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Ruocco V, Grünwald-Gruber C, Rad B, Tscheliessnig R, Hammel M, Strasser R. Effects of N-glycans on the structure of human IgA2. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1390659. [PMID: 38645274 PMCID: PMC11026580 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1390659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The transition of IgA antibodies into clinical development is crucial because they have the potential to create a new class of therapeutics with superior pathogen neutralization, cancer cell killing, and immunomodulation capacity compared to IgG. However, the biological role of IgA glycans in these processes needs to be better understood. This study provides a detailed biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of recombinant monomeric human IgA2, which varies in the amount/locations of attached glycans. Monomeric IgA2 antibodies were produced by removing the N-linked glycans in the CH1 and CH2 domains. The impact of glycans on oligomer formation, thermal stability, and receptor binding was evaluated. In addition, we performed a structural analysis of recombinant IgA2 in solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) to examine the effect of glycans on protein structure and flexibility. Our results indicate that the absence of glycans in the Fc tail region leads to higher-order aggregates. SAXS, combined with atomistic modeling, showed that the lack of glycans in the CH2 domain results in increased flexibility between the Fab and Fc domains and a different distribution of open and closed conformations in solution. When binding with the Fcα-receptor, the dissociation constant remains unaltered in the absence of glycans in the CH1 or CH2 domain, compared to the fully glycosylated protein. These results provide insights into N-glycans' function on IgA2, which could have important implications for developing more effective IgA-based therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Ruocco
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Grünwald-Gruber
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Behzad Rad
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Rupert Tscheliessnig
- Division of Biophysics, Gottfried-Schatz-Research-Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michal Hammel
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kim Y, Maltseva N, Tesar C, Jedrzejczak R, Endres M, Ma H, Dugan HL, Stamper CT, Chang C, Li L, Changrob S, Zheng NY, Huang M, Ramanathan A, Wilson P, Michalska K, Joachimiak A. Epitopes recognition of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid RNA binding domain by human monoclonal antibodies. iScience 2024; 27:108976. [PMID: 38327783 PMCID: PMC10847736 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 plays a central role in many functions important for virus proliferation including packaging and protecting genomic RNA. The protein shares sequence, structure, and architecture with nucleocapsid proteins from betacoronaviruses. The N-terminal domain (NPRBD) binds RNA and the C-terminal domain is responsible for dimerization. After infection, NP is highly expressed and triggers robust host immune response. The anti-NP antibodies are not protective and not neutralizing but can effectively detect viral proliferation soon after infection. Two structures of SARS-CoV-2 NPRBD were determined providing a continuous model from residue 48 to 173, including RNA binding region and key epitopes. Five structures of NPRBD complexes with human mAbs were isolated using an antigen-bait sorting. Complexes revealed a distinct complement-determining regions and unique sets of epitope recognition. This may assist in the early detection of pathogens and designing peptide-based vaccines. Mutations that significantly increase viral load were mapped on developed, full length NP model, likely impacting interactions with host proteins and viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Natalia Maltseva
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christine Tesar
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Robert Jedrzejczak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Heng Ma
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Haley L. Dugan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Christopher T. Stamper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Changsoo Chang
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Siriruk Changrob
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
| | - Arvind Ramanathan
- Data Science and Learning Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Patrick Wilson
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60367, USA
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3
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Xu AY, Blanco MA, Castellanos MM, Meuse CW, Mattison K, Karageorgos I, Hatch HW, Shen VK, Curtis JE. Role of Domain-Domain Interactions on the Self-Association and Physical Stability of Monoclonal Antibodies: Effect of pH and Salt. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8344-8357. [PMID: 37751332 PMCID: PMC10561141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) make up a major class of biotherapeutics with a wide range of clinical applications. Their physical stability can be affected by various environmental factors. For instance, an acidic pH can be encountered during different stages of the mAb manufacturing process, including purification and storage. Therefore, understanding the behavior of flexible mAb molecules in acidic solution environments will benefit the development of stable mAb products. This study used small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and complementary biophysical characterization techniques to investigate the conformational flexibility and protein-protein interactions (PPI) of a model mAb molecule under near-neutral and acidic conditions. The study also characterized the interactions between Fab and Fc fragments under the same buffer conditions to identify domain-domain interactions. The results suggest that solution pH significantly influences mAb flexibility and thus could help mAbs remain physically stable by maximizing local electrostatic repulsions when mAbs become crowded in solution. Under acidic buffer conditions, both Fab and Fc contribute to the repulsive PPI observed among the full mAb at a low ionic strength. However, as ionic strength increases, hydrophobic interactions lead to the self-association of Fc fragments and, subsequently, could affect the aggregation state of the mAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Marco A. Blanco
