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Deng F, Qiu Y, Zhang X, Guo N, Hu J, Yang W, Shang W, Liu B, Qin S. GB12-09, a bispecific antibody targeting IL4Rα and IL31Rα for atopic dermatitis therapy. Antib Ther 2024; 7:77-87. [PMID: 38371956 PMCID: PMC10873276 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by dysregulated immune responses. The key mediators of AD pathogenesis are T helper 2 (TH2) cells and TH2 cytokines. Targeting interleukin 4 (IL4), IL13 or IL31 has become a pivotal focus in both research and clinical treatments for AD. However, the need remains pressing for the development of a more effective and safer therapy, as the current approaches often yield low response rates and adverse effects. In response to this challenge, we have engineered a immunoglobulin G-single-chain fragment variable (scFv) format bispecific antibody (Ab) designed to concurrently target IL4R and IL31R. Our innovative design involved sequence optimization of VL-VH and the introduction of disulfide bond (VH44-VL100) within the IL31Rα Ab scFv region to stabilize the scFv structure. Our bispecific Ab efficiently inhibited the IL4/IL13/IL31 signaling pathways in vitro and reduced serum immunoglobulin E and IL31 levels in vivo. Consequently, this intervention led to improved inflammation profiles and notable amelioration of AD symptoms. This research highlighted a novel approach to AD therapy by employing bispecific Ab targeting IL4Rα and IL31Rα with potent efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Deng
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yuxin Qiu
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xiangling Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Nining Guo
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Junhong Hu
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wei Shang
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bicheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing 999077, China
| | - Suofu Qin
- Drug Discovery, Center for Research and Development, Kexing BioPharma Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518057, China
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2
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Latifi-Navid H, Barzegar Behrooz A, Jamehdor S, Davari M, Latifinavid M, Zolfaghari N, Piroozmand S, Taghizadeh S, Bourbour M, Shemshaki G, Latifi-Navid S, Arab SS, Soheili ZS, Ahmadieh H, Sheibani N. Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1555. [PMID: 38004422 PMCID: PMC10674956 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment in the elderly. The current management of nAMD is limited and involves regular intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). However, the effectiveness of these treatments is limited by overlapping and compensatory pathways leading to unresponsiveness to anti-VEGF treatments in a significant portion of nAMD patients. Therefore, a system view of pathways involved in pathophysiology of nAMD will have significant clinical value. The aim of this study was to identify proteins, miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), various metabolites, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a significant role in the pathogenesis of nAMD. To accomplish this goal, we conducted a multi-layer network analysis, which identified 30 key genes, six miRNAs, and four lncRNAs. We also found three key metabolites that are common with AMD, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified nine key SNPs and their related genes that are common among AMD, AD, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis (MS), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, our findings suggest that there exists a connection between nAMD and the aforementioned neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, our study also demonstrates the effectiveness of using artificial intelligence, specifically the LSTM network, a fuzzy logic model, and genetic algorithms, to identify important metabolites in complex metabolic pathways to open new avenues for the design and/or repurposing of drugs for nAMD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Saleh Jamehdor
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, Iran;
| | - Maliheh Davari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Masoud Latifinavid
- Department of Mechatronic Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, 06790 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Narges Zolfaghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Somayeh Piroozmand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Sepideh Taghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Mahsa Bourbour
- Department of Biotechnology, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran;
| | - Golnaz Shemshaki
- Department of Studies in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570005, India;
| | - Saeid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 5619911367, Iran;
| | - Seyed Shahriar Arab
- Biophysics Department, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran;
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran 1497716316, Iran; (H.L.-N.); (M.D.); (N.Z.); (S.P.); (S.T.); (Z.-S.S.)
