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Wei L, Zhou K, Li HQ, Yang P, Liu B. Cobalt based bimetallic catalysts for heterogeneous electro-Fenton adapting to vary pH for HEDP and MIT degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38780498 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2356226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Most of the materials studied as catalysts in the electro-Fenton system are variants of iron oxide or iron hydroxide. However, iron-based catalysts often exhibit weak catalytic capabilities under neutral and alkaline conditions. In this work, we synthesized three cobalt based bimetallic oxides, Co2CuOx, Co2AlOx, and Co2NiOx, using hydrothermal method and evaluated them as catalysts for the heterogeneous electro-Fenton system to remove 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and Methylisothiazolinone [2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one] (MIT). Co2NiOx has the highest catalytic degradation activity for HEDP, and Co2CuOx has the best catalytic degradation effect for MIT. Based on characterization results of the catalysts, the reasons for the differences in the pollutant removal efficiency were analysed, and the optimal pH for the three cobalt based oxides to remove HEDP and MIT was investigated. The results showed that the optimal pH values of the three cobalt based bimetallic oxides are not only influenced by the second metal type, but also by the properties of pollutants. Therefore, suitable cobalt based catalysts can be selected based on the different properties of pollutants, or the composition of cobalt based catalysts can be adjusted to meet the different pH requirements of target wastewater. The three cobalt based bimetallic oxides exhibited good degradation of HEDP and MIT under neutral conditions, which to some extent solved the problem of narrow pH range in the practical application of the electro-Fenton process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wei
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qiang Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Baicang Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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2
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Yan X, Han R, Fan W, Shan B, Yang J, Zhao X. Mechanism of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) in controlling microbial problems in aircraft fuel systems. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19485-19494. [PMID: 37388151 PMCID: PMC10301881 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02970k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research investigated the potential use of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) as a biocide in aircraft fuel systems, which is rarely studied due to the unique properties of such systems. The study assessed the effectiveness of CMIT against three microbial isolates using minimum inhibitory concentrations and bacteriostatic tests, and showed that CMIT had good activity against them. Electrochemical studies were conducted to determine the impact of CMIT on the 7B04 aluminum alloy, which demonstrated that CMIT acted as a cathodic inhibitor and exhibited certain levels of short-term and long-term corrosion inhibition effects at concentrations of 100 mg L-1 and 60 mg L-1, respectively. Additionally, the research provided insights into the mechanisms governing microbial problems by studying the reaction of CMIT with glutathione and sulfate. Overall, the study suggested that CMIT may be a useful biocide in aircraft fuel systems and provided important information on its efficacy and mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Yan
- School of Ocean, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Ruifang Han
- School of Ocean, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Weijie Fan
- Qingdao Campus of Naval Aeronautical University Qingdao 266041 China
| | - Borong Shan
- Qingdao Campus of Naval Aeronautical University Qingdao 266041 China
| | - Jie Yang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Ocean, Yantai University Yantai 264005 China
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Analytical Method Development of Benzisothiazolinone, a Biocide, Using LC-MS/MS and a Pharmacokinetic Application in Rat Biological Matrices. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020845. [PMID: 36677902 PMCID: PMC9865692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzisothiazolinone (BIT), a biocide widely used as a preservative in household cleaning and personal care products, is cytotoxic to lung cells and a known skin allergen in humans, which highlights the importance of assessing its toxicity and pharmacokinetics. In this study, a simple, sensitive, and accurate LC−MS/MS method for the quantification of BIT in rat plasma, urine, or tissue homogenates (50 μL) using phenacetin as an internal standard was developed and validated. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate and separated using a Kinetex phenyl−hexyl column (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm) with isocratic 0.1% formic acid in methanol and distilled water over a run time of 6 min. Positive electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 152.2 > 134.1 for BIT and 180.2 > 110.1 for phenacetin was used for quantification. This assay achieved good linearity in the calibration ranges of 2−2000 ng/mL (plasma and urine) and 10−1000 ng/mL (tissue homogenates), with r ≥ 0.9929. All validation parameters met the acceptance criteria. BIT pharmacokinetics was evaluated via an intravenous and dermal application. This is the first study that evaluated BIT pharmacokinetics in rats, providing insights into the relationship between BIT exposure and toxicity and a basis for future risk assessment studies in humans.
