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Xu M, Liu T, Xu J, Guo Q, Ren Y, Zhu W, Zhuang H, Pan Z, Fu R, Zhao X, Wang F, Mao Y, Song L, Song Y, Ji L, Qian W, Hou S, Wang R, Li J, Zhang D, Guo H. Rapid Mass Spectrometry-Based Multiattribute Method for Glycation Analysis with Integrated Afucosylation Detection Capability. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1669-1679. [PMID: 38970800 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
The multiattribute method (MAM) has emerged as a powerful tool for simultaneously screening multiple product quality attributes of therapeutic antibodies. One such potential critical quality attribute (CQA) is glycation, a common modification that can impact the heterogeneity, functional activity, and immunogenicity of therapeutic antibodies. However, current methods for monitoring glycation levels in MAM are rare and not sufficiently rapid and accurate. In this study, an improved mass spectrometry (MS)-based MAM was developed to simultaneously monitor glycation and other quality attributes including afucosylation. The method was evaluated using two therapeutic antibodies with different glycosylation site numbers. Treatment with IdeS, Endo F2, and dithiothreitol generated three distinct subunits, and the glycation results obtained were similar to those treated with PNGase F, which is routinely used to release glycans; the sample processing time was greatly reduced while providing additional quality attribute information. The MS-based MAM was also employed to assess the glycation progression following forced glycation in various buffer solutions. A significant increase in oxidation was observed when forced glycation was conducted in an ammonium bicarbonate buffer solution, and a total of 23 potential glycation sites and 4 significantly oxidized sites were identified. Notably, we found that ammonium bicarbonate was found to specifically stimulate oxidation, while glycation had a synergistic effect on oxidation. These findings establish this study as a novel methodology for achieving a technologically advanced platform and concept that enhances the efficacy of product development and quality control, characterized by its broad-spectrum, rapid, and accurate nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Department of Oncology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Qingcheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Taizhou Mabtech Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225316, China
| | - Yule Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weifan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huangzhen Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiyuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rongrong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fugui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanni Mao
- Waters Corporation, Shanghai 200126, China
| | | | | | - Lusha Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Weizhu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Sheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Huaizu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- State Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Drugs and Large-Scale Manufacturing, Shanghai Zhangjiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
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Schairer J, Römer J, Lang D, Neusüß C. CE-MS/MS and CE-timsTOF to separate and characterize intramolecular disulfide bridges of monoclonal antibody subunits and their application for the assessment of subunit reduction protocols. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1599-1612. [PMID: 38296860 PMCID: PMC10899284 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Characterization at the subunit level enables detailed mass spectrometric characterization of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The implemented reduction often leaves the intramolecular disulfide bridges intact. Here, we present a capillary electrophoretic (CE) method based on a neutral-coated capillary for the separation of immunoglobulin G-degrading enzyme of Streptococcus pyogenes (IdeS) digested and reduced mAb subunits followed by mass spectrometry (MS), MS/MS identification, and trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry (timsTOF). Our CE approach enables the separation of (i) different subunit moieties, (ii) various reduction states, and (iii) positional isomers of these partly reduced subunit moieties. The location of the remaining disulfide bridges can be determined by middle-down electron transfer higher energy collisional dissociation (EThcD) experiments. All these CE-separated variants show differences in ion mobility in the timsTOF measurements. Applying the presented CE-MS/MS method, reduction parameters such as the use of chaotropic salts were studied. For the investigated antibodies, urea improved the subunit reduction significantly, whereas guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) leads to multiple signals of the same subunit in the CE separation. The presented CE-MS method is a powerful tool for the disulfide-variant characterization of mAbs on the subunit level. It enables understanding disulfide bridge reduction processes in antibodies and potentially other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schairer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Aalen University, Aalen, Germany
- Faculty of Science, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Li M, Zhao X, Wu G, Wang W, Du J, Xu G, Duan M, Fu Z, Yu C, Wang L. Using capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS) and liquid chromatograph mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify glycosylated heavy chain heterogeneity in the anti-VEGFR-2 monoclonal antibody. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38361212 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The size variant, which can be measured by capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS), is a critical quality attribute of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The CE-SDS size heterogeneity can hardly be identified by tandem mass spectrometry, which is an intractable obstacle of mAb development and quality control across the industry. We analyzed the purity of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) mAb, an antagonist of the human VEGFR-2, through reduced CE-SDS and observed glycosylated heavy chain heterogeneity. The heterogeneity has potential impact on safety, efficacy, and stability of drugs for clinical use. Therefore, it should be characterized so as to evaluate its potential risk. In order to identify the heterogeneity, we used mass spectrometry to confirm that the molecular size heterogeneity was not due to peptide bond cleavage in the heavy chain. Subsequently, we employed mass-spectrometry-glycosylation profiling and CE-SDS analysis of various glycosidase-treated samples, in addition to the preparation of mAb references with different glycoforms. Ultimately, we demonstrated that the heavy chain heterogeneity was induced by different levels of galactosylation modifications which will potentially impact the efficacy of antibody drugs (i.e., complement-dependent cytotoxicity). In this study, potential risk caused by heavy chain size heterogeneity was evaluated, which addressed the obstacle of mAb development and quality control. Therefore, this study offers a feasible approach for the investigation and identification of heavy chain heterogeneity in reduced CE-SDS, providing a novel strategy for mAb quality control and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Synthetic Peptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jialiang Du
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Gangling Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Maoqin Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Fu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chuanfei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
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Evans AR, Mulholland J, Lewis MJ, Hu P. Targeted CQA analytical control strategy for commercial antibody products: Replacing ion-exchange chromatography methods for charge heterogeneity with multi-attribute monitoring. MAbs 2024; 16:2341641. [PMID: 38652517 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2341641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptide mapping with mass spectrometry (MS) is an important tool for protein characterization in the biopharmaceutical industry. Historically, peptide mapping monitors post-translational modifications (PTMs) of protein products and process intermediates during development. Multi-attribute monitoring (MAM) methods have been used previously in commercial release and stability testing panels to ensure control of selected critical quality attributes (CQAs). Our goal is to use MAM methods as part of an overall analytical testing strategy specifically focused on CQAs, while removing or replacing historical separation methods that do not effectively distinguish CQAs from non-CQAs due to co-elution. For example, in this study, we developed a strategy to replace a profile-based ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) method using a MAM method in combination with traditional purity methods to ensure control of charge variant CQAs for a commercial antibody (mAb) drug product (DP). To support this change in commercial testing strategy, the charge variant CQAs were identified and characterized during development by high-resolution LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The charge variant CQAs included PTMs, high molecular weight species, and low molecular weight species. Thus, removal of the IEC method from the DP specification was achieved using a validated LC-MS MAM method on a QDa system to directly measure the charge variant PTM CQAs in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SE-HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE-SDS) to measure the non-PTM charge variant CQAs. Bridging data between the MAM, IEC, and SE-HPLC methods were included in the commercial marketing application to justify removing IEC from the DP specification. We have also used this MAM method as a test for identity to reduce the number of QC assays. This strategy has received approvals from several health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- Therapeutics Development & Supply - Analytical Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Mulholland
- Therapeutics Development & Supply - Analytical Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Michael J Lewis