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1666673111, Iran;
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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3
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Liu N, Liu M, Fu S, Wang J, Tang H, Isah AD, Chen D, Wang X. Ang2-Targeted Combination Therapy for Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949553. [PMID: 35874764 PMCID: PMC9305611 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), a member of the angiopoietin family, is widely involved in the process of vascular physiology, bone physiology, adipose tissue physiology and the occurrence and development of inflammation, cardiac hypertrophy, rheumatoid, tumor and other diseases under pathological conditions. Proliferation and metastasis of cancer largely depend on angiogenesis. Therefore, anti-angiogenesis has become the target of tumor therapy. Due to the Ang2 plays a key role in promoting angiogenesis and stability in vascular physiology, the imbalance of its expression is an important condition for the occurrence and development of cancer. It has been proved that blocking Ang2 can inhibit the growth, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. In recent years, research has been constantly supplemented. We focus on the mechanisms that regulate the expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein levels in different cancers, contributing to a better understanding of how Ang2 exerts different effects in different cancers and stages, as well as facilitating more specific targeting of relevant molecules in cancer therapy. At the same time, the importance of Ang2 in cancer growth, metastasis, prognosis and combination therapy is pointed out. And finally, we will discuss the current investigations and future challenges of combining Ang2 inhibition with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy to increase its efficacy in cancer patients. This review provides a theoretical reference for the development of new targets and effective combination therapy strategies for cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Deyu Chen
- *Correspondence: Xu wang, ; Deyu Chen,
| | - Xu Wang
- *Correspondence: Xu wang, ; Deyu Chen,
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4
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Latifi-Navid H, Soheili ZS, Samiei S, Sadeghi M, Taghizadeh S, Pirmardan ER, Ahmadieh H. Network analysis and the impact of Aflibercept on specific mediators of angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:8285-8299. [PMID: 34250732 PMCID: PMC8419159 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, inflammation and endothelial cells’ migration and proliferation exert fundamental roles in different diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify key proteins and pathways involved in these processes. Aflibercept has received the approval of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of wet AMD and colorectal cancer. Moreover, the effect of Aflibercept on VEGFR2 downstream signalling pathways has not been investigated yet. Here, we integrated text mining data, protein‐protein interaction networks and multi‐experiment microarray data to specify candidate genes that are involved in VEGFA/VEGFR2 signalling pathways. Network analysis of candidate genes determined the importance of the nominated genes via different centrality parameters. Thereupon, several genes—with the highest centrality indexes—were recruited to investigate the impact of Aflibercept on their expression pattern in HUVEC cells. Real‐time PCR was performed, and relative expression of the specific genes revealed that Aflibercept modulated angiogenic process by VEGF/PI3KA/AKT/mTOR axis, invasion by MMP14/MMP9 axis and inflammation‐related angiogenesis by IL‐6‐STAT3 axis. Data showed Aflibercept simultaneously affected these processes and determined the nominated axes that had been affected by the drug. Furthermore, integrating the results of Aflibercept on expression of candidate genes with the current network analysis suggested that resistance against the Aflibercept effect is a plausible process in HUVEC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Latifi-Navid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra-Soheila Soheili
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Samiei
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Taghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ranaei Pirmardan
- Ocular Tissue Engineering Research Center, Molecular Biomarkers Nano-Imaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Khan KA, Wu FT, Cruz-Munoz W, Kerbel RS. Ang2 inhibitors and Tie2 activators: potential therapeutics in perioperative treatment of early stage cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e08253. [PMID: 34125494 PMCID: PMC8261516 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-angiogenic drugs targeting the VEGF pathway are most effective in advanced metastatic disease settings of certain types of cancers, whereas they have been unsuccessful as adjuvant therapies of micrometastatic disease in numerous phase III trials involving early-stage (resectable) cancers. Newer investigational anti-angiogenic drugs have been designed to inhibit the Angiopoietin (Ang)-Tie pathway. Acting through Tie2 receptors, the Ang1 ligand is a gatekeeper of endothelial quiescence. Ang2 is a dynamically expressed pro-angiogenic destabilizer of endothelium, and its upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in cancer. Besides using Ang2 blockers as inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis, little attention has been paid to their use as stabilizers of blood vessels to suppress tumor cell extravasation and metastasis. In clinical trials, Ang2 blockers have shown limited efficacy in advanced metastatic disease settings. This review summarizes preclinical evidence suggesting the potential utility of Ang2 inhibitors or Tie2 activators as neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies in the prevention or treatment of early-stage micrometastatic disease. We further discuss the rationale and potential of combining these strategies with immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint targeting antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kabir A Khan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Florence Th Wu