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Electrochemical Characterization and Voltammetric Determination of Methylisothiazolinone on a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27249013. [PMID: 36558143 PMCID: PMC9782135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27249013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical properties of methylisothiazolinone (MIT), the most widely used preservative, were investigated by cyclic (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) to develop a new method for its determination. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a voltammetric procedure for the determination of MIT on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in a citrate-phosphate buffer (C-PB) environment. The anodic oxidation process of methylisothiazolinone, which is the basis of this method, proved to be diffusion-controlled and proceeded with an irreversible two-electron exchange. The radical cations, as unstable primary products, were converted in subsequent chemical reactions to sulfoxides and sulfones, and finally to more stable final products. Performed determinations were based on the DPV technique. A linear calibration curve was obtained in the concentration range from 0.7 to 18.7 mg L-1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. The proposed procedure was accurate and precise, allowing the detection of MIT at a concentration level of 0.24 mg L-1. It successfully demonstrated its suitability for the determination of methylisothiazolinone in household products without the need for any separation steps. The proposed method can serve as an alternative to the prevailing chromatographic determinations of MIT in real samples.
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Aydin D, Yuksel B. Lessening the toxic effect of the methylisothiazolinone via vermicompost tea on Pisum sativum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:50443-50453. [PMID: 35233668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocides, which are found in nature as persistent pollutants, pose a great danger to the ecosystem. Methylisothiazolinone (MIT), a widely used biocide, reaches plants by mixing with water and soil. Vermicompost tea (VCT), which strengthens the plant defence mechanism and increases its growth and development, is a liquid fertiliser consisting of the cooperation of worms with microbes. In the present study, after applying 0.4 g/L (EC50/2), 0.8 g/L (EC50), and 1.6 g/L (EC50 × 2) MIT concentrations without and with VCT on forage pea (Pisum sativum), root lengths, mitotic index data, chromosome and nuclei abnormalities, and DNA damage level were determined. When VCT applied and non-applied groups were compared, it was found that, especially in the VCT applied group, they cope with the stress conditions created by MIT. In addition, positive effects were observed in root lengths, mitotic index data, and amount of cell nuclei abnormalities. In line with other study results, VCT reduces cellular damage by regulating the normal life cycle disrupted in the cell due to mutagens using the curative-regulatory feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Aydin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Literature and Science, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Yuksel
- Medical Lab. Tech, Vocational School of Kocaeli Health Services, Kocaeli University, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Kim D, Kim EH, Bae ON. Comparative study of two isothiazolinone biocides, 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), on barrier function and mitochondrial bioenergetics using murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:932-943. [PMID: 34315345 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.1955786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinone (IT) biocides are potent antibacterial substances used as preservatives and disinfectants. These biocides exert differing biocidal effects and display environmental stability based upon chemical structure. In agreement with our recent study reporting that 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (OIT) induced dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the potential adverse health effects of two IT biocides 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT) were compared using brain endothelial cells (ECs) derived from murine brain endothelial cell line (bEND.3). BIT possesses an unchlorinated IT ring structure and used as a preservative in cleaning products. DCOIT contains a chlorinated IT ring structure and employed as an antifouling agent in paints. Data demonstrated that DCOIT altered cellular metabolism at a lower concentration than BIT. Both BIT and DCOIT increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation at the mitochondrial and cellular levels. However, the effect of DCOIT on glutathione (GSH) levels appeared to be greater than BIT. While mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was decreased in both BIT- and DCOIT-exposed cells, direct disturbance in mitochondrial bioenergetic flux was only observed in BIT-treated ECs. Taken together, IT biocides produced toxicity in brain EC and barrier dysfunction, but at different concentration ranges suggesting distinct differing mechanisms related to chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
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Simultaneous Determination of Isothiazolinones and Parabens in Cosmetic Products Using Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Diode Array Detector. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13110412. [PMID: 33266462 PMCID: PMC7700590 DOI: 10.3390/ph13110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiazolinones methylisothiazolinone (MI) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), and parabens methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP) are the most common synthetic preservatives. They are all known to be potential skin allergens that lead to contact dermatitis. Thus, the identification of these unsafe chemicals in cosmetic products is of high importance. In the present study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on HyperSep reversed-phase C8/benzene sulfonic acid ion exchanger (HyperSep C8/BSAIE) and Sep-Pak C18 sorbents, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (UHPLC/DAD) were optimized for the simultaneous determination of MI, MCI, MP, EP, PP and BP in cosmetic products. HyperSep C8/BSAIE and UHPLC/DAD with the eluting solvent mixture (acetonitrile/methanol, 2:1, v/v) and detection wavelength (255 nm) were found to be the optimal conditions, respectively. The method illustrates the excellent linearity range (0.008–20 μg/mL) with coefficient of determination (R2, 0.997–0.999), limits of detection (LOD, 0.001–0.002 μg/mL), precision in terms of relative standard deviation (RSD < 3%, intra-day and <6%, inter-day) when examining a standard mixture at low (0.07 µg/mL), medium (3 µg/mL) and high (15 µg/mL) concentrations. A total of 31 cosmetic samples were studied, achieving concentrations (MI, not detected (nd)-0.89 µg/g), (MCI, nd-0.62 µg/g), (MP, nd-6.53 µg/g), (EP, nd-0.90 µg/g), (PP, nd-9.69 µg/g) and (BP, nd-17.80 µg/g). Recovery values ranged from 92.33 to 101.43% depending on the types of sample. To our knowledge, this is the first specific method which covers the theme and describes background amounts of such preservatives in cosmetics.
