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Boelrijk J, Molenaar SRA, Bos TS, Dahlseid TA, Ensing B, Stoll DR, Forré P, Pirok BWJ. Enhancing LC×LC separations through multi-task Bayesian optimization. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464941. [PMID: 38749274 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Method development in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) is a challenging process. The interdependencies between the two dimensions and the possibility of incorporating complex gradient profiles, such as multi-segmented gradients or shifting gradients, make trial-and-error method development time-consuming and highly dependent on user experience. Retention modeling and Bayesian optimization (BO) have been proposed as solutions to mitigate these issues. However, both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses. On the one hand, retention modeling, which approximates true retention behavior, depends on effective peak tracking and accurate retention time and width predictions, which are increasingly challenging for complex samples and advanced gradient assemblies. On the other hand, Bayesian optimization may require many experiments when dealing with many adjustable parameters, as in LC×LC. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the use of multi-task Bayesian optimization (MTBO), a method that can combine information from both retention modeling and experimental measurements. The algorithm was first tested and compared with BO using a synthetic retention modeling test case, where it was shown that MTBO finds better optima with fewer method-development iterations than conventional BO. Next, the algorithm was tested on the optimization of a method for a pesticide sample and we found that the algorithm was able to improve upon the initial scanning experiments. Multi-task Bayesian optimization is a promising technique in situations where modeling retention is challenging, and the high number of adjustable parameters and/or limited optimization budget makes traditional Bayesian optimization impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boelrijk
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands; AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
| | - Stef R A Molenaar
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen S Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Bernd Ensing
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands; Computational Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Patrick Forré
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands; AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, The Netherlands.
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2
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Verscheure L, Detremmerie S, Stals H, De Vos J, Sandra P, Lynen F, Borgions F, Sandra K. Multidimensional LC-MS with 1D multi-method option and parallel middle-up and bottom-up MS acquisition for in-depth characterization of antibodies. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464947. [PMID: 38724406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are large and highly heterogeneous species typically characterized using a plethora of analytical methodologies. There is a trend within the biopharmaceutical industry to combine several of these methods in one analytical platform to simultaneously assess multiple structural attributes. Here, a protein analyzer for the fully automated middle-up and bottom-up liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis of charge, size and hydrophobic variants is described. The multidimensional set-up combines a multi-method option in the first dimension (1D) (choice between size exclusion - SEC, cation exchange - CEX or hydrophobic interaction chromatography - HIC) with second dimension (2D) on-column reversed-phase (RPLC) based desalting, denaturation and reduction prior to middle-up LC-MS analysis of collected 1D peaks and parallel on-column trypsin digestion of denatured and reduced peaks in the third dimension (3D) followed by bottom-up LC-MS analysis in the fourth dimension (4D). The versatile and comprehensive workflow is applied to the characterization of charge, hydrophobic and size heterogeneities associated with an engineered Fc fragment and is complemented with hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) MS and FcRn affinity chromatography - native MS to explain observations in a structural/functional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Verscheure
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Stals
- Argenx, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Koen Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 6, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Thomas R, Song D, Pourmohamad T, Kurita K, Chin S, Dai L, Goyon A, Medley CD, Gruenhagen JA, Chen T. Automated online deconjugation of antibody-drug conjugate for small molecule drug profiling. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464575. [PMID: 38150875 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed by chemically linking highly potent cytotoxic small molecule drugs to monoclonal antibodies of unique specificity for targeted destruction of cancer cells. This innovative class of molecules incurs unique developmental challenges due to its structural complexity of having both small molecule and protein components. The stability of the small molecule payload on the ADC is a critical attribute as it directly relates to product efficacy and patient safety. This study describes the use of an end-to-end automated workflow for effective and robust characterization of the small molecule drug while it is conjugated to the antibody. In this approach, online deconjugation was accomplished by an autosampler user defined program and 1D size exclusion chromatography was utilized to provide separation between small molecule and protein species. The small molecule portion was then trapped and sent to the 2D for separation and quantification by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with identification of impurities and degradants by mass spectrometry. The feasibility of this system was demonstrated on an ADC with a disulfide-based linker. This fully automated approach avoids tedious sample preparation that may lead to sample loss and large assay variability. Under optimized conditions, the method was shown to have excellent specificity, sensitivity (LOD of 0.036 µg/mL and LOQ of 0.144 µg/mL), linearity (0.04-72.1 µg/mL), precision (system precision %RSD of 1.7 and method precision %RSD of 3.4), accuracy (97.4 % recovery), stability-indicating nature, and was successfully exploited to analyze the small molecule drug on a panel of stressed ADC samples. Overall, the workflow established here offers a powerful analytical tool for profiling the in-situ properties of small molecule drugs conjugated to antibodies and the obtained information could be of great significance for guiding process/formulation development and understanding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic behavior of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thomas
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dong Song
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tony Pourmohamad
- Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kenji Kurita
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steven Chin
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Colin D Medley
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason A Gruenhagen
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Synthetic Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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5