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William Cruz-Munoz
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Pekar L, Busch M, Valldorf B, Hinz SC, Toleikis L, Krah S, Zielonka S. Biophysical and biochemical characterization of a VHH-based IgG-like bi- and trispecific antibody platform. MAbs 2021; 12:1812210. [PMID: 32887531 PMCID: PMC7531565 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1812210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the characterization of a VHH-derived IgG-like bi- and trispecific antibody platform that essentially relies on the replacement of the VH and VL regions of a conventional antibody by two independently functioning VHH domains. Consequently, a VHH is engrafted onto constant region CH1 while the other VHH-based paratope is engrafted on the constant region of the light chain, Cκ or Cλ, resulting in a tetravalent bispecific IgG-like molecule. Combined with a heavy chain heterodimerization technique, this platform allows facile engineering of bi- and trispecific antibodies with flexible valencies. We demonstrate the general applicability of this generic platform approach and elaborate on the limitations of specific formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pekar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Busch
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Valldorf
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Toleikis
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA , Darmstadt, Germany
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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Targeting tumor-associated macrophages as an antitumor strategy. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 183:114354. [PMID: 33279498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most widely infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Clinically, the number of TAMs is closely correlated with poor outcomes in multiple cancers. The biological actions of TAMs are complex and diverse, including mediating angiogenesis, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis, and building an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Given these pivotal roles of TAMs in tumor development, TAM-based strategies are attractive and used in certain tumor therapies, including inhibition of angiogenic signalling, blockade of the immune checkpoint, and macrophage enhancement phagocytosis. Several attempts to develop TAM-targeted agents have been made to deplete TAMs or reprogram the behaviour of TAMs. Some have shown a favourable curative effect in monotherapy, combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy in clinical trials. Additionally, a new macrophage-based cell therapeutic technology was recently developed by equipping macrophages with CAR molecules. It is expected to break through barriers to solid tumor treatment. Although TAM-related studies have yielded positive antitumor outcomes, further investigations are needed to better characterize TAMs, which will benefit further establishment of novel strategies for tumor therapy. Here, we concisely summarize the functions of TAMs in the TME and comprehensively introduce the latest TAM-based regimens in cancer treatment.
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Zhang SY, Song XY, Li Y, Ye LL, Zhou Q, Yang WB. Tumor-associated macrophages: A promising target for a cancer immunotherapeutic strategy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105111. [PMID: 33065284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, a type of myeloid immune cell, play essential roles in fighting against pathogenic invasion and activating T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses. As a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), macrophages play a complex role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. They can inhibit tumor growth by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and exerting cytotoxic activities but principally contribute to tumor progression by promoting tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The tumor-promoting hallmarks of macrophages have aroused widespread interest in targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) for cancer immunotherapy. Increasing preclinical and clinical studies suggest that TAMs are a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. To date, TAM-targeted therapeutic strategies have mainly been divided into two kinds: inhibiting pro-tumor TAMs and activating anti-tumor TAMs. We reviewed the heterogeneous and plastic characteristics of macrophages in the TME and the feasible strategies to target TAMs in cancer immunotherapy and summarized the complementary effect of TAM-targeted therapy with traditional treatments or other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Lin-Lin Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Qiong Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
| | - Wei-Bing Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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10
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT, Dumontet C, Brinkmann U, Bacac M, Umaña P. Engineering therapeutic bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology. Methods 2018; 154:21-31. [PMID: 30453028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently gained major interest as they allow novel mechanisms-of-action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. A major issue in engineering IgG-based bispecific antibodies has been to enable the correct association of heavy and light chains resulting in correct assembly of the desired bispecific antibody in sufficient yield. Various approaches have been described during recent years to tackle this challenge. We have developed the so-called CrossMab technology that enforces correct light chain association based on the domain crossover of immunoglobulin domains in the Fab region of the bispecific antibody. This versatile technology allows the generation of different bispecific antibody formats including asymmetric heterodimeric monovalent 1 + 1 bispecific antibodies and asymmetric heterodimeric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 1 valency in combination with approaches enabling Fc-hetermodimerization like knob-into-hole technology as well as the generation of tetravalent symmetric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 2 valency, also known as Tandem-Fab based IgG antibodies, using processes suitable for the large scale production of therapeutic bispecific antibodies. Notably, as of now, at least eight different bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology entered clinical development, and additional CrossMabs are in late preclinical development. This review provides a summary of the status and progress with the engineering and generation of CrossMab technology based bispecific antibodies as well as their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg T Regula
