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Mock M, Langmead CJ, Grandsard P, Edavettal S, Russell A. Recent advances in generative biology for biotherapeutic discovery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:255-267. [PMID: 38378385 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Generative biology combines artificial intelligence (AI), advanced life sciences technologies, and automation to revolutionize the process of designing novel biomolecules with prescribed properties, giving drug discoverers the ability to escape the limitations of biology during the design of next-generation protein therapeutics. Significant hurdles remain, namely: (i) the inherently complex nature of drug discovery, (ii) the bewildering number of promising computational and experimental techniques that have emerged in the past several years, and (iii) the limited availability of relevant protein sequence-function data for drug-like molecules. There is a need to focus on computational methods that will be most practically effective for protein drug discovery and on building experimental platforms to generate the data most appropriate for these methods. Here, we discuss recent advances in computational and experimental life sciences that are most crucial for impacting the pace and success of protein drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Mock
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | | | - Peter Grandsard
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Suzanne Edavettal
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Alan Russell
- Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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2
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Schillberg S, Finnern R. Plant molecular farming for the production of valuable proteins - Critical evaluation of achievements and future challenges. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153359. [PMID: 33460995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins play an important role in many areas of our lives. For example, recombinant enzymes are used in the food and chemical industries and as high-quality proteins for research, diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The production of recombinant proteins is still dominated by expression systems based on microbes and mammalian cells, although the manufacturing of recombinant proteins in plants - known as molecular farming - has been promoted as an alternative, cost-efficient strategy for three decades. Several molecular farming products have reached the market, but the number of success stories has been limited by industrial inertia driven by perceptions of low productivity, the high cost of downstream processing, and regulatory hurdles that create barriers to translation. Here, we discuss the technical and economic factors required for the successful commercialization of molecular farming, and consider potential future directions to enable the broader application of production platforms based on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Department of Phytopathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ricarda Finnern
- LenioBio GmbH, Erkrather Straße 401, 40231, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Moraes JZ, Hamaguchi B, Braggion C, Speciale ER, Cesar FBV, Soares GDFDS, Osaki JH, Pereira TM, Aguiar RB. Hybridoma technology: is it still useful? CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:32-40. [PMID: 35492397 PMCID: PMC9040095 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of single monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against a given antigen was only possible with the introduction of the hybridoma technology, which is based on the fusion of specific B lymphocytes with myeloma cells. Since then, several mAbs were described for therapeutic, diagnostic, and research purposes. Despite being an old technique with low complexity, hybridoma-based strategies have limitations that include the low efficiency on B lymphocyte-myeloma cell fusion step, and the need to use experimental animals. In face of that, several methods have been developed to improve mAb generation, ranging from changes in hybridoma technique to the advent of completely new technologies, such as the antibody phage display and the single B cell antibody ones. In this review, we discuss the hybridoma technology along with emerging mAb isolation approaches, taking into account their advantages and limitations. Finally, we explore the usefulness of the hybridoma technology nowadays. Hybridoma technology is the most popular technique to obtain monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology variants include B cell and stereospecific targeting protocols. Phage display and single B cell methods are hybridoma technology alternatives.
