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Lu R, Chen H, Huang J, Ye J, Gao L, Liu Q, Quan W, Gu Y. Biomechanical Investigation of Lower Limbs during Slope Transformation Running with Different Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Shoes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3902. [PMID: 38931685 PMCID: PMC11207841 DOI: 10.3390/s24123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During city running or marathon races, shifts in level ground and up-and-down slopes are regularly encountered, resulting in changes in lower limb biomechanics. The longitudinal bending stiffness of the running shoe affects the running performance. PURPOSE This research aimed to investigate the biomechanical changes in the lower limbs when transitioning from level ground to an uphill slope under different longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) levels in running shoes. METHODS Fifteen male amateur runners were recruited and tested while wearing three different LBS running shoes. The participants were asked to pass the force platform with their right foot at a speed of 3.3 m/s ± 0.2. Kinematics data and GRFs were collected synchronously. Each participant completed and recorded ten successful experiments per pair of shoes. RESULTS The range of motion in the sagittal of the knee joint was reduced with the increase in the longitudinal bending stiffness. Positive work was increased in the sagittal plane of the ankle joint and reduced in the keen joint. The negative work of the knee joint increased in the sagittal plane. The positive work of the metatarsophalangeal joint in the sagittal plane increased. CONCLUSION Transitioning from running on a level surface to running uphill, while wearing running shoes with high LBS, could lead to improved efficiency in lower limb function. However, the higher LBS of running shoes increases the energy absorption of the knee joint, potentially increasing the risk of knee injuries. Thus, amateurs should choose running shoes with optimal stiffness when running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhan Lu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Hairong Chen
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jialu Huang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jingyi Ye
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Lidong Gao
- Department of Material Science and Technology, Audi Hungaria Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Széchenyi István University, 9026 Győr, Hungary;
| | - Qian Liu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary;
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (R.L.); (J.H.); (J.Y.); (Q.L.)
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Song Y, Cen X, Sun D, Bálint K, Wang Y, Chen H, Gao S, Bíró I, Zhang M, Gu Y. Curved carbon-plated shoe may further reduce forefoot loads compared to flat plate during running. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13215. [PMID: 38851842 PMCID: PMC11162459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Using a curved carbon-fiber plate (CFP) in running shoes may offer notable performance benefit over flat plates, yet there is a lack of research exploring the influence of CFP geometry on internal foot loading during running. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of CFP mechanical characteristics on forefoot biomechanics in terms of plantar pressure, bone stress distribution, and contact force transmission during a simulated impact peak moment in forefoot strike running. We employed a finite element model of the foot-shoe system, wherein various CFP configurations, including three stiffnesses (stiff, stiffer, and stiffest) and two shapes (flat plate (FCFP) and curved plate (CCFP)), were integrated into the shoe sole. Comparing the shoes with no CFP (NCFP) to those with CFP, we consistently observed a reduction in peak forefoot plantar pressure with increasing CFP stiffness. This decrease in pressure was even more notable in a CCFP demonstrating a further reduction in peak pressure ranging from 5.51 to 12.62%, compared to FCFP models. Both FCFP and CCFP designs had a negligible impact on reducing the maximum stress experienced by the 2nd and 3rd metatarsals. However, they greatly influenced the stress distribution in other metatarsal bones. These CFP designs seem to optimize the load transfer pathway, enabling a more uniform force transmission by mainly reducing contact force on the medial columns (the first three rays, measuring 0.333 times body weight for FCFP and 0.335 for CCFP in stiffest condition, compared to 0.373 in NCFP). We concluded that employing a curved CFP in running shoes could be more beneficial from an injury prevention perspective by inducing less peak pressure under the metatarsal heads while not worsening their stress state compared to flat plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuanzhen Cen
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dong Sun
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kovács Bálint
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hairong Chen
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Shunxiang Gao
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China.