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Sadighi R, de Kleijne V, Wouters S, Lubbers K, Somsen GW, Gargano AFG, Haselberg R. Online multimethod platform for comprehensive characterization of monoclonal antibodies in cell culture fluid from a single sample injection - Intact protein workflow. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1287:342074. [PMID: 38182339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) comprise a large structural variability with respect to charge, size and post-translational modifications. These critical quality attributes (CQAs) need to be assessed during and after the production of mAbs. This normally requires off-line purification and sample preparation as well as several chromatographic selectivities, which makes the whole process time-consuming and error-prone. To improve on this, we developed an integrated and automated multi-dimensional analytical platform for the simultaneous assessment of multiple CQAs of mAbs in cell culture fluid (CCF) from upstream processes. RESULTS The on-line system allows mAb characterization at the intact level, combining protein A affinity chromatography (ProtA) with size-exclusion, ion-exchange, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic modes with UV and mass spectrometric detection. Multiple heart cuts of a single mAb elution band from ProtA are stored in 20-μL loops and successively sent to the multimethod options in the second dimension. ProtA loading and elution conditions and their compatibility with second-dimension LC modes were studied and optimized. Subsequently, heart-cutting and valve-switching schemes were investigated to achieve effective and reproducible analyses. The applicability of the developed workflow was demonstrated by the direct analysis (i.e. not requiring off-line sample preparation) of a therapeutic mAb in CCF, obtaining useful information on accurate molecular mass, glycosylation, and charge and size variants of the mAb product at the same time and in just over 1 h. SIGNIFICANCE The developed multidimensional platform is the first system that allows for multiple fractions from a single ProtA band to be characterized using different chromatographic selectivities in a single run allowing direct correlation between CQAs. The performance of the system is comparable to established off-line methods, fully compatible with upstream process samples, and provides a significant time-reduction of the characterization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raya Sadighi
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Vera de Kleijne
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Wouters
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Str. 8, Waldbronn, 76337, Germany
| | - Karin Lubbers
- Polpharma Biologics Utrecht B.V., Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94720, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Coliat P, Erb S, Diemer H, Karouby D, Martin T, Banerjee M, Zhu C, Demarchi M, Cianférani S, Detappe A, Pivot X. Influence of pneumatic transportation on the stability of monoclonal antibodies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21875. [PMID: 38072852 PMCID: PMC10710995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumatic transportation systems (PTS) were recently proposed as a method to carry ready-for-injection diluted monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the pharmacy to the bedside of patients. This method reduces transportation time and improves the efficiency of drug distribution process. However, mAbs are highly sensitive molecules for which subtle alterations may lead to deleterious clinical effects. These alterations can be caused by various external factors such as temperature, pH, pressure, and mechanical forces that may occur during transportation. Hence, it is essential to ensure that the mAbs transported by PTS remain stable and active throughout the transportation process. This study aims to determine the safety profile of PTS to transport 11 routinely used mAbs in a clinical setting through assessment of critical quality attributes (CQA) and orthogonal analysis. Hence, we performed aggregation/degradation profiling, post-translational modifications identification using complementary mass spectrometry-based methods, along with visible and subvisible particle formation determination by light absorbance and light obscuration analysis. Altogether, these results highlight that PTS can be safely used for this purpose when air is removed from the bags during preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Coliat
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut du Médicament Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut du Médicament Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dan Karouby
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tristan Martin
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chen Zhu
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Demarchi
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut du Médicament Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI-FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Detappe
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut du Médicament Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Pivot
- Institut de Cancérologie Strasbourg Europe, ICANS, 17 Rue Albert Calmette, Strasbourg, France
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Woodall DW, Thomson CA, Dillon TM, McAuley A, Green LB, Foltz IN, Bondarenko PV. Native SEC and Reversed-Phase LC-MS Reveal Impact of Fab Glycosylation of Anti-SARS-COV-2 Antibodies on Binding to the Receptor Binding Domain. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15477-15485. [PMID: 37812809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The binding affinity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for their intended therapeutic targets is often affected by chemical and post-translational modifications in the antigen binding (Fab) domains. A new two-dimensional analytical approach is described here utilizing native size exclusion chromatography (SEC) to separate populations of antibodies and bound antibody-antigen complexes for subsequent characterization of these modifications by reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) at the intact antibody level. Previously, we utilized peptide mapping to measure modifications impacting binding. However, in this study, the large size of the modification (N-glycosylation) allowed assessing its impact from small amounts (∼20 ug) of intact antibody, without the need for peptide mapping. Here, we apply the native SEC-based competitive binding assay to quickly and qualitatively investigate the effects of Fab glycosylation of four antispike protein mAbs that were developed for use in the treatment of COVID-19 disease. Three of the mAbs were observed to have consensus N-glycosylation sites (N-X-T/S) in the Fab domains, a relatively rare occurrence in therapeutic mAbs. The goal of the study was to characterize the levels of Fab glycosylation present, as well as determine the impact of glycosylation on binding to the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the ability of the mAbs to inhibit RBD-ACE2 interaction at the intact antibody level, with minimal sample treatment and preparation. The three mAbs with Fab N-glycans were found to have glycosylation profiles ranging from full occupancy at each Fab (in one mAb) to partially glycosylated with mixed populations of two, one, or no glycan moieties. Competitive SEC analysis of mAb-RBD revealed that the glycosylated antibody populations outcompete their nonglycosylated counterparts for the available RBD molecules. This competitive SEC binding analysis was applied to investigate the three-body interaction of a glycosylated mAb blocking the interaction between endogenous binding partners RBD-ACE2, finding that both glycosylated and nonglycosylated mAb populations bound to RBD with high enough affinity to block RBD-ACE2 binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Woodall
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christy A Thomson
- Discovery Protein Science, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Thomas M Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Arnold McAuley
- Drug Product Technologies, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lydia B Green
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Ian N Foltz
- Biologics Discovery, Amgen Research, Amgen Inc., Burnaby, BC V5A1 V7, Canada
| | - Pavel V Bondarenko
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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8