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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11
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Zhou B, Xu L, Zhu R, Tang J, Wu Y, Su R, Yin Z, Liu D, Jiang Y, Wen C, You M, Dai L, Lin Y, Chen Y, Yang H, An Z, Fan C, Cheng T, Luo W, Xia N. A bispecific broadly neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 with therapeutic potential. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:28-35. [PMID: 30419253 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which affects children worldwide and is often associated with neurological complications. At present, there is no vaccine or cure available for simultaneous EV71 and CA16 infection, posing a great need to develop novel strategies for the treatment of this disease. Here, we engineered four bispecific antibodies using variable fragments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from EV71- and CA16-specific neutralizing antibodies. The engineered bispecific antibody Bs(scFv)4-IgG-1 exhibits remarkable cross-reactivity against EV71 and CA16 and has a more potent cross-neutralization than its parental antibodies. Furthermore, we showed that Bs(scFv)4-IgG-1 conferred 100% therapeutic efficacy against single or mixed EV71 and CA16 infections in mice. Our study provides important insights into bispecific antibody engineering against enterovirus and will inform new curative treatment options for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Jixian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ruopeng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Can Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Min You
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Linlin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Haijie Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- The Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
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12
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Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have moved from being an academic curiosity with therapeutic promise to reality, with two molecules being currently commercialized (Hemlibra® and Blincyto®) and many more in clinical trials. The success of bispecific antibodies is mainly due to the continuously growing number of mechanisms of actions (MOA) they enable that are not accessible to monoclonal antibodies. One of the earliest MOA of bispecific antibodies and currently the one with the largest number of clinical trials is the redirecting of the cytotoxic activity of T-cells for oncology applications, now extending its use in infective diseases. The use of bispecific antibodies for crossing the blood-brain barrier is another important application because of its potential to advance the therapeutic options for neurological diseases. Another noteworthy application due to its growing trend is enabling a more tissue-specific delivery or activity of antibodies. The different molecular solutions to the initial hurdles that limited the development of bispecific antibodies have led to the current diverse set of bispecific or multispecific antibody formats that can be grouped into three main categories: IgG-like formats, antibody fragment-based formats, or appended IgG formats. The expanded applications of bispecific antibodies come at the price of additional challenges for clinical development. The rising complexity in their structure may increase the risk of immunogenicity and the multiple antigen specificity complicates the selection of relevant species for safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Husain
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Diego Ellerman
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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13
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Regula JT, Imhof-Jung S, Mølhøj M, Benz J, Ehler A, Bujotzek A, Schaefer W, Klein C. Variable heavy-variable light domain and Fab-arm CrossMabs with charged residue exchanges to enforce correct light chain assembly. Protein Eng Des Sel 2018; 31:289-299. [PMID: 30169707 PMCID: PMC6277175 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Technologies for the production of bispecific antibodies need to overcome two major challenges. The first one is correct heavy chain assembly, which was solved by knobs-into-holes technology or charge interactions in the CH3 domains. The second challenge is correct light chain assembly. This can be solved by engineering the Fab-arm interfaces or applying the immunoglobulin domain crossover approach. There are three different crossovers possible, namely Fab-arm, constant domain and variable domain crossovers. The CrossMabCH1-CL exchange does not lead to the formation of unexpected side products, whereas the CrossMabFab and the CrossMabVH-VL formats result in the formation of typical side products. Thus, CrossMabCH1-CL was initially favored for therapeutic antibody development. Here, we report a novel improved CrossMab design principle making use of site-specific positional exchanges of charged amino acid pairs in the constant domain of these CrossMabs to enable the correct light chain assembly in the CrossMabVH-VL and improvements for the CrossMabFab design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Thomas Regula
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mølhøj