- Therapeutics Development & Supply - Analytical Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Malvern, PA, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Therapeutics Development & Supply - Analytical Development, Janssen Pharmaceuticals Research and Development, Malvern, PA, USA
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Narsimhan M, Kim J, Morris NA, Bower MA, Gunawardena HP, Bowen E, Regnier FE. Mobile Affinity Selection Chromatography Analysis of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16115-16122. [PMID: 37883730 PMCID: PMC10633814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Federal regulatory agencies require continuous verification of recombinant therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) quality that is commonly achieved in a two-step process. First, the host-cell proteome and metabolome are removed from the production medium by protein A affinity chromatography. Second, following recovery from the affinity column with an acidic wash, mAb quality is assessed in multiple ways by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). However, lengthy sample preparation and the lack of higher-order structure analyses are limitations of this approach. To address these issues, this report presents an integrated approach for the analysis of two critical quality attributes of mAbs, namely titer and relative aggregate content. Integration of sample preparation and molecular-recognition-based analyses were achieved in a single step utilizing an isocratically eluted mobile affinity selection chromatography (MASC) column. MASC circumvents the protein A step, simplifying sample preparation. Within 10 min, (i) mAbs are fluorescently coded for specific detection, (ii) monomers and aggregates are resolved, (iii) the mAb titer is quantified, (iv) relative aggregate content is determined, (v) analytes are detected, and (vi) the column is ready for the next sample. It is suggested herein that this mode of rapid quality assessment will be of value at all stages of discovery (screening, clone selection, characterization), process R&D, and manufacturing. Rapid monitoring of variant formation is a critical element of quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena
L. Narsimhan
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jinhee Kim
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Nathan A. Morris
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Mary A. Bower
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen
Research & Development, The Janssen
Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Bowen
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Fred E. Regnier
- Novilytic,
LLC, 1281 Win Hentschel
Boulevard, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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Mans J, Oyugi M, Asmelash B, Sommers C, Rogstad S. The Use of Mass Spectrometry in Therapeutic Protein Biologics License Applications: A Retrospective Review Revisited. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2575-2584. [PMID: 37843827 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Biologic license applications (BLAs) for 93 therapeutic proteins approved between 2016 and 2020 were analyzed for use of mass spectrometry (MS) as a follow up to a previous study that assessed MS use in BLAs from 2000 to 2015. Thirty percent of these BLAs were biosimilars, while only one biosimilar BLA was approved prior to 2016. This analysis evaluated the use of a variety of MS techniques and instrumentation. Results were further interpreted based on the relationship of MS use over time, between drug types, and between new drugs and biosimilars. MS data were included in 93 BLAs examined. The top eight quality attributes most assessed by MS in rank order were amino acid sequence, molecular mass, oxidation, disulfide bonds, deamidation, glycosylation, N-terminal sequence variants, and C-terminal sequence variants. These attributes were the same top attributes seen previously from BLAs approved between 2000 and 2015, and the use of MS to analyze them generally continued to increase across the new time frame. The average number of attributes analyzed by MS per BLA also continued to increase over the extended time frame of 21 years. High-resolution, accurate mass instrumentation such as the Orbitrap and time-of-flight (TOF) usage increased over time for all assessed attributes, while matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF/(TOF) usage decreased. From highest to lowest rank, the top 11 attributes were antibody drug conjugate (ADC) characterization (i.e., drug load distribution/drug to antibody ratio (DAR), ADC and linkage site, and synthetic linker), isomerization, folding/higher-order structure (HOS), truncation, host cell proteins (HCPs), sequence variants (amino acid substitutions), succinimidation, glycation, PEGylation, charge variants, and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Mans
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Mercy Oyugi
- Immediate Office, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Bethel Asmelash
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Cynthia Sommers
- Division of Complex Drug Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, St Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Sarah Rogstad
- Immediate Office, Office of Testing and Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Dyck YFK, Rehm D, Winkler K, Sandig V, Jabs W, Parr MK. Comparison of middle- and bottom-up mass spectrometry in forced degradation studies of bevacizumab and infliximab. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115596. [PMID: 37540995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) used as therapeutics need comprehensive characterization for appropriate quality assurance. For analysis, cost-effective methods are of high importance, especially when it comes to biosimilar development which is based on extended physicochemical characterization. The use of forced degradation to study the occurrence of modifications for analysis is well established in drug development and may be used for the evaluation of critical quality attributes (CQAs). For mAb analysis different procedures of liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses are commonly applied. In this study the middle-up approach is compared to the more expensive bottom-up analysis in a forced oxidation biosimilar comparability study. Bevacizumab and infliximab as well as biosimilar candidates for the two mAbs were forcefully oxidized by H2O2 for 24, 48 and 72 h. For bottom-up, the reduced and alkylated trypsin or Lys-C digested samples were analysed by LC-MS with quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyser (LC-QTOF-MS) to detect susceptible residues. By middle-up analysis several species of every subunit (Fc/2, light chain and Fd') were detected which differed in the number of oxidations. For the most abundant species, results from middle-up were in line with results from bottom-up analysis, confirming the strength of middle-up analysis. However, for less abundant species of some subunits, results differed between the two approaches. In both mAbs, the Fc was extensively oxidized. In infliximab, additional extensive oxidation was found in the Fab. Assignment to specific amino acid residues was finally possible using the results from bottom-up analyses. Interestingly, the C-terminal cysteine of the light chain was partially found triply oxidized in both mAbs. The comparison of susceptibility to oxidation showed high similarity between the reference products and their biosimilar candidates. It is suggested that the findings of middle-up experiments should be complemented by bottom-up analysis to confirm the assignments of the localization of modifications. Once the consistency of results has been established, middle-up analyses are sufficient in extended forced degradation biosimilar studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Felix Karl Dyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Berlin University of Applied Science, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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8
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Sun Z, Huang M, Sokolowska I, Cao R, Chang K, Hu P, Mo J. Impact of Trisulfide on the Structure and Function of Different Antibody Constructs. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2637-2643. [PMID: 37595748 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Trisulfide is a post-translational modification (PTM) commonly found in recombinant antibodies. It has been demonstrated that trisulfide had no impact on the bioactivity of mono-specific antibodies (MsAbs). However, the impact of trisulfide on multi-specific antibodies has not been evaluated. In this study, two mass spectrometric methods were developed for comprehensive trisulfide characterization. The non-reduced peptide mapping method combined with the unique electron activated dissociation (EAD) provided signature fragments for confident trisulfide identification as well as trisulfide quantitation at individual sites. A higher throughput method using Fab mass analysis was also developed and qualified to support routine monitoring of trisulfide during process development. Fab mass analysis features simpler sample preparation and shorter analysis time but provides comparable results to the non-reduced peptide mapping method. In this study, a bi-specific (BsAb) and a tri-specific antibody (TsAb) were compared side-by-side with a MsAb to evaluate the impact of trisulfide on the structure and function of multi-specific antibodies. Results indicated that trisulfide dominantly formed at similar locations across different antibody constructs and had no impact on the size heterogeneity, charge heterogeneity, or bioactivities of any assessed antibodies. Together with the in vitro stability under heat stress (25 °C and 40 °C for up to four weeks) and rapid conversion from trisulfide to disulfide during in vivo circulation, trisulfide could be categorized as a non-critical quality attribute (non-CQA) for antibody products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Sun
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Maggie Huang
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Izabela Sokolowska
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Rui Cao
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Kern Chang
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
| | - Jingjie Mo
- Analytical Development, Discovery, Product Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA.