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Ruiz Montoya M, Giráldez I, Morales E, Estévez Brito R, Rodríguez Mellado JM. Electrochemical oxidation of isothiazolinone biocides and their interaction with cysteine. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.135770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Isothiazolinone Biocides: Chemistry, Biological, and Toxicity Profiles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25040991. [PMID: 32102175 PMCID: PMC7070760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of isothiazole and of compounds containing the isothiazole nucleus has been growing over the last few years. Isothiazolinones are used in cosmetic and as chemical additives for occupational and industrial usage due to their bacteriostatic and fungiostatic activity. Despite their effectiveness as biocides, isothiazolinones are strong sensitizers, producing skin irritations and allergies and may pose ecotoxicological hazards. Therefore, their use is restricted by EU legislation. Considering the relevance and importance of isothiazolinone biocides, the present review describes the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding their synthesis, antibacterial components, toxicity (including structure–activity–toxicity relationships) outlines, and (photo)chemical stability. Due to the increasing prevalence and impact of isothiazolinones in consumer’s health, analytical methods for the identification and determination of this type of biocides were also discussed.
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Rusko J, Perkons I, Rasinger JD, Bartkevics V. Non-target and suspected-target screening for potentially hazardous chemicals in food contact materials: investigation of paper straws. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:649-664. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1711969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Rusko
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Josef D. Rasinger
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for Simultaneous Assay of MCI and MI in Shampoos Containing Plant Extracts. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:1851796. [PMID: 31827517 PMCID: PMC6886347 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1851796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, easy-to-implement HPLC method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of two isothiazolinone preservatives, methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI), in hair care shampoo containing plant extracts. In this method, shampoo samples were first dissolved in isopropyl myristate and then MCI and MI were extracted from isopropyl myristate layer by a mixture of methanol and 0.02 M phosphate buffer solution pH 3.0 (30: 70, v/v) and analyzed on an analytical biphenyl column maintained at 25°C with a mixture of methanol and water (10: 90, v/v) in isocratic elution mode as mobile phase. Total flow rate of mobile phase was maintained at 1.0 mL per minute. The UV detection was performed at 274 nm. Injection volume was 50 μl. The method was fully validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness according to requirements of AOAC International and was proved as reliable and suitable for the intended application.
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Zhong H, Li Z, Chen S, Zeng Y, Zheng J, Zeng Y, Li D. Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Six Isothiazolinones in Water-Based Adhesive Used for Food Contact Materials by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213894. [PMID: 31671835 PMCID: PMC6865086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a target analytical approach using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) was developed to simultaneously determine six isothiazolinones containing 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MI), 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI), 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT), 2-Octyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone (OIT), Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT), and 2-methyl-1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (MBIT) in water-based adhesive used for food contact materials. The main factors affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction method, extraction time, extraction solvent, and solid–liquid ratio have been evaluated by using real adhesive samples. Multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of targeted isothiazolinones. This method was demonstrated as an effective and reliable technique for detecting multiple isothiazolinones with satisfactory recoveries (81.5~107.3%), and the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were obtained at a low level. This method was validated and applied to the determination of six isothiazolinones in commercial water-based adhesives. The present results revealed that these adhesives contained a combination of isothiazolinones (BIT, MI, CMI, and MBIT) with the concentration ranging from 2.27 to 123.5 mg/kg. To our knowledge, it is the first time it has been reported that MBIT was detected in water-based adhesives used for food contact materials, which requires a further investigation for its migration to food and the risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaining Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Zicheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Ying Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Jianguo Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - You Zeng
- Guangzhou Institute for Food Inspection, Guangzhou 511400, China.