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Jin X, He B. Combination of On-Line and Off-Line Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Comprehensive Characterization of mAb Charge Variants and Precise Instructions for Rapid Process Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15184. [PMID: 37894864 PMCID: PMC10607358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge variants, as an important quality attribute of mAbs, must be comprehensively characterized and monitored during development. However, due to their complex structure, the characterization of charge variants is challenging, labor-intensive, and time-consuming when using traditional approaches. This work combines on-line and off-line 2D-LC-MS to comprehensively characterize mAb charge variants and quickly offer precise instructions for process development. Six charge variant peaks of mAb 1 were identified using the developed platform. Off-line 2D-LC-MS analysis at the peptide level showed that the acidic peak P1 and the basic peaks P4 and P5 were caused by the deamidation of asparagine, the oxidation of methionine, and incomplete C-terminal K loss, respectively. On-line 2D-LC-MS at the intact protein level was used to identify the root causes, and it was found that the acidic peak P2 and the basic peak P6 were due to the glutathionylation of cysteine and succinimidation of aspartic acid, respectively, which were not found in off-line 2D-LC-MS because of the loss occurring during pre-treatment. These results suggest that process development could focus on cell culture for adjustment of glutathionylation. In this paper, we propose the concept of precision process development based on on-line 2D-LC-MS, which could quickly offer useful data with only 0.6 mg mAb within 6 h for precise instructions for process development. Overall, the combination of on-line and off-line 2D-LC-MS can characterize mAb charge variants more comprehensively, precisely, and quickly than other approaches. This is a very effective platform with routine operations that provides precise instructions for process development within hours, and will help to accelerate the development of innovative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
| | - Bingfang He
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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9
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Douez E, D'Atri V, Guillarme D, Antier D, Guerriaud M, Beck A, Watier H, Foucault-Fruchard L. Why is there no biosimilar of Erbitux®? J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115544. [PMID: 37418870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based therapies have been a major advance in oncology patient care, even though they represent a significant healthcare cost. Biosimilars, launched in Europe in 2004 are an economically attractive alternative to expensive originator biological drugs. They also increase the competitiveness of pharmaceutical development. This article focuses on the case of Erbitux® (cetuximab). This anti-EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) monoclonal antibody is indicated for metastatic colorectal cancer (2004) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (2006). However, despite the expiration of the patent in Europe in 2014 and estimated annual sales of 1.681 million US dollars in 2022, Erbitux® has not yet faced any approved biosimilar challenges in the United States or in Europe. Here, we outline the unique structural complexity of this antibody highlighted by advanced orthogonal analytical characterization strategies resulting in risks to demonstrate biosimilarity, which may explain the lack of Erbitux® biosimilars in the European and US markets to date. The development of Erbitux® biobetters are also discussed as alternative strategies to biosimilars. These biologics offer expected additional safety and potency benefits over the reference product but require a full pharmaceutical and clinical development as for New Molecular Entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Douez
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; EA6295, Nanomédicaments et Nanosondes, Université de Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, CMU - Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Antier
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Mathieu Guerriaud
- CREDIMI Laboratory EA 7532 and Laboratory of Excellence LipSTIC ANR-11-LABX-0021, Faculty of Health Sciences (Pharmacy), University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre D'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), 5 Avenue Napoléon III, BP 60497 Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Hervé Watier
- Immunology Laboratory, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1100, CEPR, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
| | - Laura Foucault-Fruchard
- Pharmacy Department, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France; UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, Inserm, Tours, France
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10
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Ngere J, Ebrahimi KH, Williams R, Pires E, Walsby-Tickle J, McCullagh JSO. Ion-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Life Science, Environmental, and Medical Research. Anal Chem 2023; 95:152-166. [PMID: 36625129 PMCID: PMC9835059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith
B. Ngere
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Kourosh H. Ebrahimi
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s
College London, London SE1 9NH, U.K.
| | - Rachel Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Elisabete Pires
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - John Walsby-Tickle
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - James S. O. McCullagh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.,
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11
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Wicht K, Baert M, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, Van Geem KM, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Enhanced Sensitivity in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography: Overcoming the Dilution Problem in LC × LC via Temperature-Responsive Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16728-16737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard Street 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Norwin von Doehren
- Agilent Technologies, Netherlands BV, NL-4330 EA Middelburg, Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kevin M. Van Geem
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Architecture, Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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13
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Martínez-Ortega A, Herrera A, Salmerón-García A, Cabeza J, Perez-Robles R, Navas N. Degradation and in-use stability study of five marketed therapeutic monoclonal antibodies by generic weak cation exchange liquid chromatographic method ((WCX)HPLC/DAD). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1203:123295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Verscheure L, Vanhoenacker G, Schneider S, Merchiers T, Storms J, Sandra P, Lynen F, Sandra K. 3D-LC-MS with 2D Multimethod Option for Fully Automated Assessment of Multiple Attributes of Monoclonal Antibodies Directly from Cell Culture Supernatants. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6502-6511. [PMID: 35442636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fully automated analysis of multiple structural attributes of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using three-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (3D-LC-MS) is described. The analyzer combines Protein A affinity chromatography in the first dimension (1D) with a multimethod option in the second dimension (2D) (choice between size exclusion (SEC), cation exchange (CEX), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)) and desalting SEC-MS in the third dimension (3D). This innovative 3D-LC-MS setup allows simultaneous and sequential assessment of mAb titer, size/charge/hydrophobic variants, molecular weight (MW), amino acid (AA) sequence, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) directly from cell culture supernatants. The reported methodology that finds multiple uses throughout the biopharmaceutical development trajectory was successfully challenged by the analysis of different trastuzumab and tocilizumab samples originating from biosimilar development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Verscheure
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.,Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sonja Schneider
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard Strasse 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Tom Merchiers
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Julie Storms