- Discovery
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research
Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Maria Monica Castellanos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Curtis W. Meuse
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Mattison
- Malvern
Panalytical, Westborough, Massachusetts 01581, United States
| | - Ioannis Karageorgos
- Institute
for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
- Biomolecular
Measurement Division, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Harold W. Hatch
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Joseph E. Curtis
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute
of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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4
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Maghsood F, Ghorbani A, Yadegari H, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Amiri MM, Shokri F. SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid: Biological functions and implication for disease diagnosis and vaccine design. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2431. [PMID: 36790816 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is transmitted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has affected millions of people all around the world, leading to more than 6.5 million deaths. The nucleocapsid (N) phosphoprotein plays important roles in modulating viral replication and transcription, virus-infected cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and regulation of host innate immunity. As an immunodominant protein, N protein induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses in COVID-19 patients, making it a key marker for studying N-specific B cell and T cell responses and the development of diagnostic serological assays and efficient vaccines. In this review, we focus on the structural and functional features and the kinetic and epitope mapping of B cell and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 N protein to extend our understanding on the development of sensitive and specific diagnostic immunological tests and effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Maghsood
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghorbani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Yadegari
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Tang M, Zhang X, Huang Y, Cheng W, Qu J, Gui S, Li L, Li S. Peptide-based inhibitors hold great promise as the broad-spectrum agents against coronavirus. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1093646. [PMID: 36741878 PMCID: PMC9893414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1093646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and the recent SARS-CoV-2 are lethal coronaviruses (CoVs) that have caused dreadful epidemic or pandemic in a large region or globally. Infections of human respiratory systems and other important organs by these pathogenic viruses often results in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Efficient anti-viral drugs are needed. Herein, we firstly take SARS-CoV-2 as an example to present the molecular mechanism of CoV infection cycle, including the receptor binding, viral entry, intracellular replication, virion assembly, and release. Then according to their mode of action, we provide a summary of anti-viral peptides that have been reported in peer-reviewed publications. Even though CoVs can rapidly evolve to gain resistance to the conventional small molecule drugs, peptide-based inhibitors targeting various steps of CoV lifecycle remain a promising approach. Peptides can be continuously modified to improve their antiviral efficacy and spectrum along with the emergence of new viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,Department of Otolaryngology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China,School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuiqing Gui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Shuiqing Gui, ✉
| | - Liang Li
- School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China,Liang Li, ✉
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China,Shuo Li, ✉
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6
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Rak A, Gorbunov N, Kostevich V, Sokolov A, Prokopenko P, Rudenko L, Isakova-Sivak I. Assessment of Immunogenic and Antigenic Properties of Recombinant Nucleocapsid Proteins of Five SARS-CoV-2 Variants in a Mouse Model. Viruses 2023; 15:230. [PMID: 36680269 PMCID: PMC9861333 DOI: 10.3390/v15010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 cases caused by new variants of highly mutable SARS-CoV-2 continue to be identified worldwide. Effective control of the spread of new variants can be achieved through targeting of conserved viral epitopes. In this regard, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein, which is much more conserved than the evolutionarily influenced spike protein (S), is a suitable antigen. The recombinant N protein can be considered not only as a screening antigen but also as a basis for the development of next-generation COVID-19 vaccines, but little is known about induction of antibodies against the N protein via different SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, it is important to understand how antibodies produced against the antigen of one variant can react with the N proteins of other variants. Here, we used recombinant N proteins from five SARS-CoV-2 strains to investigate their immunogenicity and antigenicity in a mouse model and to obtain and characterize a panel of hybridoma-derived monoclonal anti-N antibodies. We also analyzed the variable epitopes of the N protein that are potentially involved in differential recognition of antiviral antibodies. These results will further deepen our knowledge of the cross-reactivity of the humoral immune response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Nikolay Gorbunov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Valeria Kostevich