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Willwacher S, Mai P, Helwig J, Hipper M, Utku B, Robbin J. Does Advanced Footwear Technology Improve Track and Road Racing Performance? An Explorative Analysis Based on the 100 Best Yearly Performances in the World Between 2010 and 2022. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:14. [PMID: 38332220 PMCID: PMC10853158 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00683-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Advanced footwear technology (AFT) is currently being debated in sports. There is a direct evidence that distance running in AFT improves running economy. In addition, there is indirect evidence from competition performance for improved running performance from using AFTs in middle- and long-distance running and sprinting events. However, the extent to which world-class performance is affected across the full range of track and road racing events between genders has not been systematically analyzed. This study examined publicly available performance datasets of annual best track and road performances for evidence of potential systematic performance effects following the introduction of AFT. The analysis was based on the 100 best performances per year for men and women in outdoor events from 2010 to 2022, provided by the world governing body of athletics (World Athletics). We found evidence of progressing improvements in track and road running performances after the introduction of AFT for road races in 2016 and AFT for track racing in 2019. This evidence is more pronounced for distances longer than 1500 m in women and longer than 5000 m in men. Women seem to benefit more from AFT in distance running events than men. For the sprint events (100 m to 400 m hurdles), the peak performance gains in 2021 and 2022 compared to the pre-AFT period ranged from 0.6 to 1.1% and from 0.4 to 0.7% for women and men, respectively. For middle-distance events (400 m to 3000 m steeplechase), peak performance gains ranged from 0.6 to 1.9% and from 0.6 to 0.7% for women and men, respectively. For distances from 5000 m to the marathon, performance gains ranged from 2.2% to 3.5% and 0.7% to 1.4% for women and men, respectively. While the observational study design limits causal inference, this study provides a database on potential systematic performance effects after introducing advanced shoes/spikes in track and road running events in world-class athletes. Further research is needed to examine the underlying mechanisms and, in particular, potential gender differences in the performance effects of AFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Mai
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Janina Helwig
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hipper
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Burkay Utku
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Robbin
- Institute of Advanced Biomechanics and Motion Studies, Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Campus West, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 77656, Offenburg, Germany
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Jor A, Hu M, Koh MWP, Lau NWK, Daryabor A, Lam WK, Kobayashi T. Biomechanical effects of foot orthoses on jump landing performance: A systematic review. Prosthet Orthot Int 2024:00006479-990000000-00218. [PMID: 38330181 DOI: 10.1097/pxr.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Jumping is involved in a wide range of sports and activities, and foot orthoses (FO) are suggested to enhance performance and prevent injury. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether using FO with different modifications affects jump landing biomechanics and improves performance in healthy individuals. The search strategy included 7 databases that identified 19 studies. The study quality was evaluated using a modified Downs and Black index. The primary outcome measures were joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle activity, vertical jump height, and horizontal jump distance. Our findings indicated that incorporating arch support with a rearfoot post and softer forefoot region into FO may improve several biomechanical variables during jump landing activities. Improvements in vertical ground reaction force loading rates, knee and ankle kinematics, and muscle cocontraction during jumping with FO could enhance jumping performance. In addition, improvements in hip, knee, ankle, and tibial kinematics and vertical ground reaction force loading rates during landing could reduce impact forces and related injuries. Although a limited number of studies have addressed the effects of FO on vertical jump height and horizontal jump distance, inserting such FO inside shoes with optimum bending stiffness could facilitate jumping performance. A rigorous exploration of the effect and mechanism of FO designs on jumping performance could benefit jumping-related activities and prevent ankle and knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Jor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Leather Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark W P Koh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Noelle W K Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aliyeh Daryabor
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Sports Information and External Affairs Centre, Hong Kong Sports Institute, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Xia Y, Shen S, Jia SW, Teng J, Gu Y, Fekete G, Korim T, Zhao H, Wei Q, Yang F. Gender differences in footwear characteristics between half and full marathons in China: a cross-sectional survey. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13020. [PMID: 37563273 PMCID: PMC10415251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There are concerns about the risk of injuries caused by marathons in China. Since male and female runners have different injury risks, gender differences in running shoe functionality should be further complemented. A supervised questionnaire survey of 626 marathon runners was collected. The questionnaire was categorized into four sections: (1) participant profile, (2) importance of shoe properties, (3) functional evaluation of shoe properties and (4) importance ranking of shoe properties. The Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test of cross tabulation and Chi-square test, and two-way ANOVA were used to analyze the results of this survey. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. The full marathon participants were older than the half marathon participants. There was no gender difference in the importance of shoe features to elite runners. In addition, women are more concerned about upper elasticity and have higher requirements for running shoes than men. Women were more focused on injury prevention, while men were more focused on running performance. Heel cushioning was identified by all participants as the most important running shoe feature. There were no gender differences between elite players' demand for running shoes, but significant gender differences were found between genders at other running levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Xia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Siqin Shen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Sheng-Wei Jia
- School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Teng
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.
- Department of Physical Education and Research, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
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6