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.,Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- RIC Group, President Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.,Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Multi-approach LC-MS methods for the characterization of species-specific attributes of monoclonal antibodies from plants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 216:114796. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Nupur N, Joshi S, Gulliarme D, Rathore AS. Analytical Similarity Assessment of Biosimilars: Global Regulatory Landscape, Recent Studies and Major Advancements in Orthogonal Platforms. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:832059. [PMID: 35223794 PMCID: PMC8865741 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.832059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals are one of the fastest-growing sectors in the biotechnology industry. Within the umbrella of biopharmaceuticals, the biosimilar segment is expanding with currently over 200 approved biosimilars, globally. The key step towards achieving a successful biosimilar approval is to establish analytical and clinical biosimilarity with the innovator. The objective of an analytical biosimilarity study is to demonstrate a highly similar profile with respect to variations in critical quality attributes (CQAs) of the biosimilar product, and these variations must lie within the range set by the innovator. This comprises a detailed comparative structural and functional characterization using appropriate, validated analytical methods to fingerprint the molecule and helps reduce the economic burden towards regulatory requirement of extensive preclinical/clinical similarity data, thus making biotechnological drugs more affordable. In the last decade, biosimilar manufacturing and associated regulations have become more established, leading to numerous approvals. Biosimilarity assessment exercises conducted towards approval are also published more frequently in the public domain. Consequently, some technical advancements in analytical sciences have also percolated to applications in analytical biosimilarity assessment. Keeping this in mind, this review aims at providing a holistic view of progresses in biosimilar analysis and approval. In this review, we have summarized the major developments in the global regulatory landscape with respect to biosimilar approvals and also catalogued biosimilarity assessment studies for recombinant DNA products available in the public domain. We have also covered recent advancements in analytical methods, orthogonal techniques, and platforms for biosimilar characterization, since 2015. The review specifically aims to serve as a comprehensive catalog for published biosimilarity assessment studies with details on analytical platform used and critical quality attributes (CQAs) covered for multiple biotherapeutic products. Through this compilation, the emergent evolution of techniques with respect to each CQA has also been charted and discussed. Lastly, the information resource of published biosimilarity assessment studies, created during literature search is anticipated to serve as a helpful reference for biopharmaceutical scientists and biosimilar developers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neh Nupur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Srishti Joshi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Davy Gulliarme
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Anurag S. Rathore,
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17
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Chapel S, Rouvière F, Guibal P, Mathieu D, Heinisch S. Development of a sub-hour on-line comprehensive cation exchange chromatography x RPLC method hyphenated to HRMS for the characterization of lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugates. Talanta 2021; 240:123174. [PMID: 35026643 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study details the development of on-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) methods combining cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) for the separation of the charge variants of a lysine-linked antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). This combination gives an excellent example of the potential benefits of 2D-LC approaches for the analysis of such complex protein formats. CEX is considered the reference technique for the separation of protein charge variants but its retention mechanism usually requires the use of a high concentration of non-volatile salts, which impedes its compatibility with MS detection. In this context, the use of an on-line 2D-LC-MS approach not only allows on-line desalting and indirect coupling of CEX with mass spectrometry (MS) detection but it also provides increased and complementary information within a single analysis. The first part of this study was devoted to the choice of stationary phases and the optimization of chromatographic conditions in both dimensions. Based on the results obtained in 1D-CEX with ultraviolet detection (UV) and 1D-RPLC with UV and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detections, an on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography method combining CEX and RPLC was developed. The last part of this study was devoted to the identification of the separated species using HRMS detection and in the comparison of three ADC samples exposed to different durations of thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florent Rouvière
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Pierre Guibal
- Sanofi Aventis R&D, 1 Impasse des Ateliers, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Delphine Mathieu
- Sanofi Aventis R&D, 1 Impasse des Ateliers, 94400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100, Villeurbanne, France.
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18
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Chapel S, Heinisch S. Strategies to circumvent the solvent strength mismatch problem in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:7-26. [PMID: 34525266 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography is a powerful technique for the separation of highly complex samples. Due to the addition of the second dimension of separation, impressive peak capacities can be obtained within a reasonable analysis time compared to one-dimensional liquid chromatography. In online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, the separation power is maximized by selecting two separation dimensions as orthogonal as possible, which most often requires the combination of different mobile phases and stationary phases. The online transfer of a given solvent from the first dimension to the second dimension may cause severe injection effects in the second dimension, mostly due to solvent strength mismatch. Those injection effects may include peak broadening, peak distortion, peak splitting or breakthrough phenomenon. They are often found to reduce significantly the peak capacity and the peak intensity. To overcome such effects, arising specifically in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography, different methods have been developed over the years. In this review, we focused on the most recently reported ones. A critical discussion, supported by a theoretical approach, gives an overview of their advantages and drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Chapel
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Heinisch
- Université de Lyon, Institut des sciences analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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19
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Verscheure L, Cerdobbel A, Sandra P, Lynen F, Sandra K. Monoclonal antibody charge variant characterization by fully automated four-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462409. [PMID: 34325295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fully automated characterization of monoclonal antibody (mAb) charge variants using four-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (4D-LC-MS) is reported and illustrated. Charge variants resolved by cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) using a salt- or pH-gradient are collected in loops installed on a multiple heart-cutting valve and consequently subjected to online desalting, denaturation, reduction and trypsin digestion prior to LC-MS based peptide mapping. This innovation which substantially reduces turnaround time, sample manipulation, loss and artefacts and increases information gathering, is described in great technical detail, and applied to characterize the charge heterogeneity associated with three therapeutic mAbs. Sequence coverages > 95% are obtained for major and minor charge variants (> 1.0%). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) and modification sites are readily revealed in a repeatable manner including unstable succinimide intermediates which are not maintained when performing classical in-solution overnight digestion of offline collected CEX peaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesa Verscheure
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - An Cerdobbel
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Pat Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Koen Sandra
- RIC group, President Kennedypark 26, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium; Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, Ghent B-9000, Belgium.