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Alexey Sokolov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Polina Prokopenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia
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7
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Plikusiene I, Maciulis V, Juciute S, Ramanavicius A, Balevicius Z, Slibinskas R, Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Simanavicius M, Balevicius S, Ramanaviciene A. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein interaction with a specific antibody by combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:113-122. [PMID: 35780545 PMCID: PMC9233548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Detailed evaluations of the antigen and antibody interaction rate and strength of the immune complex formed are very important for medical and bioanalytical applications. These data are crucial for the development of sensitive and fast immunosensors suitable for continuous measurements. Therefore, combined spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique (SE/QCM-D) was used for the evaluation: (i) of covalent immobilization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (SCoV2-N) on QCM-D sensor disc modified by self-assembled monolayer based on 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and (ii) interaction of immobilized SCoV2-N with specific polyclonal anti-SCoV2-N antibodies followed by immune complex formation process. The results show that the SCoV2-N monolayer is rigid due to the low energy dissipation registered during the QCM-D measurement. In contrast, the anti-SCoV2-N layer produced after interaction with the immobilized SCoV2-N formed a soft and viscous layer. It was determined, that the sparse distribution of SCoV2-N on the surface affected the spatial arrangement of the antibody during the formation of immune complexes. The hinge-mediated flexibility of the antibody Fab fragments allows them to reach the more distantly located SCoV2-N and establish a bivalent binding between proteins in the formed SCoV2-N/anti-SCoV2-N complex. It was noted that the SE/QCM-D method can provide more precise quantitative information about the flexibility and conformational changes of antibody during the formation of the immune complex on the surface over time.
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8
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Puerta-Guardo H, Parra-Cardeña M, Peña-Miranda F, Flores-Quintal F, Granja-Pérez P, Villanueva-Jorge S, González-Losa R, Conde-Ferraez L, Gómez-Carballo J, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Earnest JT, Manrique-Saide P, Ayora-Talavera G. Human IgG antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral antigens receptor-binding domain, spike, and nucleocapsid, in vaccinated adults from Merida, Mexico. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:916241. [PMID: 35935758 PMCID: PMC9354829 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.916241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been approved for controlling the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. Antibody response is essential to understand the immune response to different viral targets after vaccination with different vaccine platforms. Thus, the main aim of this study was to describe how vaccination with two distinct SARS-CoV-2 vaccine preparations elicit IgG antibody specific responses against two antigenically relevant SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins: the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the full-length spike (S). To do so, SARS-CoV-2 protein specific in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were standardized and tested against serum samples collected from 89 adults, recipients of either a single-dose of the Spike-encoding mRNA-based Pfizer/BioNTech (Pf-BNT) (70%, 62/89) or the Spike-encoding-Adenovirus-5-based CanSino Biologics Inc. (CSBIO) (30%, 27/89) in Merida, Mexico. Overall, we identified an IgG seroconversion rate of 88% (68/78) in all vaccinees after more than 25 days post-vaccination (dpv). Anti-RBD IgG-specific responses ranged from 90% (46/51) in the Pf-BNT vaccine at 25 dpv to 74% (20/27) in the CSBIO vaccine at 42 dpv. Compared to the S, the RBD IgG reactivity was significantly higher in both Pf-BNT (p < 0.004) and CSBIO (p < 0.003) vaccinees. Interestingly, in more than 50% of vaccine recipients, with no history of COVID-19 infection, antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) protein were detected. Thus, participants were grouped either as naïve or pre-exposed vaccinees. Seroconversion rates after 25 and more dpv varies between 100% in Pf-BNT (22/22) and 75% (9/12) in CSBIO pre-exposed vaccinees, and 89% (26/29) and 73% (11/15) in Pf-BNT and CSBIO naïve vaccine recipients, respectively. In summary, observed seroconversion rates varied depending on the type of vaccine, previous infection with SARS-CoV-2, and the target viral antigen. Our results indicate that both vaccine preparations can induce detectable levels of IgG against the RBD or Spike in both naïve and SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposed vaccinees. Our study provides valuable and novel information about the serodiagnosis and the antibody response to vaccines in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Manuel Parra-Cardeña