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9
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Waldenmaier HE, Gorre E, Poltash ML, Gunawardena HP, Zhai XA, Li J, Zhai B, Beil EJ, Terzo JC, Lawler R, English AM, Bern M, Mahan AD, Carlson E, Nanda H. "Lab of the Future"─Today: Fully Automated System for High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Biotherapeutics. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37186948 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a state-of-the-art, integrated, multi-instrument automated system designed to execute methods involved in mass spectrometry characterization of biotherapeutics. The system includes liquid and microplate handling robotics and utilities, integrated LC-MS, along with data analysis software, to perform sample purification, preparation, and analysis as a seamless integrated unit. The automated process begins with tip-based purification of target proteins from expression cell-line supernatants, which is initiated once the samples are loaded onto the automated system and the metadata are retrieved from our corporate data aggregation system. Subsequently, the purified protein samples are prepared for MS, including deglycosylation and reduction steps for intact and reduced mass analysis, and proteolytic digestions, desalting, and buffer exchange via centrifugation for peptide map analysis. The prepared samples are then loaded into the LC-MS instrumentation for data acquisition. The acquired raw data are initially stored on a local area network storage system that is monitored by watcher scripts that then upload the raw MS data to a network of cloud-based servers. The raw MS data are processed with the appropriately configured analysis workflows such as database search for peptide mapping or charge deconvolution for undigested proteins. The results are verified and formatted for expert curation directly in the cloud. Finally, the curated results are appended to sample metadata in the corporate data aggregation system to accompany the biotherapeutic cell lines in subsequent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E Waldenmaier
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Elsa Gorre
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Michael L Poltash
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Harsha P Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | | | - Jing Li
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Bo Zhai
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric J Beil
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Joseph C Terzo
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Rose Lawler
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | | | - Marshall Bern
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Andrew D Mahan
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Eric Carlson
- Protein Metrics LLC., Cupertino, California 95014, United States
| | - Hirsh Nanda
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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10
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Gunawardena HP, Ai Y, Gao J, Zare RN, Chen H. Rapid Characterization of Antibodies via Automated Flow Injection Coupled with Online Microdroplet Reactions and Native-pH Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3340-3348. [PMID: 36656670 PMCID: PMC10492509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microdroplet reactions have aroused much interest due to significant reaction acceleration (e.g., ultrafast protein digestion in microdroplets could occur in less than 1 ms). This study integrated a microdroplet protein digestion technique with automated sample flow injection and online mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, to develop a rapid and robust method for structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that is essential to assess the antibody drug's safety and quality. Automated sequential aspiration and mixing of an antibody and an enzyme (IdeS or IgdE) enabled rapid analysis with high reproducibility (total analysis time: 2 min per sample; reproducibility: ∼2% coefficient of variation). Spraying the sample in ammonium acetate buffer (pH 7) using a jet stream source allowed efficient digestion of antibodies and efficient ionization of resulting antibody subunits under native-pH conditions. Importantly, it also provided a platform to directly study specific binding of an antibody and an antigen (e.g., detecting the complexes mAb/RSFV antigen and F(ab')2/RSVF in this study). Furthermore, subsequent tandem MS analysis of a resulting subunit from microdroplet digestion enabled localizing post-translational modifications on particular domains of a mAb in a rapid fashion. In combination with IdeS digestion of an antibody, additional tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduction and N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) deglycosylation reactions that facilitate antibody analysis could be realized in "one-pot" spraying. Interestingly, increased deglycosylation yield in microdroplets was found, simply by raising the sample temperature. We expect that our method would have a high impact for rapid characterization of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha P. Gunawardena
- Janssen Research & Development, The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA
| | - Yongling Ai
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jinshan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
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11
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Olaleye O, Spanov B, Bults P, van der Voort A, Govorukhina N, Sonke GS, Horvatovich P, van de Merbel NC, Bischoff R. Biotransformation of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Breast Cancer Patients Assessed by Affinity Enrichment and Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:249-256. [PMID: 36379709 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins (TPs) are known to be heterogeneous due to modifications that occur during the production process and storage. Modifications may also occur in TPs after their administration to patients due to in vivo biotransformation. Ligand binding assays, which are widely used in the bioanalysis of TPs in body fluids, are typically unable to distinguish such modifications. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry is being increasingly used to study modifications in TPs, but its use to study in vivo biotransformation has been limited until now. We present a novel approach that combines affinity enrichment using Affimer reagents with ion-exchange chromatography (IEX) to analyze charge variants of the TPs trastuzumab and pertuzumab in plasma of patients undergoing therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. Affimer reagents were immobilized via engineered Cys tags to maleimide beads, and the TPs were eluted under acidic conditions followed by rapid neutralization. The enriched TPs were analyzed by cation-exchange chromatography (IEX) using pH-gradient elution, resulting in the separation of about 20 charge variants for trastuzumab and about five charge variants for pertuzumab. A comparison between in vitro stressed TPs spiked into plasma, and TPs enriched from patient plasma showed that the observed profiles were highly similar. This indicates that in vitro stress testing in plasma can mimic the situation in patient plasma, as far as the generation of charge variants is concerned. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This research attempts to elucidate the modifications that occur in therapeutic proteins (TPs) after they have been administered to patients. This is important because there is little knowledge about the fate of TPs in this regard, and certain modifications could affect their efficiency. Our results show that the modifications discovered are most likely due to a chemical process and are not patient specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Olaleye
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baubek Spanov
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Bults
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna van der Voort
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Govorukhina
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabe S Sonke
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico C van de Merbel