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Song Y, Cen X, Chen H, Sun D, Munivrana G, Bálint K, Bíró I, Gu Y. The influence of running shoe with different carbon-fiber plate designs on internal foot mechanics: A pilot computational analysis. J Biomech 2023; 153:111597. [PMID: 37126883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A carbon-fiber plate (CFP) embedded into running shoes is a commonly applied method to improve running economy, but little is known in regard the effects of CFP design features on internal foot mechanics. This study aimed to explore how systematic changes in CFP geometrical variations (i.e., thickness and location) can alter plantar pressure and strain under the forefoot as well as metatarsal stress state through computational simulations. A foot-shoe finite element (FE) model was built and different CFP features including three thicknesses (1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm) and three placements (high-loaded (just below the insole), mid-loaded (in between the midsole), and low-loaded (just above the outsole)) were further modulated within the shoe sole. Simulations were conducted at the impact peak instant during forefoot strike running. Compared with the no-CFP shoe, peak plantar pressure and compressive strain under the forefoot consistently decreased when the CFP thickness increased, and the low-loaded conditions were found more effective (peak pressure decreased up to 31.91% and compressive strain decreased up to 18.61%). In terms of metatarsal stress, CFP designs resulted in varied effects and were dependent on their locations. Specifically, high-loaded CFP led to relatively higher peak metatarsal stress without the reduction trend as thickness increased (peak stress increased up to 12.91%), while low-loaded conditions showed a gradual reduction in peak stress, decreasing by 0.74%. Therefore, a low-loaded thicker CFP should be considered to achieve the pressure-relief effects of running shoes without the expense of increased metatarsal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Xuanzhen Cen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hairong Chen
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Kovács Bálint
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Kinesiology, Hungarian University of Sports Science, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary; Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Ko M, Ma T, Xiong S. Acute Effects of Carbon Fiber Insole on Three Aspects of Sports Performance, Lower Extremity Muscle Activity, and Subjective Comfort. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2154. [PMID: 36850749 PMCID: PMC9966218 DOI: 10.3390/s23042154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber insole (CFI), which is lightweight and stiff to reduce energy loss and help wearers perform better in sports, has recently been introduced. However, reports are scarce on the effects of CFI on sports performance, muscle activation, and wearing comfort. This study investigated the acute effects of CFI on sports performance, lower extremity muscle activity, and subjective comfort. Thirty young healthy males with shoe sizes between 260 and 270 mm performed various sports tasks (power generation, agility, and speed) and treadmill runs with wearable sensors under two experimental insole conditions (benchmark insole as a baseline, CFI). The results showed that, compared to the benchmark insole, CFI significantly improved sports performance in terms of power generation (~1.5%) and agility (~1%). However, it activated more of the Tibialis Anterior (~0.7%) and Gastrocnemius Medialis (~0.8%) muscles, and was perceived to be stiffer and less comfortable. These findings suggested that CFI could improve sports performance, but could cause more lower extremity muscle activation and subjective discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuping Xiong
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Running Velocity and Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Influence the Asymmetry of Kinematic Variables of the Lower Limb Joints. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9110607. [PMID: 36354518 PMCID: PMC9687503 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Running-related limb asymmetries suggest specific sports injuries and recovery circumstances. It is debatable if running speed affected asymmetry, and more research is required to determine how longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) affected asymmetry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of running velocity and LBS on kinematic characteristics of the hip, knee, ankle, metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) and the corresponding asymmetry. Kinematic (200 Hz) running stance phase data were collected bilaterally for 16 healthy male recreational runners (age: 23.13 ± 1.17, height: 175.2 ± 1.6 cm, body mass: 75.7 ± 3.6 kg, BMI: 24.7 ± 1.3 kg/m2) running on a force plate at three different velocities (10, 12 and 14 km/h) and three increasing-LBS shoes in a randomized order. The symmetry angle (SA) was calculated to quantify gait asymmetry magnitude at each running velocity and LBS. Changes in running velocity and LBS led to differences in kinematic variables between the hip, knee, ankle and MTP (p < 0.05). Significant changes in SA caused by running velocity were found in the knee flexion angle (p = 0.001) and flexion angle peak velocity (p < 0.001), ankle plantarflexion angle (p = 0.001) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.043) and MTP dorsiflexion angle (p = 0.001) and dorsiflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.019). A significant change in the SA caused by LBS was found in the MTP dorsiflexion peak angle velocity (p = 0.014). There were interaction effects between running velocity and LBS on the MTP plantarflexion angle (p = 0.033) and plantarflexion angle peak velocity (p = 0.038). These findings indicate the existence of bilateral lower limb asymmetry. Meanwhile, it was proved that running velocity and LBS can influence the asymmetry of lower limb joints. Additionally, there was an interaction between running velocity and LBS on the asymmetry of the lower limb. These findings can provide some information for sports injuries, such as metatarsal stress fractures and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. They can also provide some useful information for running velocities and running shoes.
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The mechanical role of the metatarsophalangeal joint in human jumping. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268634. [PMID: 35594285 PMCID: PMC9122204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanical role of metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in human jumping. Eighteen healthy young men performed three types of single-leg jumps (SJ: squat jump; CMJ: countermovement jump; HJ: standing horizontal jump) on a force plate under barefoot (BARE) and forefoot immobilisation (FFIM) conditions. For FFIM, the forefoot was immobilised around the MTP joints of the dominant leg by a custom-made splint. Force-time components and the centre of pressure (COP) trajectory were measured from the ground reaction force (GRF) in the take-off phase of jumping. The vertical jump heights calculated from the net vertical impulse were lower under FFIM than under BARE during the CMJ (p < 0.05). The HJ distance under FFIM was significantly shorter than that under BARE (p < 0.01). The relative net vertical impulse was lower under FFIM than under BARE during the CMJ (p < 0.05). During the HJ, all the horizontal GRF variables were significantly lower under FFIM than under BARE (p < 0.01), but none of the vertical GRF variables differed between the two conditions. The horizontal relative GRF in the 90–95% of the final take-off phase during the HJ was significantly lower under FFIM than under BARE (p < 0.01). Under FFIM, the COP range in the antero-posterior direction in the take-off phase of the HJ decreased (p < 0.05), whereas its range in the anterior direction for the SJ and CMJ increased (p < 0.05). The results of this study indicate that MTP joint motion can play an important role in regulating force-generating capacities of toe flexor muscles in the take-off phase of human jumping, especially in the horizontal direction of horizontal jumping.