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20
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Ma F, Raoufi F, Bailly MA, Fayadat-Dilman L, Tomazela D. Hyphenation of strong cation exchange chromatography to native mass spectrometry for high throughput online characterization of charge heterogeneity of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2021; 12:1763762. [PMID: 32370592 PMCID: PMC7299211 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1763762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of charge heterogeneity in monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is needed during developability assessment and downstream development of drug candidates. Charge heterogeneity can come from post-translational modifications like deamidation, isomerization, and sialylation. Elucidation of charge variants with mass spectrometry (MS) has historically been challenging. Due to the nonvolatility and high ionic strength of conventional buffer systems, labor-intensive offline fractionation followed by MS analysis is routinely used. Here, we describe an alternative strategy that directly couples strong cation exchange (SCX) chromatography to high-resolution Orbitrap MS for online native MS analysis (SCX-MS). A combined pH and salt gradient was used for universal separation of mAbs from a wide range of pI values (6.38 ~ 9.2), including infliximab (Remicade®, chimeric IgG1/kappa), NISTmab (humanized IgG1/kappa) and trastuzumab (Herceptin®, humanized IgG1/kappa), without tailoring of chromatographic profiles. Liquid chromatography and MS parameters were optimized to achieve high-quality spectra and enhanced detection of low abundant species under high flow rate conditions. Genedata Expressionist, a vendor agnostic software, was used for data processing. This integrated strategy allows unbiased characterization of numerous charge variant species and low molecular weight fragments (<0.05%) without post-column flow splitting. The application was further expanded with middle-up approaches for subdomain analysis, which demonstrated the versatility of the strategy for analysis of various construct types. With our analysis of mAbs during developability assessment and forced degradation studies, which aimed at assessing potential critical quality attributes in antibody drug molecules, we provide, for the first time, direct visualization of molecular alterations of mAbs at intact level. Furthermore, strong correlation was observed between this novel MS approach and analysis by capillary isoelectric focusing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfei Ma
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fahimeh Raoufi
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marc Andre Bailly
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Daniela Tomazela
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Biologics, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Gunnarson C, Lauer T, Willenbring H, Larson E, Dittmann M, Broeckhoven K, Stoll DR. Implications of dispersion in connecting capillaries for separation systems involving post-column flow splitting. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461893. [PMID: 33524933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is common practice in liquid chromatography to split the flow of the effluent exiting the analytical column into two or more parts, either to enable parallel detection (e.g., coupling the separation to two destructive detectors such as light scattering and mass spectrometry (MS)), or to accommodate flow rate limitations of a detector (e.g., electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). In these instances the user must make choices about split ratio and dimensions of connecting tubing that is used between the split point and the detector, however these details are frequently not mentioned in the literature, and rarely justified. In our own work we often split the effluent following the second dimension (2D) column in two-dimensional liquid chromatography systems coupled to MS detection, and we have frequently observed post 2D column peak broadening that is larger than we would expect to result from dispersion in the MS ionization source itself. For the present paper we describe a series of experiments aimed at understanding the impact of the split ratio and post-split connecting tubing dimensions on dispersion of peaks exiting an analytical column. We start with the simple idea - based on the principle of conservation of mass - that analyte peaks entering the split point are split into two parts such that the analyte mass (and thus peak volume) entering and exiting the split point is conserved, and directly related to the ratio of flow rates entering and exiting the split point. Measurements of peak width and variance after the split point show that this simple view of the splitting process - along with estimates of additional dispersion in the post-split tubing - is sufficient to predict peak variances at the detector with accuracy that is sufficient to guide experimental work (median error of about 10% over a wide range of conditions). We feel it is most impactful to recognize that flow splitting impacts apparent post-column dispersion not because anything unexpected happens in the splitting process, but because the split dramatically reduces the volume of the analyte peak, which then is more susceptible to dispersion in connecting tubing that would not cause significant dispersion under conditions where splitting is not implemented. These results will provide practitioners with a solid basis on which rational decisions about split ratios and dimensions of post-split tubing can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caden Gunnarson
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Lauer
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | | | - Eli Larson
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA
| | - Monika Dittmann
- Agilent Technologies, R&D and Marketing GmbH & Co KG, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Chemical Engineering, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, Department of Chemistry, St. Peter, MN, USA.
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22
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Gstöttner C, Reusch D, Haberger M, Dragan I, Van Veelen P, Kilgour DPA, Tsybin YO, van der Burgt YEM, Wuhrer M, Nicolardi S. Monitoring glycation levels of a bispecific monoclonal antibody at subunit level by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. MAbs 2021; 12:1682403. [PMID: 31630606 PMCID: PMC6927770 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1682403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with multiple functionalities and properties. The "bi-specificity" of these complex biopharmaceuticals is a key characteristic for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. The high structural complexity of BsAbs poses a challenge to the analytical methods needed for their characterization. Modifications of the BsAb structure, resulting from enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, further complicate the analysis. An important example of the latter type of modification is glycation, which can occur in the manufacturing process, during storage in the formulation or in vivo after application of the drug. Glycation affects the structure, function, and stability of monoclonal antibodies, and consequently, a detailed analysis of glycation levels is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and top-down, middle-up and middle-down MS approaches are increasingly used for the analysis of modifications. Here, we apply a novel middle-up strategy, based on IdeS digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, to analyze all six different BsAb subunits in a single high-resolution mass spectrum, namely two light chains, two half fragment crystallizable regions and two Fd' regions, thus avoiding upfront chromatography. This method was used to monitor glycation changes during a 168 h forced-glycation experiment. In addition, hot spot glycation sites were localized using top-down and middle-down MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS, which provided complementary information compared to standard bottom-up MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haberger
- Pharma Technical Development Penzberg, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irina Dragan
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Van Veelen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David P A Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, U.K
| | - Yury O Tsybin
- Spectroswiss, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yuri E M van der Burgt
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Nicolardi
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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24
