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Elizalde MP, Aparicio JL, Bañales E. Migration of biocides from paperboard into food simulants and vegetables. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:454-463. [PMID: 36696532 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2169361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The migration of the biocides: 2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (MIT), 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (BIT) and 2-phenoxyethanol (PHE) from spiked paperboard into the simulants Tenax®, water and acetic acid (3%) has been studied and compared with that into the vegetables: red cabbage, lettuce and cauliflower. The migration of the biocides into the vegetables is significant and it shows the trend BIT > PHE > MIT, at both 4 °C and room temperature (RT), whatever tested foodstuff and with the highest value corresponding to BIT into cauliflower at RT (71%). Differences up to one order of magnitude between the biocides migration into Tenax® (<4.3%) and that into the vegetables indicate that Tenax® is not a suitable food simulant to mimic the selected vegetables in terms of the migration of the studied biocides. Water has been shown to be the most appropriate food simulant in the cases under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Elizalde
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Elisabete Bañales
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
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Guan MY, Zhong HN, Wang ZW, Yu WW, Hu CY. Chemical contaminants from food contact materials and articles made from or containing wood and bamboo - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:434-453. [PMID: 36693199 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2167003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to recently introduced 'so-called' bio- and plant-based friendly food contact materials and articles (FCM/FCA), some neglected safety issues need to be raised. In this review, potential chemical contaminants from FCM/FCA made from or containing wood and bamboo are presented. Sources, migration, and analytical issues in determining contaminants including intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS, respectively) are reviewed. Most of the contaminants are components from melamine-formaldehyde-resin (MFR), paints and coatings, preservatives, and bleaching agents. Tableware made of MFR containing bamboo fibres as a filler are not always suitable for use as tableware since harmful amounts of melamine and formaldehyde can migrate from the tableware into food and even accelerate the degradation of certain polymers with which they are mixed. In addition, in the EU bamboo in plastic FCM is not authorized under Regulation (EU) 10/2011. Paints and coatings used to provide surface coverage for bamboo and wooden articles also pose a risk of migration of heavy metals. Limits on preservatives in wood FCM are covered by legislation in many countries, nevertheless their contamination should not be ignored. Some wood species are considered 'toxic' or contain 'toxic' constituents that should not be used in contact with food, which are worth considering for legislation. IAS analyses in bamboo and wooden FCM is generally not a problem, but has proven to be more challenging for NIAS. Due to a complex mixture of substances contained in plant-based materials, there is a need to improve databases for non-target screening of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ying Guan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packing Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Interpretation of the migration of benzophenone type photoinitiators into different food simulants and foodstuffs in terms of the physicochemical properties of the migrants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Migration of photoinitiators from cardboard into dry food: evaluation of Tenax® as a food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:913-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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Han B, Ding L, Su R, Chen L, Wang L, Qi W, He Z. Migration of photoinitiators from paper to fatty food simulants: experimental studies and model application. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:876-84. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Ding
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Rongxin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Libing Wang
- Research Center of Hunan Entry–Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhimin He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Van Den Houwe K, van de Velde S, Evrard C, Van Hoeck E, Van Loco J, Bolle F. Evaluation of the migration of 15 photo-initiators from cardboard packaging into Tenax®using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:767-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.886340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rosero-Moreano M, Canellas E, Nerín C. Three-phase hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with HPLC-UV for the determination of isothiazolinone biocides in adhesives used for food packaging materials. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:272-80. [PMID: 24302646 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study deals with the development of a liquid microextraction procedure for enhancing the sensitivity of the determination of 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in adhesives. The procedure involves a three-phase hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction using a semipermeable polypropylene membrane, which contained 1-octanol as the organic phase in the pores of the membrane. The donor and acceptor phases are aqueous acidic and alkaline media, respectively, and the final liquid phase (acceptor) is analyzed by HPLC coupled with diode array detection. The most appropriate conditions were extraction time 20 min, stirring speed 1400 rpm, extraction temperature 50°C. The quantification limits of the method were 0.123 and 0.490 μg/g for 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, respectively. Three different adhesive samples were successfully analyzed. The procedure was compared to direct analysis using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with TOF-MS, where the identification of the compounds and the quantification values were confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Rosero-Moreano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Campus Rio Ebro, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Departamento de Química, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
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Zurfluh M, Biedermann M, Grob K. Simulation of the migration of mineral oil from recycled paperboard into dry foods by Tenax®? Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:909-18. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.790089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lorenzini R, Biedermann M, Grob K, Garbini D, Barbanera M, Braschi I. Migration kinetics of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled paperboard to dry food: monitoring of two real cases. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:760-70. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.766765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Reinas I, Oliveira J, Pereira J, Machado F, Poças M. Migration of two antioxidants from packaging into a solid food and into Tenax®. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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