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Agresta C, Giacomazzi C, Harrast M, Zendler J. Running Injury Paradigms and Their Influence on Footwear Design Features and Runner Assessment Methods: A Focused Review to Advance Evidence-Based Practice for Running Medicine Clinicians. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:815675. [PMID: 35356094 PMCID: PMC8959543 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.815675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many runners seek health professional advice regarding footwear recommendations to reduce injury risk. Unfortunately, many clinicians, as well as runners, have ideas about how to select running footwear that are not scientifically supported. This is likely because much of the research on running footwear has not been highly accessible outside of the technical footwear research circle. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to update clinical readers on the state of the science for assessing runners and recommending running footwear that facilitate the goals of the runner. We begin with a review of basic footwear construction and the features thought to influence biomechanics relevant to the running medicine practitioner. Subsequently, we review the four main paradigms that have driven footwear design and recommendation with respect to injury risk reduction: Pronation Control, Impact Force Modification, Habitual Joint (Motion) Path, and Comfort Filter. We find that evidence in support of any paradigm is generally limited. In the absence of a clearly supported paradigm, we propose that in general clinicians should recommend footwear that is lightweight, comfortable, and has minimal pronation control technology. We further encourage clinicians to arm themselves with the basic understanding of the known effects of specific footwear features on biomechanics in order to better recommend footwear on a patient-by-patient basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine Agresta
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Cristine Agresta
| | - Christina Giacomazzi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mark Harrast
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Jia SW, Lam WK, Huang Z, Baker JS, Ugbolue UC, Gu Y. Influence of metatarsophalangeal joint stiffness on take-off performances and lower-limb biomechanics in jump manoeuvres. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:638-645. [PMID: 35083953 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2010412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forefoot and toes are prominent regions for locomotion and individual metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) stiffness may be linked to jump take-off mechanics and performances. However, little is known about the relationships between MTPJ stiffness and take-off related variables. This study examined the relationship between individual MTPJ stiffness and biomechanical variables under various vertical countermovement jumps (CMJ) conditions. We measured MTPJ stiffness on 21 male university basketball players and then asked them to perform jumps under single, consecutive and running CMJ conditions. Pearson's correlation coefficient was employed to examine the relationships between MTP passive stiffness and each jumping performance, ground reaction force (GRF) and joint kinematic and kinetic variables. The results indicated that MTPJ stiffness significantly correlated with maximum jump height (r = 0.49, moderate), peak take-off velocity (r = 0.47, moderate), peak take-off ankle plantarflexion moment (r = 0.68, strong), peak dorsiflexion moment (r = 0.60, strong) and peak take-off ankle power (r = 0.44, moderate) in consecutive CMJ. Only a moderate correlation between MTPJ stiffness and peak MTPJ extension take-off velocity (r = -0.46, moderate) was determined in a single CMJ. There were no significant correlations found in running CMJ conditions. These findings imply that higher MTPJ stiffness of participants was related to improved jump performances in consecutive jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.,Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Company Limited, Beijing, China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiguan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Sports Assistive Devices, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julien S Baker
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland, UK.,Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Ukadike C Ugbolue
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,School of Health and Life Sciences, Institute for Clinical Exercise & Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland, UK
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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12
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Estimation of Knee Joint Angle Using Textile Capacitive Sensor and Artificial Neural Network Implementing with Three Shoe Types at Two Gait Speeds: A Preliminary Investigation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21165484. [PMID: 34450926 PMCID: PMC8398621 DOI: 10.3390/s21165484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lower limb joints might be affected by different shoe types and gait speeds. Monitoring joint angles might require skill and proper technique to obtain accurate data for analysis. We aimed to estimate the knee joint angle using a textile capacitive sensor and artificial neural network (ANN) implementing with three shoe types at two gait speeds. We developed a textile capacitive sensor with a simple structure design and less costly placing in insole shoes to measure the foot plantar pressure for building the deep learning models. The smartphone was used to video during walking at each condition, and Kinovea was applied to calibrate the knee joint angle. Six ANN models were created; three shoe-based ANN models, two speed-based ANN models, and one ANN model that used datasets from all experiment conditions to build a model. All ANN models at comfortable and fast gait provided a high correlation efficiency (0.75 to 0.97) with a mean relative error lower than 15% implement for three testing shoes. And compare the ANN with A convolution neural network contributes a similar result in predict the knee joint angle. A textile capacitive sensor is reliable for measuring foot plantar pressure, which could be used with the ANN algorithm to predict the knee joint angle even using high heel shoes.
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13
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Bräuer S, Kiesewetter P, Milani TL, Mitschke C. The 'Ride' Feeling during Running under Field Conditions-Objectified with a Single Inertial Measurement Unit. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21155010. [PMID: 34372251 PMCID: PMC8348449 DOI: 10.3390/s21155010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Foot rollover and the ‘ride’ feeling that occurs during heel–toe transition during running have been investigated mostly in laboratory settings due to the technical requirements of ‘golden standard’ measurement devices. Hence, the purpose of the current study was to investigate ‘ride’ and rollover with a heel cap-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU) when running under field conditions to get realistic results. Twenty athletes ran on a 1 km outdoor track with five different shoe conditions, only differing in their midsole bending stiffness. The peak angular velocity (PAV) in the sagittal plane of the shoe was analyzed. The subjective evaluation of the ‘ride’ perception during heel–toe transition was rated on a visual analogue scale. The results revealed that PAV and ‘ride’ varied for the different shoes. The regression analysis showed that PAV has a significant impact on the ‘ride’ rating (R2 = 0.952; p = 0.005). The shoe with a medium midsole bending stiffness had the lowest value for PAV (845.6 deg/s) and the best rating of perceived ‘ride’ on average. Our results show that IMU can be used as a low-cost method to investigate the heel–toe transition during field-running. In addition, we found that midsole bending stiffness influenced PAV and the subjective feeling of ‘ride’.