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Gurel B, Berksoz M, Capkin E, Parlar A, Pala MC, Ozkan A, Capan Y, Daglikoca DE, Yuce M. Structural and Functional Analysis of CEX Fractions Collected from a Novel Avastin® Biosimilar Candidate and Its Innovator: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081571. [PMID: 36015197 PMCID: PMC9415858 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Avastin® is a humanized recombinant monoclonal antibody used to treat cancer by targeting VEGF-A to inhibit angiogenesis. SIMAB054, an Avastin® biosimilar candidate developed in this study, showed a different charge variant profile than its innovator. Thus, it is fractionated into acidic, main, and basic isoforms and collected physically by Cation Exchange Chromatography (CEX) for a comprehensive structural and functional analysis. The innovator product, fractionated into the same species and collected by the same method, is used as a reference for comparative analysis. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) ESI-QToF was used to analyze the modifications leading to charge heterogeneities at intact protein and peptide levels. The C-terminal lysine clipping and glycosylation profiles of the samples were monitored by intact mAb analysis. The post-translational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, and N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, were determined by peptide mapping analysis in the selected signal peptides. The relative binding affinities of the fractionated charge isoforms against the antigen, VEGF-A, and the neonatal receptor, FcRn, were revealed by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) studies. The results show that all CEX fractions from the innovator product and the SIMAB054 shared the same structural variants, albeit in different ratios. Common glycoforms and post-translational modifications were the same, but at different percentages for some samples. The dissimilarities were mostly originating from the presence of extra C-term Lysin residues, which are prone to enzymatic degradation in the body, and thus they were previously assessed as clinically irrelevant. Another critical finding was the presence of different glyco proteoforms in different charge species, such as increased galactosylation in the acidic and afucosylation in the basic species. SPR characterization of the isolated charge variants further confirmed that basic species found in the CEX analyses of the biosimilar candidate were also present in the innovator product, although at lower amounts. The charge variants’ in vitro antigen- and neonatal receptor-binding activities varied amongst the samples, which could be further investigated in vivo with a larger sample set to reveal the impact on the pharmacokinetics of drug candidates. Minor structural differences may explain antigen-binding differences in the isolated charge variants, which is a key parameter in a comparability exercise. Consequently, such a biosimilar candidate may not comply with high regulatory standards unless the binding differences observed are justified and demonstrated not to have any clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Melike Berksoz
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Eda Capkin
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Meltem Corbacioglu Pala
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Aylin Ozkan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yılmaz Capan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
| | - Duygu Emine Daglikoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, Istanbul 34906, Turkey; (M.B.); (E.C.); (M.C.P.); (A.O.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
| | - Meral Yuce
- SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (D.E.D.); (M.Y.)
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13
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Optimized Methods for Analytical and Functional Comparison of Biosimilar mAb Drugs: A Case Study for Avastin, Mvasi, and Zirabev. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bevacizumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody used to reduce angiogenesis, a hallmark of cancer, by binding to VEGF-A. Many pharmaceutical companies have developed biosimilars of Bevacizumab in the last decade. The official reports provided by the FDA and EMA summarize the analytical performance of biosimilars as compared to the originators without giving detailed analytical procedures. In the current study, several key methods were optimized and reported for analytical and functional comparison of bevacizumab originators (Avastin, Altuzan) and approved commercial biosimilars (Zirabev and Mvasi). This case study presents a comparative analysis of a set of biosimilars under optimized analytical conditions for the first time in the literature. The chemical structure of all products was analyzed at intact protein and peptide levels by high-resolution mass spectrometry; the major glycoforms and posttranslational modifications, including oxidation, deamidation, N-terminal PyroGlu addition, and C-terminal Lys clipping, were compared. The SPR technique was used to reveal antigen and some receptor binding kinetics of all products, and the ELISA technique was used for C1q binding affinity analysis. Finally, the inhibition performance of the samples was evaluated by an MTS-based proliferation assay in vitro. Major glycoforms were similar, with minor differences among the samples. Posttranslational modifications, except C-terminal Lys, were determined similarly, while unclipped Lys percentage was higher in Zirabev. The binding kinetics for VEGF, FcRn, FcγRIa, and C1q were similar or in the value range of originators. The anti-proliferative effect of Zirabev was slightly higher than the originators and Mvasi. The analysis of biosimilars under the same conditions could provide a new aspect to the literature in terms of the applied analytical techniques. Further studies in this field would be helpful to better understand the inter-comparability of the biosimilars.
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14
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Giddens JP, Schiel JE. Ligand-Bound Forced Degradation as a Strategy to Generate Functionally Relevant Analytical Challenge Materials for Assessment of CQAs. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:789973. [PMID: 35480883 PMCID: PMC9035890 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.789973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) contain a variety of amino acids that are susceptible to enzymatic, chemical, and physical modifications. These modifications can happen throughout production, purification, formulation, and storage and many are known to affect the biological activity of a mAb. Methods that are able to characterize and evaluate these attributes are critical in order to understand how they might alter biological activity. Methods capable of site-specific monitoring of these critical quality attributes are extremely valuable to biopharmaceutical research but also require well-defined materials with site-specific attribute modifications. Here, we describe the development and application of a strategy to generate functionally relevant analytical challenge materials that have unique site-specific attributes. This method involves the use of a ligand that is bound to the mAb during oxidative stress resulting in unique oxidation patterns with some methionine residues protected while others are exposed to oxidation. These unique materials were used to develop a rapid surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay that could detect methionine oxidation in both the Fab and Fc regions using specific molecular probes. The addition of uniquely oxidized materials to our data set enabled us to determine specific methionine residues vital to binding. Further analysis showed that antibody oxidation could also be rapidly detected in multiple domains from qualitative thermal melting using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. Methionine oxidation of an antibody was explored in this study, but we envision this method could be useful to explore structure function relationships of a variety of antibody modifications and modifications to other biologically relevant protein drugs.
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15
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Candish E, Dykstra A, Polozova A, Ren D, Zhang H. New Aspects in the Integration of MS Technologies in the Biopharmaceutical Industry. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.sn9080m1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in both separations and mass spectrometry (MS) technologies have enabled new, streamlined, and data-rich approaches to monitor product quality attributes and their relationship with process parameters throughout the lifecycle of therapeutic proteins. As we enter a new decade of technology and method development, MS-based approaches utilized in the biopharmaceutical industry are evolving further. In this mini-review, we explore key developments that could inspire and improve the future of therapeutic protein development.