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Zhang W, Li R, Jia F, Hu Z, Li Q, Wei Z. A microfluidic chip for screening high-producing hybridomas at single cell level. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:4043-4051. [PMID: 33005908 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00847h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hybridomas are a commonly used, or even the only option, for laboratory study and pilot production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are crucial for both targeted therapy and biomedical study. A long-term culture of hybridomas will inevitably induce a heterogenization of the whole hybridoma population, resulting in a continuous growth of non-producing hybridomas. To overcome the limits of existing methods of screening heterogeneous hybridomas, in which the whole multi-round screening process is performed in multi-well plates or other discrete modules, this study presents a novel method in which all processing steps of a multi-round hybridoma screening are finished in a single microfluidic chip. This microfluidic chip comprehensively performs hybridoma trapping/proliferating/transferring and fluorescent identification of protein-antibody binding at single cell level. By performing a two-round screening of anti-CD45 mAb secreting hybridomas, the novel microfluidic chip was proved capable of screening several single high-producing hybridomas with minimum cell loss/human labor/time cost, and more importantly, enhanced accuracy and definite monoclonality, which is one of the most important properties of mAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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5
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Puchol Tarazona AA, Lobner E, Taubenschmid Y, Paireder M, Torres Acosta JA, Göritzer K, Steinkellner H, Mach L. Steric Accessibility of the Cleavage Sites Dictates the Proteolytic Vulnerability of the Anti-HIV-1 Antibodies 2F5, 2G12, and PG9 in Plants. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900308. [PMID: 31657528 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hold great promise for immunoprophylaxis and the suppression of viremia in HIV-positive individuals. Several studies have demonstrated that plants as Nicotiana benthamiana are suitable hosts for the generation of protective anti-HIV-1 antibodies. However, the production of the anti-HIV-1 bNAbs 2F5 and PG9 in N. benthamiana is associated with their processing by apoplastic proteases in the complementarity-determining-region (CDR) H3 loops of the heavy chains. Here, it is shown that apoplastic proteases can also cleave the CDR H3 loop of the bNAb 2G12 when the unusual domain exchange between its heavy chains is prevented by the replacement of Ile19 with Arg. It is demonstrated that CDR H3 proteolysis leads to a strong reduction of the antigen-binding potencies of 2F5, PG9, and 2G12-I19R. Inhibitor profiling experiments indicate that different subtilisin-like serine proteases account for bNAb fragmentation in the apoplast. Differential scanning calorimetry experiments corroborate that the antigen-binding domains of wild-type 2G12 and 4E10 are more compact than those of proteolysis-sensitive antibodies, thus shielding their CDR H3 regions from proteolytic attack. This suggests that the extent of proteolytic inactivation of bNAbs in plants is primarily dictated by the steric accessibility of their CDR H3 loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Puchol Tarazona
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Lobner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 11, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne Taubenschmid
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Paireder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan A Torres Acosta
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Göritzer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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Tsekoa TL, Singh AA, Buthelezi SG. Molecular farming for therapies and vaccines in Africa. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2019; 61:89-95. [PMID: 31786432 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Local manufacturing of protein-based vaccines and therapies in Africa is limited and contributes to a trade deficit, security of supply concerns and poor access to biopharmaceuticals by the poor. Plant molecular farming is a potential technology solution that has received growing adoption by African scientists attracted by the potential for the competitive cost of goods, safety and efficacy. Plant-made pharmaceutical technologies for veterinary and human vaccination and treatment of non-communicable and infectious diseases are available at different stages of development in Africa. There is also growth in the translation of these technologies to commercial operations. Africa is poised to benefit from the real-world impact of molecular farming in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo L Tsekoa
- NextGen Health and Future Production: Chemistry Clusters, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Advaita Acarya Singh
- NextGen Health and Future Production: Chemistry Clusters, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sindisiwe G Buthelezi
- NextGen Health and Future Production: Chemistry Clusters, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Pascal KE, Dudgeon D, Trefry JC, Anantpadma M, Sakurai Y, Murin CD, Turner HL, Fairhurst J, Torres M, Rafique A, Yan Y, Badithe A, Yu K, Potocky T, Bixler SL, Chance TB, Pratt WD, Rossi FD, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Zelko JM, Carrion R, Worwa G, Staples HM, Burakov D, Babb R, Chen G, Martin J, Huang TT, Erlandson K, Willis MS, Armstrong K, Dreier TM, Ward AB, Davey RA, Pitt MLM, Lipsich L, Mason P, Olson W, Stahl N, Kyratsous CA. Development of Clinical-Stage Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Treat Advanced Ebola Virus Disease in Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:S612-S626. [PMID: 29860496 PMCID: PMC6249601 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For most classes of drugs, rapid development of therapeutics to treat emerging infections is challenged by the timelines needed to identify compounds with the desired efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profiles. Fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide an attractive method to overcome many of these hurdles to rapidly produce therapeutics for emerging diseases. Methods In this study, we deployed a platform to generate, test, and develop fully human antibodies to Zaire ebolavirus. We obtained specific anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies by immunizing VelocImmune mice that use human immunoglobulin variable regions in their humoral responses. Results Of the antibody clones isolated, 3 were selected as best at neutralizing EBOV and triggering FcγRIIIa. Binding studies and negative-stain electron microscopy revealed that the 3 selected antibodies bind to non-overlapping epitopes, including a potentially new protective epitope not targeted by other antibody-based treatments. When combined, a single dose of a cocktail of the 3 antibodies protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) from EBOV disease even after disease symptoms were apparent. Conclusions This antibody cocktail provides complementary mechanisms of actions, incorporates novel specificities, and demonstrates high-level postexposure protection from lethal EBOV disease in NHPs. It is now undergoing testing in normal healthy volunteers in preparation for potential use in future Ebola epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Drew Dudgeon