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14
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Isherwood J, Rimmer E, Fu F, Xie Z, Sterzing T. Biomechanical and perceptual cushioning sensitivity based on mechanical running shoe properties. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1913243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Isherwood
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Esther Rimmer
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengqin Fu
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhihao Xie
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Thorsten Sterzing
- Xtep Sports Science & Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
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15
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Energetics and Biomechanics of Running Footwear with Increased Longitudinal Bending Stiffness: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:873-894. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01406-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Does running speed affect the response of joint level mechanics in non-rearfoot strike runners to footwear of varying longitudinal bending stiffness? Gait Posture 2021; 84:187-191. [PMID: 33360383 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modifying the longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) of footwear has become a popular method to improve sport performance. It has been demonstrated to influence running economy by altering lower extremity joint level mechanics. Previous studies have only examined within-participant effects at one running speed. RESEARCH QUESTION Do joint level mechanics differ in response to varying footwear LBS at a range of running speeds? METHODS This study utilized a cross-sectional repeated measure study design using a convenience sample. Ten well trained non-rearfoot strike male distance runners ran at 3.89, 4.70, and 5.56 m/s (14, 17, 20 km/hr) in footwear of three different LBS levels. Mechanics and energetics of the metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), ankle, knee, and hip joints during stance phase were assessed using an 8-camera optical motion capture system (fs = 200 Hz), a force instrumented treadmill (fs = 1000 Hz) and standard inverse dynamics theory. RESULTS Range of motion and negative work decreased and angular stiffness increased for the MTPJ with increasing LBS at all speeds (p < .001). Peak MTPJ moment did not change at any speed in response to increased LBS. Negative work at the ankle decreased in the stiff shoe at 17 km/hr (p = .036). Peak ankle plantar flexion velocity decreased with increasing LBS at all speeds (p < .05). SIGNIFICANCE While changes in MTPJ mechanics were consistent across speeds, decreased negative ankle work was only observed at 17 km/hr in the stiff shoe, suggesting that perhaps tuned footwear LBS may need to focus primarily on metabolically beneficial changes in ankle plantar flexor mechanical behavior to improve performance in distance runners. Tuning footwear stiffness may also be beneficial to clinical populations, as clinicians seek to optimize their patients' locomotion economy.
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17
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Pryhoda MK, Wathen RJ, Dicharry J, Shelburne KB, Feeney D, Harrison K, Davidson BS. Alternative upper configurations during agility-based movements: part 1, biomechanical performance. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2020.1853824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moira K. Pryhoda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Human Dynamics Laboratory, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rachel J. Wathen
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Human Dynamics Laboratory, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jay Dicharry
- REP Biomechanics Lab, Rebound Physical Therapy, Bend, OR, USA
| | - Kevin B. Shelburne
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Human Dynamics Laboratory, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Feeney
- Performance Fit Laboratory, BOA Technology Inc, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Bradley S. Davidson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Human Dynamics Laboratory, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
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18
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Increasing the midsole bending stiffness of shoes alters gastrocnemius medialis muscle function during running. Sci Rep 2021; 11:749. [PMID: 33436965 PMCID: PMC7804138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80791-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, increasing the midsole bending stiffness (MBS) of running shoes by embedding carbon fibre plates in the midsole resulted in many world records set during long-distance running competitions. Although several theories were introduced to unravel the mechanisms behind these performance benefits, no definitive explanation was provided so far. This study aimed to investigate how the function of the gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscle and Achilles tendon is altered when running in shoes with increased MBS. Here, we provide the first direct evidence that the amount and velocity of GM muscle fascicle shortening is reduced when running with increased MBS. Compared to control, running in the stiffest condition at 90% of speed at lactate threshold resulted in less muscle fascicle shortening (p = 0.006, d = 0.87), slower average shortening velocity (p = 0.002, d = 0.93) and greater estimated Achilles tendon energy return (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.96), without a significant change in GM fascicle work (p = 0.335, d = 0.40) or GM energy cost (p = 0.569, d = 0.30). The findings of this study suggest that running in stiff shoes allows the ankle plantarflexor muscle-tendon unit to continue to operate on a more favourable position of the muscle's force-length-velocity relationship by lowering muscle shortening velocity and increasing tendon energy return.