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16
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Gstöttner C, Haselberg R, Wuhrer M, Somsen GW, Domínguez-Vega E. Assessment of Macro- and Microheterogeneity of Monoclonal Antibodies Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Hyphenated with Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2531:125-142. [PMID: 35941483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the application of capillary zone electrophoresis hyphenated with mass spectrometry (CZE-MS) for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). mAbs are complex molecules comprising different glycoforms and many other posttranslational modifications. In addition to this inherent microheterogeneity, misassembling of antibodies can take place during production contributing to their macroheterogeneity. CZE-MS is a versatile and powerful technique which has demonstrated high potential for the assessment of both micro- and macroheterogeneity of mAbs. In this chapter, technical and practical considerations for the characterization of mAbs by CZE-MS are described. CE-MS interfacing, capillary coatings for the prevention of mAb adsorption, and sample preparation considerations are covered in detail. The assessment of the macro- and microheterogeneity is discussed and exemplified through three different approaches involving analysis of intact, enzymatically digested, and reduced antibodies. The examples also illustrate the use of two commercially available interfacing techniques (i.e., sheath liquid and sheathless) as well as different types of capillary coatings (positively charged and neutral coatings).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gstöttner
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Hipper E, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P, Kaiser W. Photo-Oxidation of Therapeutic Protein Formulations: From Radical Formation to Analytical Techniques. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:72. [PMID: 35056968 PMCID: PMC8779573 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
UV and ambient light-induced modifications and related degradation of therapeutic proteins are observed during manufacturing and storage. Therefore, to ensure product quality, protein formulations need to be analyzed with respect to photo-degradation processes and eventually protected from light exposure. This task usually demands the application and combination of various analytical methods. This review addresses analytical aspects of investigating photo-oxidation products and related mediators such as reactive oxygen species generated via UV and ambient light with well-established and novel techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hipper
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (E.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Kaiser
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, PDB, Birkendorfer Strasse 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
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18
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Gupta S, Jiskoot W, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Oxidation and Deamidation of Monoclonal Antibody Products: Potential Impact on Stability, Biological Activity, and Efficacy. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:903-918. [PMID: 34890632 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role in human health of therapeutic proteins in general, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in particular, has been significant and is continuously evolving. A considerable amount of time and resources are invested first in mAb product development and then in clinical examination of the product. Physical and chemical degradation can occur during manufacturing, processing, storage, handling, and administration. Therapeutic proteins may undergo various chemical degradation processes, including oxidation, deamidation, isomerization, hydrolysis, deglycosylation, racemization, disulfide bond breakage and formation, Maillard reaction, and β-elimination. Oxidation and deamidation are the most common chemical degradation processes of mAbs, which may result in changes in physical properties, such as hydrophobicity, charge, secondary or/and tertiary structure, and may lower the thermodynamic or kinetic barrier to unfold. This may predispose the product to aggregation and other chemical modifications, which can alter the binding affinity, half-life, and efficacy of the product. This review summarizes major findings from the past decade on the impact of oxidation and deamidation on the stability, biological activity, and efficacy of mAb products. Mechanisms of action, influencing factors, characterization tools, clinical impact, and risk mitigation strategies have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India.
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19
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Hui JO, Flick T, Loo JA, Campuzano IDG. Unequivocal Identification of Aspartic Acid and isoAspartic Acid by MALDI-TOF/TOF: From Peptide Standards to a Therapeutic Antibody. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1901-1909. [PMID: 33390012 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aspartic acid (Asp) to isoaspartic acid (isoAsp) isomerization in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biotherapeutics is a critical quality attribute (CQA) that requires careful control and monitoring during the drug discovery and production processes. The unwanted formation of isoAsp within biotherapeutics and resultant structural changes in the peptide backbone may negatively impact the efficacy, potency, and safety of the molecule or become immunogenic, especially if the isomerization occurs within the mAb complementarity determining region (CDR). Herein we describe a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry method that affords unequivocal identification of the presence and the exact position of the isoAsp residue(s) in peptide standards ranging in size from a tripeptide to a docosapeptide (22 residues). In general, the peptide bond immediately N-terminal to the isoAsp residue is more susceptible to MALDI-TOF/TOF fragmentation than its unmodified counterpart. In some of the peptides evaluated in this study, fragmentation of the peptide bond C-terminal to the isoAsp residue (the aspartate effect) is also enhanced when compared to the control. Relative quantification by MALDI-TOF/TOF of this chemical modification is dependent upon a successful reversed-phase HPLC (rpHPLC) separation of the control and modified peptides. This method has also been validated on a therapeutic mAb that contains a well-documented isoAsp residue in the heavy chain CDR3 after forced degradation. Moreover, we also demonstrate that higher energy C-trap dissociation of only the singly charged species, and not the multiply charged form, of the isoAsp containing peptide, separated by rpHPLC, results in LC-MS/MS fragmentation that is highly consistent to that of MALDI-TOF/TOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Hui
- Amgen Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Tawnya Flick
- Attribute Sciences, Pivotal, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joseph A Loo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Iain D G Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Discovery Attribute Sciences, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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20
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Evans AR, Hebert AS, Mulholland J, Lewis MJ, Hu P. ID-MAM: A Validated Identity and Multi-Attribute Monitoring Method for Commercial Release and Stability Testing of a Bispecific Antibody. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9166-9173. [PMID: 34161073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) that impact the safety or efficacy of protein therapeutics are critical quality attributes (CQAs) that need to be controlled to ensure product quality. Peptide mapping with online mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful tool that has been used for many years to monitor PTM CQAs during product development. However, operating peptide mapping methods with high-resolution mass spectrometers in GMP compliant, commercial quality control (QC) labs can be difficult. Peptide mapping is also required as an identity test in several countries. To address these two different needs, we utilized high-resolution peptide mapping for comprehensive characterization during development and then developed and validated a targeted multi-attribute monitoring (MAM) method using the low-resolution Waters QDa MS system with a fully automated data processing workflow that is suitable for identity (ID) testing, sequence variant control, and CQA quantitation in commercial QC labs. The ID-MAM method was validated for the quantitation of three selected PTM CQAs (CDR isomerization, Fc Met oxidation, and CDR Met oxidation) to ensure control of the oxidation and isomerization degradation pathways of a bispecific antibody (BsAb). This ID-MAM method was successfully validated in six labs (three analytical development and three QC labs) across four countries for commercial release and stability testing of a BsAb. CQA results obtained with the ID-MAM method were similar to results obtained using high-resolution peptide mapping, and the method was robust and reproducible. To our knowledge, this ID-MAM method is the first MS-based peptide mapping method implemented in GMP compliant QC labs for commercial release and stability testing of a biotherapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- BioTherapeutics Development & Supply-Analytical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- BioTherapeutics Development & Supply-Analytical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Joseph Mulholland
- BioTherapeutics Development & Supply-Analytical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Michael J Lewis
- BioTherapeutics Development & Supply-Analytical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ping Hu
- BioTherapeutics Development & Supply-Analytical Development, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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21