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - John C Trefry
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Yasuteru Sakurai
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | - Ying Yan
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Ashok Badithe
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Kevin Yu
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Terra Potocky
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Sandra L Bixler
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Taylor B Chance
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - William D Pratt
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Franco D Rossi
- Center for Aerobiological Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Justine M Zelko
- Virology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Ricardo Carrion
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Hilary M Staples
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Darya Burakov
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Robert Babb
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Joel Martin
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Tammy T Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Karl Erlandson
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Melissa S Willis
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Kimberly Armstrong
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Thomas M Dreier
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio
| | - Margaret L M Pitt
- Office of the Commander, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Maryland
| | - Leah Lipsich
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Peter Mason
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - William Olson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
| | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York
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8
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Therapeutic strategies to target the Ebola virus life cycle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:593-606. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-019-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Framework Mutations of the 10-1074 bnAb Increase Conformational Stability, Manufacturability, and Stability While Preserving Full Neutralization Activity. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:233-246. [PMID: 31348937 PMCID: PMC6941225 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibody, 10-1074, is a highly somatically hypermutated IgG1 being developed for prophylaxis in sub-Saharan Africa. A series of algorithms were applied to identify potentially destabilizing residues in the framework of the Fv region. Of 17 residues defined, a variant was identified encompassing 1 light and 3 heavy chain residues, with significantly increased conformational stability while maintaining full neutralization activity. Central to the stabilization was the replacement of the heavy chain residue T108 with R108 at the base of the CDR3 loop which allowed for the formation of a nascent salt bridge with heavy chain residue D137. Three additional mutations were necessary to confer increased conformational stability as evidenced by differential scanning fluorimetry and isothermal chemical unfolding. In addition, we observed increased stability during low pH incubation in which 40% of the parental monomer aggregated while the combinatorial variant showed no increase in aggregation. Incubation of the variant at 100 mg/mL for 6 weeks at 40°C showed a 9-fold decrease in subvisible particles ≥2 μm relative to the parental molecule. Stability-based designs have also translated to improved pharmacokinetics. Together, these data show that increasing conformational stability of the Fab can have profound effects on the manufacturability and long-term stability of a monoclonal antibody.
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10
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Ploquin A, Zhou Y, Sullivan NJ. Ebola Immunity: Gaining a Winning Position in Lightning Chess. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:833-842. [PMID: 30038036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), one of five species in the genus Ebolavirus, is the causative agent of the hemorrhagic fever disease epidemic that claimed more than 11,000 lives from 2014 to 2016 in West Africa. The combination of EBOV's ability to disseminate broadly and rapidly within the host and its high pathogenicity pose unique challenges to the human immune system postinfection. Potential transmission from apparently healthy EBOV survivors reported in the recent epidemic raises questions about EBOV persistence and immune surveillance mechanisms. Clinical, virological, and immunological data collected since the West Africa epidemic have greatly enhanced our knowledge of host-virus interactions. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of what is necessary for an effective host immune response for protection against, or for clearance of, EBOV infection. This review provides an overview of immune responses against EBOV and discusses those associated with the success or failure to control EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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11
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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12