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19
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Beck ON, Golyski PR, Sawicki GS. Adding carbon fiber to shoe soles may not improve running economy: a muscle-level explanation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17154. [PMID: 33051532 PMCID: PMC7555508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to improve their distance-running performance, many athletes race with carbon fiber plates embedded in their shoe soles. Accordingly, we sought to establish whether, and if so how, adding carbon fiber plates to shoes soles reduces athlete aerobic energy expenditure during running (improves running economy). We tested 15 athletes as they ran at 3.5 m/s in four footwear conditions that varied in shoe sole bending stiffness, modified by carbon fiber plates. For each condition, we quantified athlete aerobic energy expenditure and performed biomechanical analyses, which included the use of ultrasonography to examine soleus muscle dynamics in vivo. Overall, increased footwear bending stiffness lengthened ground contact time (p = 0.048), but did not affect ankle (p ≥ 0.060), knee (p ≥ 0.128), or hip (p ≥ 0.076) joint angles or moments. Additionally, increased footwear bending stiffness did not affect muscle activity (all seven measured leg muscles (p ≥ 0.146)), soleus active muscle volume (p = 0.538; d = 0.241), or aerobic power (p = 0.458; d = 0.04) during running. Hence, footwear bending stiffness does not appear to alter the volume of aerobic energy consuming muscle in the soleus, or any other leg muscle, during running. Therefore, adding carbon fiber plates to shoe soles slightly alters whole-body and calf muscle biomechanics but may not improve running economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen N Beck
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Pawel R Golyski
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory S Sawicki
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Wannop JW, Schrier N, Worobets J, Stefanyshyn D. Influence of forefoot bending stiffness on American football performance and metatarsophalangeal joint bending angle. Sports Biomech 2020; 22:704-714. [PMID: 32468921 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1750682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Changes in forefoot bending stiffness have been shown to affect metatarsophalangeal peak bending angles as well as athletic performance. Increasing bending stiffness tends to reduce peak bending angles, which could potentially reduce hyperextension injuries such as turf toe. Limited information is available, however, on the efficacy of increasing forefoot bending stiffness on large-sized athletes such as those that participate in American Football, with prior studies being conducted on smaller athlete populations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the influence of increased forefoot bending stiffness on metatarsophalangeal joint extension and athletic performance of grid-iron football players. Ten varsity grid-iron football players performed four National Football League combine movements in a motion capture laboratory in three footwear conditions of varying bending stiffness: Soft (12.7 N/mm), Control (23.8 N/mm), Stiff (42.2 N/mm). None of the footwear conditions significantly altered the maximum metatarsophalangeal bending. Therefore, to reduce metatarsophalangeal hyperextension injuries in American football players a greater amount of forefoot bending stiffness may be required. Performance differences were present only during the five-metre sprint acceleration, with athletes having an improved performance in the Control and Stiff conditions. This improved performance was due to an increased horizontal impulse and improvements in power generation at the ankle joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Wannop
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Schrier
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jay Worobets
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Darren Stefanyshyn
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Brinkmann DJ, Koerger H, Gollhofer A, Gehring D. Effect of Forefoot and Midfoot Bending Stiffness on Agility Performance and Foot Biomechanics in Soccer. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:96-102. [PMID: 32101791 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Footwear bending stiffness is known to positively affect performance in agility maneuvers due to improved energy storage and propulsion based on a stiffer foot-shoe complex. However, the functional properties of the forefoot and midfoot differ. Therefore, the present study investigates the effect of the interface of longitudinal bending stiffness and the ratio of forefoot to midfoot bending stiffness on agility performance and foot biomechanics. A total of 18 male soccer players performed 2 agility tasks in footwear conditions that were systematically modified in forefoot and midfoot bending stiffness. Results revealed that higher longitudinal bending stiffness caused more foot exorotation at the initial ground contact (P < .05), less torsion (P < .001), and an anterior shift in the point of force application during push off (P = .01). In addition, the authors observed decreased forefoot bending (P < .05) and increased torsion (P < .01) in footwear with a higher forefoot-midfoot ratio. Finally, the agility performance was significantly impaired by 1.3% in the condition with the highest forefoot-midfoot ratio (P < .01). The high forefoot-midfoot ratio, that is, a stiff forefoot in combination with a soft midfoot, seemed to shift the flex line from anterior to posterior that may explain the performance impairment.
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22
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The Biomechanics of Competitive Male Runners in Three Marathon Racing Shoes: A Randomized Crossover Study. Sports Med 2020; 49:133-143. [PMID: 30460454 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that a prototype marathon racing shoe reduced the metabolic cost of running for all 18 participants in our sample by an average of 4%, compared to two well-established racing shoes. Gross measures of biomechanics showed minor differences and could not explain the metabolic savings. OBJECTIVE To explain the metabolic savings by comparing the mechanics of the shoes, leg, and foot joints during the stance phase of running. METHODS Ten male competitive runners, who habitually rearfoot strike ran three 5-min trials in prototype shoes (NP) and two established marathon shoes, the Nike Zoom Streak 6 (NS) and the adidas adizero Adios BOOST 2 (AB), at 16 km/h. We measured ground reaction forces and 3D kinematics of the lower limbs. RESULTS Hip and knee joint mechanics were similar between the shoes, but peak ankle extensor moment was smaller in NP versus AB shoes. Negative and positive work rates at the ankle were lower in NP shoes versus the other shoes. Dorsiflexion and negative work at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint were reduced in the NP shoes versus the other shoes. Substantial mechanical energy was stored/returned in compressing the NP midsole foam, but not in bending the carbon-fiber plate. CONCLUSION The metabolic savings of the NP shoes appear to be due to: (1) superior energy storage in the midsole foam, (2) the clever lever effects of the carbon-fiber plate on the ankle joint mechanics, and (3) the stiffening effects of the plate on the MTP joint.