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Benz
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Chemical Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ehler
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Chemical Biology, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Bujotzek
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
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14
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Bezabeh B, Fleming R, Fazenbaker C, Zhong H, Coffman K, Yu XQ, Leow CC, Gibson N, Wilson S, Stover CK, Wu H, Gao C, Dimasi N. Insertion of scFv into the hinge domain of full-length IgG1 monoclonal antibody results in tetravalent bispecific molecule with robust properties. MAbs 2017; 9:240-256. [PMID: 27981887 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1270492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
By simultaneous binding two disease mediators, bispecific antibodies offer the opportunity to broaden the utility of antibody-based therapies. Herein, we describe the design and characterization of Bs4Ab, an innovative and generic bispecific tetravalent antibody platform. The Bs4Ab format comprises a full-length IgG1 monoclonal antibody with a scFv inserted into the hinge domain. The Bs4Ab design demonstrates robust manufacturability as evidenced by MEDI3902, which is currently in clinical development. To further demonstrate the applicability of the Bs4Ab technology, we describe the molecular engineering, biochemical, biophysical, and in vivo characterization of a bispecific tetravalent Bs4Ab that, by simultaneously binding vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2, inhibits their function. We also demonstrate that the Bs4Ab platform allows Fc-engineering similar to that achieved with IgG1 antibodies, such as mutations to extend half-life or modulate effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyam Bezabeh
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | | | | | - Karen Coffman
- c Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | - Xiang-Qing Yu
- c Clinical Pharmacology and DMPK , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | | | - Nerea Gibson
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | - Susan Wilson
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | | | - Herren Wu
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
| | - Nazzareno Dimasi
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering , Gaithersburg , MA , USA
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15
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Yu X, Wang W. Tumor suppressor microRNA‑613 inhibits glioma cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:6729-6735. [PMID: 28901424 PMCID: PMC5865827 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‑coding RNAs which can serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in glioma. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of miR‑613 in glioma. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) was used to detect miR‑613 in glioma cells and tissues and the relationship between miR‑613 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A was assessed using a luciferase reporter assay. In addition, glioma cells were transfected with miR‑613 mimics and the mRNA and protein expression of VEGFA was detected using RT‑qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The proliferative, invasive and tube formation capabilities of transfected cells were also assessed in vitro. Furthermore, a nude mouse tumor xenograft model was used to investigate the effects of miR‑613 on tumor growth in vivo. The results of the present study demonstrated that the expression of miR‑613 was decreased in glioma cell lines, and was associated with the grade of glioma. Ectopic expression of miR‑613 markedly suppressed glioma cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the upregulation of miR‑613 inhibited tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth in xenografted nude mice in vivo. VEGFA was demonstrated as a direct target of miR‑613, as detected by western blot and luciferase reporter assays, and mediated miR‑613 induced glioma cell proliferation and angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwu Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternal and Child Health‑Care Hospital of Qujing, Qujing, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
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16
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Factors regulating capillary remodeling in a reversible model of inflammatory corneal angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32137. [PMID: 27561355 PMCID: PMC4999823 DOI: 10.1038/srep32137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly formed microcapillary networks arising in adult organisms by angiogenic and inflammatory stimuli contribute to pathologies such as corneal and retinal blindness, tumor growth, and metastasis. Therapeutic inhibition of pathologic angiogenesis has focused on targeting the VEGF pathway, while comparatively little attention has been given to remodeling of the new microcapillaries into a stabilized, functional, and persistent vascular network. Here, we used a novel reversible model of inflammatory angiogenesis in the rat cornea to investigate endogenous factors rapidly invoked to remodel, normalize and regress microcapillaries as part of the natural response to regain corneal avascularity. Rapid reversal of an inflammatory angiogenic stimulus suppressed granulocytic activity, enhanced recruitment of remodelling macrophages, induced capillary intussusception, and enriched pathways and processes involving immune cells, chemokines, morphogenesis, axonal guidance, and cell motility, adhesion, and cytoskeletal functions. Whole transcriptome gene expression analysis revealed suppression of numerous inflammatory and angiogenic factors and enhancement of endogenous inhibitors. Many of the identified genes function independently of VEGF and represent potentially new targets for molecular control of the critical process of microvascular remodeling and regression in the cornea.
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