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Fanunza E, Frau A, Corona A, Tramontano E. Antiviral Agents Against Ebola Virus Infection: Repositioning Old Drugs and Finding Novel Small Molecules. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 51:135-173. [PMID: 32287476 PMCID: PMC7112331 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a deadly hemorrhagic syndrome in humans with mortality rate up to 90%. First reported in Zaire in 1976, EBOV outbreaks showed a fluctuating trend during time and fora long period it was considered a tragic disease confined to the isolated regions of the African continent where the EBOV fear was perpetuated among the poor communities. The extreme severity of the recent 2014-16 EBOV outbreak in terms of fatality rate and rapid spread out of Africa led to the understanding that EBOV is a global health risk and highlights the necessity to find countermeasures against it. In the recent years, several small molecules have been shown to display in vitro and in vivo efficacy against EBOV and some of them have advanced into clinical trials. In addition, also existing drugs have been tested for their anti-EBOV activity and were shown to be promising candidates. However, despite the constant effort addressed to identify anti-EBOV therapeutics, no approved drugs are available against EBOV yet. In this chapter, we describe the main EBOV life cycle steps, providing a detailed picture of the druggable viral and host targets that have been explored so far by different technologies. We then summarize the small molecules, nucleic acid oligomers, and antibody-based therapies reported to have an effect either in in silico, or in biochemical and cell-based assays or in animal models and clinical trials, listing them according to their demonstrated or putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
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13
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Purcell O, Opdensteinen P, Chen W, Lowenhaupt K, Brown A, Hermann M, Cao J, Tenhaef N, Kallweit E, Kastilan R, Sinskey AJ, Perez-Pinera P, Buyel JF, Lu TK. Production of Functional Anti-Ebola Antibodies in Pichia pastoris. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2183-2190. [PMID: 28786662 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak highlighted the limited treatment options and lack of rapid response strategies for emerging pathogen outbreaks. Here, we propose an efficient development cycle using glycoengineered Pichia pastoris to produce monoclonal antibody cocktails against pathogens. To enable rapid genetic engineering of P. pastoris, we introduced a genomic landing pad for reliable recombinase-mediated DNA integration. We then created strains expressing each of the three monoclonal antibodies that comprise the ZMapp cocktail, and demonstrated that the secreted antibodies bind to the Ebola virus glycoprotein by immunofluorescence assay. We anticipate that this approach could accelerate the production of therapeutics against future pathogen outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Purcell
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick Opdensteinen
- Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - William Chen
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ky Lowenhaupt
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander Brown
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mario Hermann
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jicong Cao
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niklas Tenhaef
- Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric Kallweit
- Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robin Kastilan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anthony J. Sinskey
- Department
of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Pablo Perez-Pinera
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Johannes F. Buyel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraβe 6, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute
for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg
1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Timothy K. Lu
- Synthetic
Biology Center, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, Department of Biological Engineering, 500 Technology Square, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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14
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Bixler SL, Duplantier AJ, Bavari S. Discovering Drugs for the Treatment of Ebola Virus. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 9:299-317. [PMID: 28890666 PMCID: PMC5570806 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-017-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, is a causative agent of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Over the past 40 years, the virus has been linked to several high mortality outbreaks in Africa with the recent West African outbreak resulting in over 11,000 deaths. This review provides a summary of the status of the drug discovery and development process for therapeutics for Ebola virus disease, with a focus on the strategies being used and the challenges facing each stage of the process. Recent findings Despite the wealth of in vitro efficacy data, preclinical data in animal models, and human clinical data, no therapeutics have been approved for the treatment of Ebola virus disease. However, several promising candidates, such as ZMapp and GS-5734, have advanced into ongoing clinical trials. Summary The gravity of the 2014-2016 outbreak spurred a heightened effort to identify and develop new treatments for Ebola virus disease, including small molecules, immunotherapeutics, host factors, and clinical disease management options. Disclaimer Opinions, interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endoresed by the U.S. Army.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Bixler
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Allen J Duplantier
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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Mendoza EJ, Racine T, Kobinger GP. The ongoing evolution of antibody-based treatments for Ebola virus infection. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:435-450. [PMID: 28357917 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa was the deadliest in history, prompting the evaluation of various drug candidates, including antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). Prior to 2014, only convalescent blood products from EHF survivors had been administered to newly infected individuals as a form of treatment. However, during the recent outbreak, monoclonal antibody cocktails such as ZMapp, ZMAb and MB-003 were either tested in a human clinical safety and efficacy trial or provided to some based on compassionate grounds. This review aims to discuss the evolution of antibody-based treatments for EHF, their clinical trial efficacy and the development of new antibody-based therapies currently advancing in preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelissa J Mendoza
- Zoonotic Diseases & Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Trina Racine
- Zoonotic Diseases & Special Pathogens, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et D'immunologie, Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V4G2, Canada
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