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pilar Granja-Pérez
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - Refugio González-Losa
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Laura Conde-Ferraez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Jesus Gómez-Carballo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | | | - James T. Earnest
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
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9
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Li J, Jia H, Tian M, Wu N, Yang X, Qi J, Ren W, Li F, Bian H. SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Variants: Unmasking Structure, Function, Infection, and Immune Escape Mechanisms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:869832. [PMID: 35646741 PMCID: PMC9134119 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.869832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As of April 1, 2022, over 468 million COVID-19 cases and over 6 million deaths have been confirmed globally. Unlike the common coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 has highly contagious and attracted a high level of concern worldwide. Through the analysis of SARS-CoV-2 structural, non-structural, and accessory proteins, we can gain a deeper understanding of structure-function relationships, viral infection mechanisms, and viable strategies for antiviral therapy. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the first widely acknowledged SARS-CoV-2 receptor, but researches have shown that there are additional co-receptors that can facilitate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to infect humans. We have performed an in-depth review of published papers, searching for co-receptors or other auxiliary membrane proteins that enhance viral infection, and analyzing pertinent pathogenic mechanisms. The genome, and especially the spike gene, undergoes mutations at an abnormally high frequency during virus replication and/or when it is transmitted from one individual to another. We summarized the main mutant strains currently circulating global, and elaborated the structural feature for increased infectivity and immune evasion of variants. Meanwhile, the principal purpose of the review is to update information on the COVID-19 outbreak. Many countries have novel findings on the early stage of the epidemic, and accruing evidence has rewritten the timeline of the outbreak, triggering new thinking about the origin and spread of COVID-19. It is anticipated that this can provide further insights for future research and global epidemic prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feifei Li
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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10
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Qi H, Hu Z, Yang Z, Zhang J, Wu JJ, Cheng C, Wang C, Zheng L. Capacitive Aptasensor Coupled with Microfluidic Enrichment for Real-Time Detection of Trace SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2812-2819. [PMID: 34982528 PMCID: PMC8751652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has lasted for almost 2 years. Stemming its spread has posed severe challenges for clinical virus detection. A long turnaround time, complicated operation, and low accuracy have become bottlenecks in developing detection techniques. Adopting a direct antigen detection strategy, we developed a fast-responding and quantitative capacitive aptasensor for ultratrace nucleocapsid protein detection based on a low-cost microelectrode array (MEA) chip. Employing the solid-liquid interface capacitance with a sensitivity of picofarad level, the tiny change on the MEA surface can be definitively detected. As a result, the limit of detection reaches an ultralow level of femtogram per milliliter in different matrices. Integrated with efficient microfluidic enrichment, the response time of this sensor from the sample to the result is shortened to 15 s, completely meeting the real-time detection demand. Moreover, the wide linear range of the sensor is from 10-5 to 10-2 ng/mL, and a high selectivity of 6369:1 is achieved. After application and evaluation in different environmental and body fluid matrices, this sensor and the detection method have proved to be a label-free, real-time, easy-to-operate, and specific strategy for SARS-CoV-2 screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Qi
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035,
China
| | - Zhiwen Hu
- School of Computer and Information Engineering,
Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018,
China
| | - Zhongliang Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering,
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084,
China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035,
China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering,
Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009,
China
| | - Jie Jayne Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
37996, United States
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Department of Engineering and Technology Management,
Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky 40351
United States
| | - Chunchang Wang
- Laboratory of Dielectric Functional Materials, School of
Materials Physics and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei
230601, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering,
Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009,
China
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11