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Sun Q, Wang L, Li N, Shi L. Characterization and monitoring of charge variants of a recombinant monoclonal antibody using microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2021; 625:114214. [PMID: 33915116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rigorous characterization of biotherapeutics, and monoclonal antibodies in particular, is a challenging task in terms of ensuring safety, efficacy, and potency of a therapeutic agent because of structural heterogeneity during cell culture, purification and storage. In this work, we used microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry to analyze intact monoclonal antibody and assess the root cause of increases in acidic and basic variants under stress at high temperature. The antibody was analyzed at multiple levels, including its intact state under native conditions, and subunit and peptide levels. The normal and degraded antibodies at different time points were characterized and compared with each other. We concluded that the basic variants in the unstressed sample were produced C-terminal amidation, while the acidic variants were produced by deamidation. In stressed samples, change in the acidic and main peaks were caused by deamidation, and changes in the basic peaks were caused by both deamidation and oxidation. These results demonstrate that microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a powerful direct and generic tool for separation and identification of charge heterogeneity of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Sun
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Wang
- 908 Devices Inc, 645 Summer Street, Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Na Li
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Shi
- HJB Ltd, Analytical Science, Hangzhou, 291 Fucheng Road, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Martelet A, Garrigue V, Zhang Z, Genet B, Guttman A. Multi-attribute method based characterization of antibody drug conjugates (ADC) at the intact and subunit levels. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114094. [PMID: 33957368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an important class of new biopharmaceutical modalities. ADCs are highly complex and heterogeneous molecules, potentially containing numerous product-related structures, that can contribute to the quality, efficacy and safety of the product. To keep up with product life cycle related changes, wide-range and targeted characterization of product quality attributes (PQA) are of high demand. Multi-attribute methods (MAM) can screen numerous PQAs in a parallel fashion including product properties as well as product and process-related impurities. MAM is usually based on a bottom-up approach relying on the enzymatic digestion of the protein into peptides prior to mass spectrometry (MS). However, this processing workflow can result in considerable information loss, such as the drug distribution profile of an antibody-drug conjugate. Therefore, complementary MAM approaches, based on subunit and intact mass analyses, are necessary approaches offering the advantage of product identity confirmation, quantification of the different conjugated species and monitoring the drug-to-antibody ratio at the same time. In this work we introduce a high throughput MS based attribute tracking method for ADC characterization at the intact and subunit levels by simultaneously monitoring multiple PQAs. The workflow includes sample preparation and MS instrument suitability testing for heterogeneous lysine-linked ADCs, software solutions for routine PQAs tracking, method repeatability and an easy data review fitting perfectly into high throughput analyses. As methionine oxidation is one of the modifications that should be closely monitored at any step of process development, an important application to oxidative stress evaluation using forced degradation demonstrated the applicability of the workflow.
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23
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Yüce M, Sert F, Torabfam M, Parlar A, Gürel B, Çakır N, Dağlıkoca DE, Khan MA, Çapan Y. Fractionated charge variants of biosimilars: A review of separation methods, structural and functional analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1152:238189. [PMID: 33648647 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The similarity between originator and biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates are rigorously assessed based on primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, and biological functions. Minor differences in such parameters may alter target-binding, potency, efficacy, or half-life of the molecule. The charge heterogeneity analysis is a prerequisite for all biotherapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies are prone to enzymatic or non-enzymatic structural modifications during or after the production processes, leading to the formation of fragments or aggregates, various glycoforms, oxidized, deamidated, and other degraded residues, reduced Fab region binding activity or altered FcR binding activity. Therefore, the charge variant profiles of the monoclonal antibodies must be regularly and thoroughly evaluated. Comparative structural and functional analysis of physically separated or fractioned charged variants of monoclonal antibodies has gained significant attention in the last few years. The fraction-based charge variant analysis has proved very useful for the biosimilar candidates comprising of unexpected charge isoforms. In this report, the key methods for the physical separation of monoclonal antibody charge variants, structural and functional analyses by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and surface plasmon resonance techniques were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Sert
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Milad Torabfam
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Parlar
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Büşra Gürel
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nilüfer Çakır
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Duygu E Dağlıkoca
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Texas A&M Health Sciences Centre, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yılmaz Çapan
- ILKO ARGEM Biotechnology R&D Center, 34906, Pendik, Istanbul, Turkey; Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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24
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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25
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Sjögren J, Lood R, Nägeli A. On enzymatic remodeling of IgG glycosylation; unique tools with broad applications. Glycobiology 2020; 30:254-267. [PMID: 31616919 PMCID: PMC7109354 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of IgG glycosylation has been known for many years not only by scientists in glycobiology but also by human pathogens that have evolved specific enzymes to modify these glycans with fundamental impact on IgG function. The rise of IgG as a major therapeutic scaffold for many cancer and immunological indications combined with the availability of unique enzymes acting specifically on IgG Fc-glycans have spurred a range of applications to study this important post-translational modification on IgG. This review article introduces why the IgG glycans are of distinguished interest, gives a background on the unique enzymatic tools available to study the IgG glycans and finally presents an overview of applications utilizing these enzymes for various modifications of the IgG glycans. The applications covered include site-specific glycan transglycosylation and conjugation, analytical workflows for monoclonal antibodies and serum diagnostics. Additionally, the review looks ahead and discusses the importance of O-glycosylation for IgG3, Fc-fusion proteins and other new formats of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf Lood
- Genovis AB, Scheelevägen 2, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
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26
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Cui X, Mi W, Hu Z, Li X, Meng B, Zhao X, Qian X, Zhu T, Ying W. Global characterization of modifications to the charge isomers of IgG antibody. J Pharm Anal 2020; 12:156-163. [PMID: 35573890 PMCID: PMC9073142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of antibody products affect their stability, charge distribution, and drug activity and are thus a critical quality attribute. The comprehensive mapping of antibody modifications and different charge isomers (CIs) is of utmost importance, but is challenging. We intended to quantitatively characterize the posttranslational modification status of CIs of antibody drugs and explore the impact of posttranslational modifications on charge heterogeneity. The CIs of antibodies were fractionated by strong cation exchange chromatography and verified by capillary isoelectric focusing-whole column imaging detection, followed by stepwise structural characterization at three levels. First, the differences between CIs were explored at the intact protein level using a top-down mass spectrometry approach; this showed differences in glycoforms and deamidation status. Second, at the peptide level, common modifications of oxidation, deamidation, and glycosylation were identified. Peptide mapping showed nonuniform deamidation and glycoform distribution among CIs. In total, 10 N-glycoforms were detected by peptide mapping. Finally, an in-depth analysis of glycan variants of CIs was performed through the detection of enriched glycopeptides. Qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrated the dynamics of 24 N-glycoforms. The results revealed that sialic acid modification is a critical factor accounting for charge heterogeneity, which is otherwise missed in peptide mapping and intact molecular weight analyses. This study demonstrated the importance of the comprehensive analyses of antibody CIs and provides a reference method for the quality control of biopharmaceutical analysis. A stepwise investigation on the diversity and dynamics of modifications of antibody charge isomers (CIs) was performed. The results from SCX-HPLC and cIEF-WCID supported each other. In-depth analysis on glycan variants of CIs was achieved by analyzing the enriched glycopeptides. Sialic acid and deamidation modifications were critical factors for the charge heterogeneity.
