitology 2005; 132:301-13. [PMID: 16332285 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182005009108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects (immunosuppression or immunoactivation) of various anthelmintics including levamisole, fenvalerate, dieldrin, carbofuran, aminocarb, thiabendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and ivermectin. The induced modulation of immune function may occur via direct and/or indirect mechanisms. The immunomodulatory effects of these anti-parasitics have been studied in a variety of bacterial (e.g. brucellosis, salmonellosis, paratuberculosis, mastitis), viral (e.g. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Herpes, foot and mouth disease), parasitic (e.g. onchocerciasis, coccidiosis, ascariasis, schistosomiasis) and neoplastic diseases. Some antiparasitics have also been used to boost immunity in a number of human diseases including leprosy, Hodgkin's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and in adjuvanted therapy of colorectal cancer. The ability to stimulate the immune response of animals offers a new means of disease intervention. Future research on immunomodulatory effects of anti-parasitics, for humans and domestic farm animals, will provide additional methods of treating immunosuppressed subjects. The immunopotentiating or immunosuppressing activity of anti-parasitics will dictate whether co-administration of vaccines and anthelmintics or administration of vaccines during the window of immunoactivation is justified or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sajid
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad - 38040, Pakistan.
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