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Kim D, Kim J, Park S, Kim M, Baek K, Kang M, Choi JK, Maharjan S, Akauliya M, Lee Y, Kwon HJ. Production of SARS-CoV-2 N Protein-Specific Monoclonal Antibody and Its Application in an ELISA-Based Detection System and Targeting the Interaction Between the Spike C-Terminal Domain and N Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:726231. [PMID: 34950112 PMCID: PMC8688357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.726231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections continue to spread quickly by human-to-human transmission around the world. Therefore, developing methods to rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity are still urgently needed. We produced a monoclonal antibody that specifically detects the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 and recognizes N protein in cell lysates of SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero cells but not in cell lysates of MERS-CoV- or HCoV-OC43-infected Vero cells. This antibody recognized N protein in SARS-CoV-2 clades S, GR, and GH and recognized N protein in all the SARS-CoV-2 clades to ∼300 pfu. Previously, we reported that the coronavirus N protein interacts with the C-terminal domain of the spike protein (Spike CD). In this study, we developed an ELISA-based "bait and prey" system to confirm the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 Spike CD and N protein using recombinant fusion proteins. Furthermore, this system can be modified to quantitatively detect SARS-CoV-2 in culture media of infected cells by monitoring the interaction between the recombinant Spike CD fusion protein and the viral N protein, which is captured by the N protein-specific antibody. Therefore, we conclude that our N protein-specific monoclonal antibody and our ELISA-based bait and prey system could be used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Sangkyu Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kyeongbin Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Mijeong Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sony Maharjan
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Madhav Akauliya
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Younghee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Joo Kwon
- Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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12
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Kyosei Y, Namba M, Makioka D, Kokubun A, Watabe S, Yoshimura T, Sasaki T, Shioda T, Ito E. Ultrasensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins Using the Thio-NAD Cycling Reaction: A Preliminary Study before Clinical Trials. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112214. [PMID: 34835340 PMCID: PMC8619787 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To help control the global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we developed a diagnostic method targeting the spike protein of the virus that causes the infection, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We applied an ultrasensitive method by combining a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the thio-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (thio-NAD) cycling reaction to quantify spike S1 proteins. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.62 × 10−19 moles/assay for recombinant S1 proteins and 2.6 × 106 RNA copies/assay for ultraviolet B-inactivated viruses. We have already shown that the ultrasensitive ELISA for nucleocapsid proteins can detect ultraviolet B-inactivated viruses at the 104 RNA copies/assay level, whereas the nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are difficult to distinguish from those in conventional coronaviruses and SARS-CoV. Thus, an antigen test for only the nucleocapsid proteins is insufficient for virus specificity. Therefore, the use of a combination of tests against both spike and nucleocapsid proteins is recommended to increase both the detection sensitivity and testing accuracy of the COVID-19 antigen test. Taken together, our present study, in which we incorporate S1 detection by combining the ultrasensitive ELISA for nucleocapsid proteins, offers an ultrasensitive, antigen-specific test for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kyosei
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Mayuri Namba
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Daiki Makioka
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Ayumi Kokubun
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Satoshi Watabe
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
| | - Teruki Yoshimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Etsuro Ito
- Department of Biology, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.N.); (D.M.); (A.K.)
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan;
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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13
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Du L, Yang Y, Zhang X. Neutralizing antibodies for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2293-2306. [PMID: 34497376 PMCID: PMC8424621 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00752-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein. This event is followed by virus-cell membrane fusion mediated by the S2 subunit, which allows virus entry into the host cell. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a key therapeutic target, and prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) that target this protein. In this review, we summarize the nAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been developed to date, with a focus on the N-terminal domain and RBD of the S protein. We also describe the roles that binding affinity, neutralizing activity, and protection provided by these nAbs play in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and discuss the potential to improve nAb efficiency against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review provides important information for the development of effective nAbs with broad-spectrum activity against current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yang Yang
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA
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