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23
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Lam WK, Kan WH, Chia JS, Kong PW. Effect of shoe modifications on biomechanical changes in basketball: A systematic review. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:577-603. [PMID: 31578122 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1656770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Shoe modifications are suggested to reduce the risks of injuries and improve sports performance in basketball. This review aimed to critically evaluate the effect of different basketball shoe modifications on biomechanical changes in basketball movements. Searches of four major databases for biomechanics studies which evaluated footwear construction/material in basketball yielded 442 records. After duplicates were removed and exclusion/inclusion criteria applied to the titles and abstracts, 20 articles remained for further quality assessment. Two reviewers independently confirmed 17 articles (n = 340 participants), with 95.5% of agreement between judgements, which were included for review. The results were categorised based on the following shoe modifications: (a) cushioning, (b) midsole hardness, (c) collar height, (d) outsole traction component, (e) forefoot bending stiffness and (f) shoe mass that influence lower limb biomechanics. The included articles revealed that 1) better shoe cushioning or softer midsole is related to better impact attenuation in passive/unanticipated situations, 2) high shoe collars are effective to improve ankle stability in jumping and cutting tasks, 3) increased shoe traction and forefoot bending stiffness can improve basketball jump, sprint and/or cut performances and 4) lighter shoe mass results in better jump and/or cut performances when the shoe mass is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing K Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University , Shenyang , China.,Li Ning Sports Sciences Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd. , Beijing , China
| | - Wei H Kan
- Li Ning Sports Sciences Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd. , Beijing , China.,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Jingyi S Chia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
| | - Pui W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore , Singapore
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24
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Cigoja S, Vienneau J, Nigg SR, Nigg BM. The effects of midsole bending stiffness on ball speed during maximum effort soccer kicks. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2018.1538263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Cigoja
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jordyn Vienneau
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandro R. Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Benno M. Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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25
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Sudo S, Hirai S. Relationship between sprint performance and bending stiffness of sprint spikes during start and maximal velocity phase of sprinting. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1606098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Cigoja S, Firminger CR, Asmussen MJ, Fletcher JR, Edwards WB, Nigg BM. Does increased midsole bending stiffness of sport shoes redistribute lower limb joint work during running? J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1272-1277. [PMID: 31272917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if lower limb joint work is redistributed when running in a shoe with increased midsole bending stiffness compared to a control shoe. DESIGN Within-subject with two conditions: (1) commercially available running shoe and (2) the same shoe with carbon fibre inserts to increase midsole bending stiffness. METHODS Thirteen male, recreational runners ran on an instrumented treadmill at 3.5m/s in each of the two shoe conditions while motion capture and force platform data were collected. Positive and negative metatarsophalangeal (MTP), ankle, knee, and hip joint work were calculated and statistically compared between conditions. RESULTS Running in the stiff condition (with carbon fibre inserts) resulted in significantly more positive work and less negative work at the MTP joint, and less positive work at the knee joint. CONCLUSIONS Increased midsole bending stiffness resulted in a redistribution of positive lower limb joint work from the knee to the MTP joint. A larger MTP joint plantarflexor moment due to increased vGRF at the instant of peak positive power and an earlier onset of MTP joint plantarflexion velocity were identified as the reasons for lower limb joint work redistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Cigoja
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada.
| | - Colin R Firminger
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael J Asmussen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Mount Royal University, Canada
| | - Jared R Fletcher
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Canada
| | - W Brent Edwards
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Benno M Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Canada
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27
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Development of a Bendable Outsole Biaxial Ground Reaction Force Measurement System. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19112641. [PMID: 31212655 PMCID: PMC6603735 DOI: 10.3390/s19112641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable ground reaction force (GRF) measurement systems make it possible to measure the GRF in any environment, unlike a commercial force plate. When performing kinetic analysis with the GRF, measurement of multiaxial GRF is important for evaluating forward and lateral motion during natural gait. In this paper, we propose a bendable GRF measurement system that can measure biaxial (vertical and anterior-posterior) GRF without interrupting the natural gait. Eight custom small biaxial force sensors based on an optical sensing mechanism were installed in the proposed system. The interference between two axes on the custom sensor was minimized by the independent application of a cantilever structure for the two axes, and the hysteresis and repeatability of the custom sensor were investigated. After developing the system by the installation of force sensors, we found that the degree of flexibility of the developed system was comparable to that of regular shoes by investigating the forefoot bending stiffness. Finally, we compared vertical GRF (vGRF) and anterior-posterior GRF (apGRF) measured from the developed system and force plate at the same time when the six subjects walked, ran, and jumped on the force plate to evaluate the performance of the GRF measurement system.