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Jaag S, Shirokikh M, Lämmerhofer M. Charge variant analysis of protein-based biopharmaceuticals using two-dimensional liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461786. [PMID: 33326927 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The profile of charge variants represents an important critical quality attribute of protein-based biopharmaceuticals, in particular of monoclonal antibodies, and must therefore becontrolled. In this work, 2D-LC methods for charge variant analysis were developed using a strong cation-exchange chromatography (SCX) as first dimension (1D) separation. Non-porous SCX (3 µm) particle columns and different mobile phases were evaluated using a test mixture of some standard proteins of different size and pI (comprising myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, lysozyme and β-lactoglobulin) and two monoclonal IgG1 antibodies (NIST mAb and Secukinumab). The most promising 1D eluent for SCX was a salt-mediated pH-gradient system using a ternary mobile phase system with 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 1,3-diamino-2-propanol and sodium chloride. For the second dimension (2D), a desalting reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) was chosen to enable the hyphenation of the charge variant separation with mass spectrometric (MS) detection. While for intact mAbs the 2D just served for desalting without additional selectivity, the 2D contributed some orthogonal selectivity for the mAb fragment separation. Various core-shell and monolithic columns were tested and variables such as gradient time and flow rate systematically optimized. Unexpectedly, a C4 400 Å column (3.4 µm diameter with 0.2 µm porous shell) provided higher peak capacities compared to the same 1000 Å column (2.7 µm diameter with 0.5 µm porous shell). A thinner shell appeared to be more advantageous than wider pores under high flow regime. An ultra-fast RP-LC method with a run time of one minute was developed using trifluoroacetic acid which was later replaced by formic acid as additive for better MS compatibility. The successful hyphenation of the two orthogonal separation modes, SCX and RP-LC, could be demonstrated in the multiple heart-cutting and the full comprehensive mode. MS analysis using a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight instrument enabled to identify different glycoforms and some major charge variants of the antibody at the intact protein level as well as on the subunit level (Fc/2, Lc, Fd') in a middle-up approach by 2D-LC-ESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jaag
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Shirokikh
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Millán-Martín S, Carillo S, Füssl F, Sutton J, Gazis P, Cook K, Scheffler K, Bones J. Optimisation of the use of sliding window deconvolution for comprehensive characterisation of trastuzumab and adalimumab charge variants by native high resolution mass spectrometry. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 158:83-95. [PMID: 33212184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry continues to develop mAb-based biotherapeutics in increasing numbers. Due to their complexity, there are several critical quality attributes (CQAs) that need to be measured and controlled to guarantee product safety and efficacy. Charge variant analysis is a widely used method to monitor changes in product quality during the manufacturing process of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and, together with a bottom-up peptide centred approach, acts as a key analytical platform to fulfil regulatory requirements. Native MS measures biomolecules under conditions that preserve most aspects of protein tertiary and quaternary structure, enabling direct characterization of large intact proteins such as mAbs. The resulting native mass spectrum of a mAb is characterized by a narrower charge-state envelope that simplifies the spectra and also condenses the ion signals into fewer peaks, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. Algorithmic spectral deconvolution is needed for routine accurate and rapid molecular weight determination, and consequently, multiple deconvolution algorithms have evolved over the past decade. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the sliding window algorithm as a robust and powerful deconvolution tool for comprehensive characterisation of charge variant analysis data for mAbs. Optimum performance is evaluated by studying the impact of critical software parameters on detection, identification and relative quantitation of protein isoforms. By combining molecular mass and retention time information, it was possible to identify multiple modifications on adalimumab and trastuzumab, both IgG1 mAbs, including lysine truncation, deamidation and succinimide formation, along with the N-glycan distribution of each of the identified charge variants. Sliding window deconvolution also provides a key benefit of low abundant variant detection in a single analysis and the ability to detect co-eluting components with different relative abundances. The studied mAbs demonstrate the algoritms applicability for efficient data processing of both simple and complex mAbs analysed using pH gradient cation exchange chromatography coupled to native mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Millán-Martín
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Florian Füssl
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Sutton
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 55 River Oaks Parkway, San José, CA 95134, United States
| | - Paul Gazis
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 55 River Oaks Parkway, San José, CA 95134, United States
| | - Ken Cook
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Stafford House, 1 Boundary Park, Hemel Hempstead HP2 7GE, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Scheffler
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Dornierstrasse 4, 82110 Germering, Germany
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Characterisation and Comparability Laboratory, NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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26
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Duivelshof BL, Murisier A, Camperi J, Fekete S, Beck A, Guillarme D, D'Atri V. Therapeutic Fc-fusion proteins: Current analytical strategies. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:35-62. [PMID: 32914936 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fc-Fusion proteins represent a successful class of biopharmaceutical products, with already 13 drugs approved in the European Union and United States as well as three biosimilar versions of etanercept. Fc-Fusion products combine tailored pharmacological properties of biological ligands, together with multiple functions of the fragment crystallizable domain of immunoglobulins. There is a great diversity in terms of possible biological ligands, including the extracellular domains of natural receptors, functionally active peptides, recombinant enzymes, and genetically engineered binding constructs acting as cytokine traps. Due to their highly diverse structures, the analytical characterization of Fc-Fusion proteins is far more complex than that of monoclonal antibodies and requires the use and development of additional product-specific methods over conventional generic/platform methods. This can be explained, for example, by the presence of numerous sialic acids, leading to high diversity in terms of isoelectric points and complex glycosylation profiles including multiple N- and O-linked glycosylation sites. In this review, we highlight the wide range of analytical strategies used to fully characterize Fc-fusion proteins. We also present case studies on the structural assessment of all commercially available Fc-fusion proteins, based on the features and critical quality attributes of their ligand-binding domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan L Duivelshof
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Amarande Murisier
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Camperi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF - Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina D'Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Wicht K, Baert M, Kajtazi A, Schipperges S, von Doehren N, Desmet G, de Villiers A, Lynen F. Pharmaceutical impurity analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461561. [PMID: 32992220 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the possibilities of temperature responsive × reversed phase liquid chromatography (TRLC × RPLC) are assessed in terms of pharmaceutical impurity analysis. Due to the increased peak capacity per unit time they offer, two-dimensional LC approaches are gaining relevance for the analysis of complex drug formulations. Because the latter depicts a larger predisposition for the occurrence of an increased number of impurities, current 1D-HPLC approaches often prove insufficient. Since many LC × LC methods are limited by modulation, solvent compatibility, orthogonality, and sensitivity issues, the combination of TRLC × RPLC is explored in this work for pharmaceutical impurity analysis. As this combination of a purely aqueous separation with RPLC allows for systematic and optimization-free refocusing in the second dimension, it opens possibilities for generic LC × LC requiring minimal to no method development, in this way overcoming a major perceived contemporary hurdle of LC × LC. The approach is demonstrated with a representative mixture of 17 solutes comprising 11 corticosteroids and 6 progestogens. Orthogonality and peak capacities were assessed on three RP core-shell column selectivities (Poroshell EC-C18, phenyl-hexyl and PFP). Although the TRLC × EC-C18 combination offered somewhat better orthogonality, the combination with the PFP column proved the best for the separation at hand. Depending on the composition of the mixture, the use of full, shifted, or segmented gradients allowed facile optimization of the separation. The developed platform allowed detection of the impurities at the 0.05% level compared to a selected main compound, while also opening up possibilities for analysis of formulations comprising two active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wicht