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of import and export technical measures of animal, plant and food, Guangzhou 510623, China.
- Guangzhou Customs District Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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Viani F, Rossi B, Panzeri W, Merlini L, Martorana AM, Polissi A, Galante YM. Synthesis and anti-bacterial activity of a library of 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT) derivatives amenable of crosslinking to polysaccharides. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang C, Xie T, Xu R, Lin J, Li L. Simultaneous Determination of Ultraviolet Absorbers and Antibacterial Agents in Textiles by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Orbitrap High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/wjet.2017.51b001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Garcia-Hidalgo E, Sottas V, von Goetz N, Hauri U, Bogdal C, Hungerbühler K. Occurrence and concentrations of isothiazolinones in detergents and cosmetics in Switzerland. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 76:96-106. [PMID: 27862003 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, the frequency of contact allergy to isothiazolinones has increased alarmingly in Europe, but only limited data are available on concentrations of isothiazolinones in consumer products. OBJECTIVES To examine the current frequency of isothiazolinones [methylisothiazolinone (MI), methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), benzisothiazolinone (BIT), and octylisothiazolinone (OIT)] in a wide array of detergents and cosmetics relevant for the Swiss population. METHODS By means of a market survey, the occurrence of isothiazolinones was investigated in 1948 consumer products. Of these, 88 products were analysed by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry after ultrasonic extraction. RESULTS Only 7.6% of all cosmetics contained isothiazolinones, but the prevalence in detergents was much higher (42.9%). The measured concentration ranges in detergents were 4.3–10, 3.5–279, 3.8–186 and 7.9 ppm (one product only) for MCI, MI, BIT, and OIT, respectively [corrected]. For cosmetics, these were 1.3-133 and 4.8 ppm (one product only) for MI and MCI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study has shown that high concentrations of isothiazolinones (including MI) can be found in a large variety of products, in particular in detergents. Therefore, the safe use of these preservatives should be re-evaluated by including detergents in the exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Garcia-Hidalgo
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Sottas
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natalie von Goetz
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Hauri
- State Laboratory Basel-City, 4012, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Wittenberg JB, Canas BJ, Zhou W, Wang PG, Rua D, Krynitsky AJ. Determination of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone in cosmetic products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2983-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Wittenberg
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Benjamin J. Canas
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Perry G. Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Diego Rua
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Alexander J. Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
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17
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Hu K, Li HR, Ou RJ, Li CZ, Yang XL. Tissue accumulation and toxicity of isothiazolinone in Ctenopharyngodon idellus (grass carp): association with P-glycoprotein expression and location within tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:529-535. [PMID: 24561531 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Isothiazolinone is widely used as a broad-spectrum fungicide in various industries, such as oil, paper, pesticide, dyes, tanning and cosmetics. There is an increasing concern over protection of the aquatic environment due to its large-scale use. The acute toxicity (LC50) of isothiazolinone in Ctenopharyngodon idellus was investigated. The residual time and accumulation in tissues, P-glycoprotein mRNA level and localization of P-glycoprotein in the liver and kidney were also analyzed. The LC50 (48 h) values of isothiazolinone to C. idellus were 0.53±0.17 mg/L and 0.41±0.08 mg/L at 15 °C and 25 °C, respectively. The LC50 values decreased as the temperature increased. The accumulation of isothiazolinone in livers and kidneys in the high temperature group (25 °C) was significantly greater than that of the low temperature group (15 °C). Prolonged tissue residual time of isothiazolinone was seen in all the groups. There were significant differences in P-glycoprotein mRNA expression between isothiazolinone-treated groups and control samples (P<0.05-0.01). Temperature affected accumulation and toxicity of isothiazolinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Hao-Ran Li
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Ren-Jian Ou
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chun-Zeng Li
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xian-Le Yang
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
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18
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Determination of isothiazolinone preservatives in cosmetics and household products by matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Lin QB, Wang TJ, Song H, Wang RZ. Kinetic migration of isothiazolinone biocides from paper packaging to Tenax and Porapak. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1294-301. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.584071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Q.-B. Lin
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - T.-J. Wang
- a Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , China
| | - H. Song
- b Shanxi Border Inspection and Quarantine Bureau , Taiyuan 030024 , China
| | - R.-Z. Wang
- c Shanxi Analysis Centre , Taiyuan 030006 , China
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