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28
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Flores N, Rao G, Berton E, Delattre N. The stiff plate location into the shoe influences the running biomechanics. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:815-830. [PMID: 31096861 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1607541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The changes in running biomechanics induced by an increased longitudinal bending stiffness (stiff plates added into the shoes) have been well investigated, but little is known concerning the effects of the stiff plate location into the shoe on running biomechanics. Fourteen male recreational runners ran at two participant-specific running speeds (3.28 ± 0.28 m/s and 4.01 ± 0.27 m/s) with two shoe conditions where a stiff plate was added either in high (under the insole) or low location (between the midsole and outsole). Ground reaction forces, lower limb joint angles, net joint torques and work, as well as alignment between the resultant ground reaction force and the leg were analysed. Among the running speeds performed by the runners, the high location significantly decreased propulsive ground reaction forces, increased metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion and ankle plantarflexion, induced an increased alignment between the resultant ground reaction force and the runner's leg, thus decreasing all the lower limb joint torques and the positive work at the knee joint compared to the low location. The results suggested that the high stiff plate location into the shoe should be considered for running performance perspectives, but care should be taken to not alter the perceived comfort and/or increase injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Flores
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, Villeneuve Ascq, France.,Sport Sciences Department, Aix Marseille University, The National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Rao
- Sport Sciences Department, Aix Marseille University, The National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Berton
- Sport Sciences Department, Aix Marseille University, The National Center for Scientific Research, Institute of Movement Sciences, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Delattre
- Movement Sciences Department, Decathlon SportsLab, Villeneuve Ascq, France
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Ho M, Kong PW, Chong LJY, Lam WK. Foot orthoses alter lower limb biomechanics but not jump performance in basketball players with and without flat feet. J Foot Ankle Res 2019; 12:24. [PMID: 31044012 PMCID: PMC6480506 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-019-0334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flat-footed individuals are believed to have poorer jump performance compared to normal-arched individuals. Foot orthoses are commonly used to support the deformed foot arch, and improve normal foot function. However, it is unclear if foot orthoses use affects jump performance in athletes. Our study aims to investigate if foot type and/or foot orthosis influence countermovement jump (CMJ) and standing broad jump (SBJ) performance and lower limb biomechanics. METHODS Twenty-six male basketball players were classified into normal-arched (n = 15) or flat-footed (n = 11) groups using the Chippaux-Smirak index, navicular drop test, and the resting calcaneal angle measurement. They performed jumps with and without prefabricated foot orthoses. We measured jump height and distance for CMJ and SBJ, respectively. Hip, knee and ankle joint angles, angular velocities, moments and powers during take-off were also measured. RESULTS For CMJ, the flat-footed group exhibited less ankle plantarflexion (F 1,24 = 8.407, p = 0.008, η p 2 = 0.259 large effect) and less hip joint power (F 1,24 = 7.416, p = 0.012, η p 2 = 0.244 large effect) than the normal-arched group. Foot orthoses reduced ankle eversion in both groups (F 1,24 = 6.702, p = 0.016, η p 2 = 0.218 large effect). For SBJ, the flat-footed group produced lower peak hip angular velocity (F 1,24 = 7.115, p = 0.013, η p 2 = 0.229 large effect) and generated lower horizontal GRF (F 1,24 = 5.594, p = 0.026, η p 2 = 0.189 large effect) than the normal-arched group. Wearing foot orthoses reduced ankle eversion (F 1,24 = 5.453, p = 0.028, η p 2 = 0.185 large effect), peak horizontal GRF (F 1,24 = 13.672, p = 0.001, η p 2 = 0.363 large effect) and frontal plane ankle moment (F 1,24 = 4.932, p = 0.036, η p 2 = 0.170 large effect). CONCLUSION Foot type and the use of foot orthoses influence take-off biomechanics, but not actual CMJ and SBJ performances in basketball players. Compared to the normal-arched individuals, flat-footed athletes generated smaller propulsion GRF and lower hip flexion velocity and power, which suggests possible compensatory movement strategies to maximise jump performance. Future studies may investigate whether these altered biomechanics, taking into consideration their respective magnitude and effect sizes, may have implications on lower limb injuries. The use of foot orthoses resulted in biomechanical changes in both the normal-arched and flat-footed groups but does not enhance jumping performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia Ho
- Department of Podiatry, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland Australia
| | - Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lowell Jia-Yee Chong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Beijing, China
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Segmented Forefoot Plate in Basketball Footwear: Does it Influence Performance and Foot Joint Kinematics and Kinetics? J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:31-38. [PMID: 28836881 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of shoes' segmented forefoot stiffness on athletic performance and ankle and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics in basketball movements. Seventeen university basketball players performed running vertical jumps and 5-m sprints at maximum effort with 3 basketball shoes of various forefoot plate conditions (medial plate, medial + lateral plates, and no-plate control). One-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine the differences in athletic performance, joint kinematics, and joint kinetics among the 3 footwear conditions (α = .05). Results indicated that participants wearing medial + lateral plates shoes demonstrated 2.9% higher jump height than those wearing control shoes (P = .02), but there was no significant differences between medial plate and control shoes (P > .05). Medial plate shoes produced greater maximum plantar flexion velocity than the medial + lateral plates shoes (P < .05) during sprinting. There were no significant differences in sprint time. These findings implied that inserting plates spanning both the medial and lateral aspects of the forefoot could enhance jumping, but not sprinting performances. The use of a medial plate alone, although induced greater plantar flexion velocity at the metatarsophalangeal joint during sprinting, was not effective in improving jump heights or sprint times.
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Morio C, Flores N. Effect of shoe bending stiffness on lower limb kinetics of female recreational runners. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2017; 20:139-140. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2017.1382900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Morio
- Decathlon SportsLab, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - N. Flores
- Decathlon SportsLab, Movement Sciences Department, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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Wannop JW, Killick A, Madden R, Stefanyshyn DJ. The influence of gearing footwear on running biomechanics. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2017.1342705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John William Wannop
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anthony Killick
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Ryan Madden
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Darren J Stefanyshyn
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Wannop JW, Stefanyshyn DJ. Special issue: Bending stiffness: performance and injury effects. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2016.1181947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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