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Baert
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ardiana Kajtazi
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonja Schipperges
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett Packard St 8, D-76337 Waldbronn, Germany
| | | | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - André de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Current and future trends in reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of therapeutic proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Simulation of elution profiles in liquid chromatography – IV: Experimental characterization and modeling of solute injection profiles from a modulation valve used in two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Ying Y, Li H. Recent progress in the analysis of protein deamidation using mass spectrometry. Methods 2020; 200:42-57. [PMID: 32544593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deamidation is a nonenzymatic and spontaneous posttranslational modification (PTM) that introduces changes in both structure and charge of proteins, strongly associated with aging proteome instability and degenerative diseases. Deamidation is also a common PTM occurring in biopharmaceutical proteins, representing a major cause of degradation. Therefore, characterization of deamidation alongside its inter-related modifications, isomerization and racemization, is critically important to understand their roles in protein stability and diseases. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool in site-specific identification of PTMs for proteomics and structural studies. In this review, we focus on the recent advances of MS analysis in protein deamidation. In particular, we provide an update on sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and MS technologies at multi-level scales, for accurate and reliable characterization of protein deamidation in both simple and complex biological samples, yielding important new insight on how deamidation together with isomerization and racemization occurs. These technological progresses will lead to a better understanding of how deamidation contributes to the pathology of aging and other degenerative diseases and the development of biopharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huilin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sun Yat-sen University, No.132 Wai Huan Dong Lu, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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32
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Farsang E, Guillarme D, Veuthey JL, Beck A, Lauber M, Schmudlach A, Fekete S. Coupling non-denaturing chromatography to mass spectrometry for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies and related products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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33
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Bos TS, Knol WC, Molenaar SR, Niezen LE, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW, Pirok BW. Recent applications of chemometrics in one- and two-dimensional chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1678-1727. [PMID: 32096604 PMCID: PMC7317490 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of increasingly more sophisticated analytical separation systems, often incorporating increasingly more powerful detection techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, causes an urgent need for highly efficient data-analysis and optimization strategies. This is especially true for comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography applied to the separation of very complex samples. In this contribution, the requirement for chemometric tools is explained and the latest developments in approaches for (pre-)processing and analyzing data arising from one- and two-dimensional chromatography systems are reviewed. The final part of this review focuses on the application of chemometrics for method development and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen S. Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Wouter C. Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Stef R.A. Molenaar
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Niezen
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical ChemistryAmsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and SystemsVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Bob W.J. Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Groupvan ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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34
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Füssl F, Trappe A, Carillo S, Jakes C, Bones J. Comparative Elucidation of Cetuximab Heterogeneity on the Intact Protein Level by Cation Exchange Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5431-5438. [PMID: 32105056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Charge sensitive separation methods such as ion exchange chromatography (CEX) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) have recently been coupled to mass spectrometry to facilitate high resolution profiling of proteoforms present within the charge variant profile of complex biopharmaceuticals. Here we apply pH gradient cation exchange chromatography and microfluidic capillary electrophoresis using the ZipChip platform for comparative characterization of the monoclonal antibody Cetuximab. Cetuximab harbors four glycans per molecule, two on each heavy chain, of which the Fab glycans have been reported to be complex and multiply sialylated. The presence of these extra glycosylation sites in the variable region of the molecule causes significant charge variant and glycan heterogeneity, which makes comprehensive analysis on the intact protein level challenging. Both pH gradient CEX-MS and CE-MS were found to be powerful for the separation of Cetuximab charge variants with eight major peaks being baseline resolved using both separation platforms. Informative native-like mass spectra were collected for each charge variant peak using both platforms that facilitated deconvolution and further analysis. The total proteoform coverage was exceptionally high with >100 isoforms identified and relatively quantified with CEX-MS, in case of CE-MS the proteoform coverage was >200. A deep insight into the heterogeneity of Cetuximab was unveiled, the high level of sensitivity achievable enables the implementation of the presented technologies even at early stages of the biopharmaceutical development platform, such as in developability assessment, process development and also for monitoring process consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Füssl
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Anne Trappe
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Sara Carillo
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Craig Jakes
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT - The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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35
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Bridging size and charge variants of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody by two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 183:113178. [PMID: 32086124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are heterogeneous in nature and may contain numerous variants with differences in size, charge, and hydrophobicity, which may impact clinical efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. Characterization of antibody variants is necessary to build structure-function correlation and establish a proper control strategy. Isolation and enrichment of variants by conventional chromatographic peak fractionation is labor-intensive and time-consuming. The instability of fractions during isolation and subsequent characterization may also be a concern. Hence, it is desirable to analyze antibody variants in an online and real-time manner. Here we demonstrate a 2D-LC methodology - multiple heart-cutting IEC-SEC- as an investigational tool to facilitate a charge variant characterization study. Both IEC modes - anion exchange (AEX) and cation exchange (CEX) chromatography are discussed. Using this approach, direct bridging of size and charge variants of an antibody molecule was achieved without offline peak fractionation. It was observed that antibody aggregates elute late on both the AEX and CEX columns, presumably due to secondary hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, we overcame the solvent mismatch issue and developed a 2D SEC-IEC method to confirm the bridging results. This is the first reported SEC-IEC 2D-LC application for the characterization of antibody size and charge variants.