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27
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Gstöttner C, Nicolardi S, Haberger M, Reusch D, Wuhrer M, Domínguez-Vega E. Intact and subunit-specific analysis of bispecific antibodies by sheathless CE-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1134:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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28
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Recent advances in LC–MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics – mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Rapid Intact mass based multi-attribute method in support of mAb upstream process development. J Biotechnol 2020; 314-315:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Kwon T, Ko SH, Hamel JFP, Han J. Continuous Online Protein Quality Monitoring during Perfusion Culture Production Using an Integrated Micro/Nanofluidic System. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5267-5275. [PMID: 32167286 PMCID: PMC7309224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a new micro/nanofluidic system for continuous and automatic monitoring of protein product size and quantity directly from the culture supernatant during a high-cell-concentration CHO cell perfusion culture. A microfluidic device enables clog-free cell retention for a bench-scale (350 mL) perfusion bioreactor that continuously produces the culture supernatant containing monoclonal antibodies (IgG1). A nanofluidic device directly monitors the protein size and quantity in the culture supernatant. The continuous-flow and fully automated operation of this nanofluidic protein analytics reduces design complexity and offers more detailed information on protein products than offline and batch-mode conventional analytics. Moreover, chemical and mechanical robustness of the nanofluidic device enables continuous monitoring for several days to a week. This continuous and online protein quality monitoring could be deployed at different steps and scales of biomanufacturing to improve product quality and manufacturing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehong Kwon
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sung Hee Ko
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jean-François P Hamel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States.,Critical Analytics for Manufacturing Personalized-Medicine (CAMP) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Shi RL, Xiao G, Dillon TM, Ricci MS, Bondarenko PV. Characterization of therapeutic proteins by cation exchange chromatography-mass spectrometry and top-down analysis. MAbs 2020; 12:1739825. [PMID: 32292112 PMCID: PMC7188404 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1739825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, cation exchange chromatography (CEX) using aqueous volatile buffers was directly coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and applied for intact analysis of therapeutic proteins and antibodies. In our study, chemical modifications responsible for charge variants were identified by CEX-UV-MS for a monoclonal antibody (mAb), a bispecific antibody, and an Fc-fusion protein. We also report post-CEX column addition of organic solvent and acid followed by mixing at elevated temperatures, which unfolded proteins, increased ion intensity (sensitivity) and facilitated top-down analysis. mAb stressed by hydrogen peroxide oxidation was used as a model system, which produced additional CEX peaks. The on-line CEX-UV-MS top-down analysis produced gas-phase fragments containing one or two methionine residues. Oxidation of some methionine residues contributed to earlier (acidic), some to later (basic) eluting peaks, while oxidation of other residues did not change CEX elution. The abundance of the oxidized and non-oxidized fragment ions also allowed estimation of the oxidation percentage of different methionine residues in stressed mAb. CEX-UV-MS measurement revealed a new intact antibody proteoform at 5% that eluted as a basic peak and included paired modifications: high-mannose glycosylation and remaining C-terminal lysine residue (M5/M5 + K). This finding was confirmed by peptide mapping and on-column disulfide reduction coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography - top-down MS analysis of the collected basic peak. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of the on-line method in providing site-specific structural information of charge modifications without fraction collection and laborious peptide mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liuqing Shi
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Gang Xiao
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Dillon
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Margaret S. Ricci
- Attribute Sciences, Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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32
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Sokolowska I, Mo J, Rahimi Pirkolachahi F, McVean C, Meijer LAT, Switzar L, Balog C, Lewis MJ, Hu P. Implementation of a High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Method in Quality Control Laboratories for Release and Stability Testing of a Commercial Antibody Product. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2369-2373. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sokolowska
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Jingjie Mo
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Fatie Rahimi Pirkolachahi
- Janssen Supply Chain One Lab, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carol McVean
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Lars A. T. Meijer
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Switzar
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Crina Balog
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Biologics BV, Einsteinweg 101, 2333 CB Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. Lewis
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ping Hu
- BioTherapeutics Analytical Development, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, 200 Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
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33
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Dyck YFK, Rehm D, Joseph JF, Winkler K, Sandig V, Jabs W, Parr MK. Forced Degradation Testing as Complementary Tool for Biosimilarity Assessment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:bioengineering6030062. [PMID: 31330921 PMCID: PMC6783961 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6030062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can impact their efficacy and may therefore represent critical quality attributes (CQA) that require evaluation. To complement classical CQA, bevacizumab and infliximab were subjected to oxidative stress by H2O2 for 24, 48, or 72 h to probe their oxidation susceptibility. For investigation, a middle-up approach was used utilizing liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). In both mAbs, the Fc/2 subunit was completely oxidized. Additional oxidations were found in the light chain (LC) and in the Fd’ subunit of infliximab, but not in bevacizumab. By direct comparison of methionine positions, the oxidized residues in infliximab were assigned to M55 in LC and M18 in Fd’. The forced oxidation approach was further exploited for comparison of respective biosimilar products. Both for bevacizumab and infliximab, comparison of posttranslational modification profiles demonstrated high similarity of the unstressed reference product (RP) and the biosimilar (BS). However, for bevacizumab, comparison after forced oxidation revealed a higher susceptibility of the BS compared to the RP. It may thus be considered a useful tool for biopharmaceutical engineering, biosimilarity assessment, as well as for quality control of protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Felix Karl Dyck
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rehm
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Felix Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Goethestraße 54, 13086 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Jabs
- Department of Life Sciences & Technology, Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin, Seestraße 64, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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34
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Therapeutic protein purity and fragmented species characterization by capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate using systematic hybrid cleavage and forced degradation. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:5617-5629. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Evans AR, Capaldi MT, Goparaju G, Colter D, Shi FF, Aubert S, Li LC, Mo J, Lewis MJ, Hu P, Alfonso P, Mehndiratta P. Using bispecific antibodies in forced degradation studies to analyze the structure-function relationships of symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:1101-1112. [PMID: 31161859 PMCID: PMC6748611 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1618675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation experiments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aid in the identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) by studying the impact of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as oxidation, deamidation, glycation, and isomerization, on biological functions. Structure-function characterization of mAbs can be used to identify the PTM CQAs and develop appropriate analytical and process controls. However, the interpretation of forced degradation results can be complicated because samples may contain mixtures of asymmetrically and symmetrically modified mAbs with one or two modified chains. We present a process to selectively create symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies for structure-function characterization using the bispecific DuoBody® platform. Parental molecules mAb1 and mAb2 were first stressed with peracetic acid to induce methionine oxidation. Bispecific antibodies were then prepared from a mixture of oxidized or unoxidized parental mAbs by a controlled Fab-arm exchange process. This process was used to systematically prepare four bispecific mAb products: symmetrically unoxidized, symmetrically oxidized, and both combinations of asymmetrically oxidized bispecific mAbs. Results of this study demonstrated chain-independent, 1:2 stoichiometric binding of the mAb Fc region to both FcRn receptor and to Protein A. The approach was also applied to create asymmetrically deamidated mAbs at the asparagine 330 residue. Results of this study support the proposed 1:1 stoichiometric binding relationship between the FcγRIIIa receptor and the mAb Fc. This approach should be generally applicable to study the potential impact of any modification on biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Michael T Capaldi
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Geetha Goparaju
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - David Colter
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Frank F Shi
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Sarah Aubert
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Lian-Chao Li
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Jingjie Mo
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Michael J Lewis
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Ping Hu
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Pedro Alfonso
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Promod Mehndiratta
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA.,b Analytical Development, Biologics Research and Development, Celgene Corporation , Summit , NJ , USA
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36
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Differentiating the Effects of Oxidative Stress Tests on Biopharmaceuticals. Pharm Res 2019; 36:103. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Liu P, Zhu X, Wu W, Ludwig R, Song H, Li R, Zhou J, Tao L, Leone AM. Subunit mass analysis for monitoring multiple attributes of monoclonal antibodies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:31-40. [PMID: 30286260 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Multi-Attribute Methods (MAMs) are appealing due to their ability to provide data on multiple molecular attributes from a single assay. If fully realized, such tests could reduce the number of assays required to support a product control strategy while providing equivalent or greater product understanding relative to the conventional approach. In doing so, MAMs have the potential to decrease development and manufacturing costs by reducing the number of tests in a release panel. METHODS In this work, we report a MAM which is based on subunit mass analysis. RESULTS The MAM assay is shown to be suitable for use as a combined method for identity testing, glycan profiling, and protein ratio determination for co-formulated monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs. This is achieved by taking advantage of the high mass accuracy and relative quantification capabilities of intact mass analysis using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF MS). Protein identification is achieved by comparing the measured masses of light chain (LC) and heavy chain (HC) mAbs against their theoretical values. Specificity is based on instrument mass accuracy. Glycan profiling and relative protein ratios are determined by the relative peak intensities of the protein HC glycoforms and LC glycoforms, respectively. Results for these relative quantifications agree well with those obtained by the conventional hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and reversed-phase LC methods. CONCLUSIONS The suitability of this MAM for use in a quality control setting is demonstrated through assessment specificity for mAb identity, and accuracy, precision, linearity and robustness for glycan profiling and ratio determination. Results from this study indicate that a MAM with subunit mass analysis has the potential to replace three conventional methods widely used for mAb release testing including identification assay, glycosylation profiling, and ratio determination for co-formulated mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Liu
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Xin Zhu
- Agilent Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Hangtian Song
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Ruojia Li
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Li Tao
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
| | - Anthony M Leone
- Molecular and Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, NJ, 08534, USA
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38
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Pandeswari PB, Sabareesh V. Middle-down approach: a choice to sequence and characterize proteins/proteomes by mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2018; 9:313-344. [PMID: 35521579 PMCID: PMC9059502 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to rapid growth in the elucidation of genome sequences of various organisms, deducing proteome sequences has become imperative, in order to have an improved understanding of biological processes. Since the traditional Edman method was unsuitable for high-throughput sequencing and also for N-terminus modified proteins, mass spectrometry (MS) based methods, mainly based on soft ionization modes: electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, began to gain significance. MS based methods were adaptable for high-throughput studies and applicable for sequencing N-terminus blocked proteins/peptides too. Consequently, over the last decade a new discipline called 'proteomics' has emerged, which encompasses the attributes necessary for high-throughput identification of proteins. 'Proteomics' may also be regarded as an offshoot of the classic field, 'biochemistry'. Many protein sequencing and proteomic investigations were successfully accomplished through MS dependent sequence elucidation of 'short proteolytic peptides (typically: 7-20 amino acid residues), which is called the 'shotgun' or 'bottom-up (BU)' approach. While the BU approach continues as a workhorse for proteomics/protein sequencing, attempts to sequence intact proteins without proteolysis, called the 'top-down (TD)' approach started, due to ambiguities in the BU approach, e.g., protein inference problem, identification of proteoforms and the discovery of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The high-throughput TD approach (TD proteomics) is yet in its infancy. Nevertheless, TD characterization of purified intact proteins has been useful for detecting PTMs. With the hope to overcome the pitfalls of BU and TD strategies, another concept called the 'middle-down (MD)' approach was put forward. Similar to BU, the MD approach also involves proteolysis, but in a restricted manner, to produce 'longer' proteolytic peptides than the ones usually obtained in BU studies, thereby providing better sequence coverage. In this regard, special proteases (OmpT, Sap9, IdeS) have been used, which can cleave proteins to produce longer proteolytic peptides. By reviewing ample evidences currently existing in the literature that is predominantly on PTM characterization of histones and antibodies, herein we highlight salient features of the MD approach. Consequently, we are inclined to claim that the MD concept might have widespread applications in future for various research areas, such as clinical, biopharmaceuticals (including PTM analysis) and even for general/routine characterization of proteins including therapeutic proteins, but not just limited to analysis of histones or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boomathi Pandeswari
- Advanced Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu 632014 India
| | - Varatharajan Sabareesh
- Advanced Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu 632014 India
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39
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Dai J, Zhang Y. A Middle-Up Approach with Online Capillary Isoelectric Focusing/Mass Spectrometry for In-Depth Characterization of Cetuximab Charge Heterogeneity. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14527-14534. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Dai
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Post Office
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Yingru Zhang
- Separation and Analysis Technology Team, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Post Office
Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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40
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Effect of photo-degradation on the structure, stability, aggregation, and function of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:438-449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Regl C, Wohlschlager T, Holzmann J, Huber CG. A Generic HPLC Method for Absolute Quantification of Oxidation in Monoclonal Antibodies and Fc-Fusion Proteins Using UV and MS Detection. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8391-8398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christof Regl
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Therese Wohlschlager
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johann Holzmann
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Technical
Development
Biosimilars, Physicochemical Characterization Kundl, Novartis BTDM,
Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, 6250 Kundl, Austria
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department
of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Christian
Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Tools for Biosimilar Characterization, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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