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36
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2020; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography - top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S. Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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37
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Larroque M, Larroque C, Morel J, Bonnet PA, Perrin C. An in-line enzymatic microreactor for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2020; 145:1759-1767. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In-line enzymatic microreactor and electrophoretic strategy for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Christian Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier cedex 5
- France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
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38
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Duivelshof BL, Jiskoot W, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D, D’Atri V. Glycosylation of biosimilars: Recent advances in analytical characterization and clinical implications. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of ADCs. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31643056 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
From a structural point of view, the complete characterization of ADCs is a challenging task due to their high complexity. ADCs combine the heterogeneity of the initial antibody to the variability associated with the conjugation strategy, the manufacturing process, and the storage. Given the inherent complexity of these biomolecules, online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is an attractive technique to address the challenges associated with ADC characterization. Compared to conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography techniques (1D-LC), LC × LC combines two different and complementary separation systems. In the context of ADC analysis, LC × LC has been proven to be a rapid and efficient analytical tool: (1) to provide a higher resolving power by increasing the overall peak capacity and thus allowing to gain more information within a single run and (2) to allow mass spectrometry (MS) coupling with some chromatographic techniques that are not MS-compatible and hence to facilitate the structural elucidation of ADCs. In this chapter, we present the coupling of different chromatographic techniques including hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion exchange chromatography (IEX), and hydrophilic liquid chromatography (HILIC). The interest of HIC × SEC, SEC × SEC, HIC × RPLC, IEX × RPLC, RPLC × RPLC, and HILIC × RPLC, all hyphenated to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), is discussed in the context of the characterization of ADCs.
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Goyon A, Kim M, Dai L, Cornell C, Jacobson F, Guillarme D, Stella C. Streamlined Characterization of an Antibody–Drug Conjugate by Two-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14896-14903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kim
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lu Dai
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher Cornell
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fred Jacobson
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet, 1, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Yang X, Bartlett MG. Glycan analysis for protein therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:29-40. [PMID: 31063953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation can be a critical quality attribute for protein therapeutics due to its extensive impact on product safety and efficacy. Glycan characterization is important in the process of protein drug development, from early stage candidate selection to late stage regulatory submission. It is also an indispensable part in the evaluation of biosimilarity. This review discusses the effects of glycosylation on the stability and activity of protein therapeutics, regulatory considerations corresponding to manufacturing and structural characterization of glycosylated protein therapeutics, and focuses on mass spectrometry compatible separation methods for glycan characterization of protein therapeutics. These approaches include hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, reversed-phase liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, porous graphitic carbon liquid chromatography and two-dimensional liquid chromatography. Advances and novelties in each separation method, as well as associated challenges and limitations, are discussed at the released glycan, glycopeptide, glycoprotein subunit and intact glycoprotein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkun Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America
| | - Michael G Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, United States of America.
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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43
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Pirok BWJ, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ. Recent Developments in Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: Fundamental Improvements for Practical Applications. Anal Chem 2019; 91:240-263. [PMID: 30380827 PMCID: PMC6322149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bob W. J. Pirok
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department
of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, United States
| | - Peter J. Schoenmakers
- University
of Amsterdam, van ’t Hoff
Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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Dai J, Zhang Y. A Middle-Up Approach with Online Capillary Isoelectric Focusing/Mass Spectrometry for In-Depth Characterization of Cetuximab Charge Heterogeneity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14527-14534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Post Office
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Post Office
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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46
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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47
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Beyer B, Walch N, Jungbauer A, Lingg N. How Similar Is Biosimilar? A Comparison of Infliximab Therapeutics in Regard to Charge Variant Profile and Antigen Binding Affinity. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800340. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Beyer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Nicole Walch
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Alois Jungbauer
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
| | - Nico Lingg
- Department of BiotechnologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Life SciencesVienna, Muthgasse 18A‐1190ViennaAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial BiotechnologyMuthgasse 18A‐1190 ViennaAustria
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48
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Sankaran PK, Kabadi PG, Honnappa CG, Subbarao M, Pai HV, Adhikary L, Palanivelu DV. Identification and quantification of product-related quality attributes in bio-therapeutic monoclonal antibody via a simple, and robust cation-exchange HPLC method compatible with direct online detection of UV and native ESI-QTOF-MS analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1102-1103:83-95. [PMID: 30380467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical ion-exchange chromatography is one of the conventional tools used for assessment of product-related quality attributes in bio-therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Here, we present an approach to resolve, identify, and quantify product-related substances of therapeutic mAb at its intact molecular level by cation exchange (CIEX) HPLC coupled directly to electrospray ionization - quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOF-MS). This method utilizes pH gradient elution mode comprised of ammonium formate buffer components, and a weak cation exchange column as stationary phase. Furthermore, ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) provided additional insights on its higher order structure. Also, orthogonal assays such as conventional CIEX-HPLC, high resolution capillary isoelectric focusing, peptide mapping, spectroscopic, and fluorescence methods were used considerably to support the findings. Additionally, an in vitro assay was included to assess the associated impact on Fc mediated function. Overall, the developed method with simultaneous detection of UV peak area percentage at 280 nm and native ESI-MS is found to be a rapid and robust analytical tool for direct assessment of structural and purity attributes, process optimization, product development, and to decipher the relevant role of micro-variants on quality, stability, and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Kallamvalliillam Sankaran
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India.
| | - Pradeep G Kabadi
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Chethan Gejjalagere Honnappa
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Malini Subbarao
- Bioassay Development Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Harish V Pai
- Bioassay Development Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Laxmi Adhikary
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Dinesh V Palanivelu
- Molecular Characterization Laboratory, Biocon Research Limited, Biocon Limited, Biocon Park, Bommasandra - Jigani Link Road, Bommasandra Industrial Area Phase IV, Bangalore 560099, India
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49
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Yan Y, Liu AP, Wang S, Daly TJ, Li N. Ultrasensitive Characterization of Charge Heterogeneity of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies Using Strong Cation Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:13013-13020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuetian Yan
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Anita P. Liu
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Shunhai Wang
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Thomas J. Daly
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591-6707, United States
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50
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Kahle J, Wätzig H. Determination of protein charge variants with (imaged) capillary isoelectric focusing and capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2492-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kahle
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Technische Universität Braunschweig; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Braunschweig Germany
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