1
|
Swinkels AF, Fischer EAJ, Korving L, Kusters NE, Wagenaar JA, Zomer AL. Selection for amoxicillin-, doxycycline-, and enrofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli at concentrations lower than the ECOFF in broiler-derived cecal fermentations. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0097024. [PMID: 39269186 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00970-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging worldwide problem and a health threat for humans and animals. Antimicrobial usage in human and animal medicine or in agriculture results in selection for AMR. The selective concentration of antimicrobial compounds can be lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration and differs between environments, which can be a reason for bacterial resistance. Therefore, knowledge of the minimal selective concentration (MSC), under natural conditions, is essential to understand the selective window of bacteria when exposed to residual antimicrobials. In this study, we estimated the MSCs of three antimicrobials, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in a complex microbial community by conducting fermentation assays with cecal material derived from broilers. We examined the phenotypic resistance of Escherichia coli, resistome, and microbiome after 6 and 30 hours of fermenting in the presence of the antimicrobials of interest. The concentrations were estimated to be 10-100 times lower than the epidemiological cut-off values in E. coli for the respective antimicrobials as determined by EUCAST, resulting in an MSC between 0.08 and 0.8 mg/L for amoxicillin, 0.4 and 4 mg/L for doxycycline, and 0.0125 and 0.125 mg/L for enrofloxacin. Additionally, resistome analysis provided an MSC for doxycycline between 0.4 and 4 mg/L, but amoxicillin and enrofloxacin exposure did not induce a significant difference. Our findings indicate at which concentrations there is still selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This knowledge can be used to manage the risk of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance possibly affects human and animal health, as well as economic prosperity in the future. The rise of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is a consequence of using antimicrobial compounds in humans and animals selecting for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Concentrations reached during treatment are known to be selective for resistant bacteria. However, at which concentrations residues are still selective is important, especially for antimicrobial compounds that remain in the environment at low concentrations. The data in this paper might inform decisions regarding guidelines and regulations for the use of specific antimicrobials. In this study, we are providing these minimal selective concentrations for amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aram F Swinkels
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Korving
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nina E Kusters
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Wagenaar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert L Zomer
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Campylobacter and Antimicrobial Resistance from a One Health Perspective/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Campylobacteriosis, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Makarov DA, Tretyakov AV, Sarkhanova AA, Sysueva SV, Ispiryan AZ, Belov SV, Kish LK. Stability of thirteen antimicrobials in incurred samples of animal tissues, milk, eggs, and honey after freeze-storage. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:610-616. [PMID: 38662871 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2345715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring of antimicrobials residues in food of animal origin is performed by control laboratories to ensure public health, and knowledge of the stability of antimicrobials during storage is essential for the reliability of results. For stability studies, analysis of incurred samples is preferential to fortified samples due to the possible conversion of antimicrobial metabolites back to parent compounds during sample preparation, storage, and analysis of the incurred samples, resulting in an increased concentration of the analyte. We have analyzed the concentrations of 13 antimicrobials from 8 groups (tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, phenicols, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, penicillins, macrolides, and nitroimidazoles) at different time points of freeze-storage (1 week; 1, 2, and 3 months) using HPLC-MS/MS. Incurred samples were prepared from muscle tissue, liver, kidneys, eggs, and milk taken from different animals (cows, pigs, poultry, goats, and fish). Incurred and fortified samples of honey were investigated as well. The results have shown that all analytes in all samples were stable during the investigated periods regardless of animal species, matrix, and concentration levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Makarov
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Tretyakov
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Sarkhanova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Sysueva
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arusyak Z Ispiryan
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey V Belov
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid K Kish
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lehotay SJ, Le Floch M, Lightfield AR, Couëdor P, Hurtaud-Pessel D, Michlig N, Verdon E. Stability study of selected veterinary drug residues spiked into extracts from different food commodities. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1198-1217. [PMID: 37582153 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2240444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Analyte stability is more commonly a confounding factor in analytical chemistry than many analysts recognize. In this study, we assessed the stability of 31 common veterinary drugs in water and final extracts of bovine (milk and kidney/liver) and chicken (muscle and egg) matrices. Two different sample preparation methods were evaluated for one-month storage of the final extracts at typical room, refrigerator, and freezer temperatures. Liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) by triple quadrupole and high-resolution techniques was used for analysis of the extracts spiked at different relevant concentrations for general regulatory purposes (10-1000 ng/g sample equivalent). Comparison of results between two labs demonstrated that stable drugs (≤20% loss) at all tested conditions consisted of danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, flubendazole, hydroxy-flubendazole, flumequine, flunixin, 5-hydroxy-flunixin, lincomycin, and meloxicam. The tested drugs found to be the most unstable (>20% loss at room temperature within a matter of days) consisted of the β-lactams (ampicillin, cefalexin, cloxacillin, and penicillin G). Curiously, the following antibiotics (mostly macrolides) were apparently more stable in sample extracts than water: emamectin, erythromycin, ivermectin, lasalocid, monensin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and tylosin. Those and the other drug analytes (ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, florfenicol amine, 2-amino-flubendazole, oxytetracycline, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamethazine, and trimethoprim) were mostly stable for a month in refrigerated extracts, especially at higher concentrations, but not in all cases. In practice, freezer storage of extract solutions was found to be acceptable for at least a month, with a few exceptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Maïwenn Le Floch
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Alan R Lightfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Pierrick Couëdor
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Dominique Hurtaud-Pessel
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| | - Nicolás Michlig
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA, USA
| | - Eric Verdon
- ANSES Fougeres Laboratory, French National Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health & Safety, French and European Union Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Medicinal Product Residues and Pharmacologically Active Dye Residues in Food, Fougères, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chakma D, Prince MMB, Islam MH, Tanvir EM, Nabi MM, Reybroeck W, Sasanya JJ, Islam MJ, Islam MN, Talukder MSU, Shaha CK, Mannan MA, Saifullah ASM. Screening for antimicrobial residues in poultry eggs in Bangladesh using Charm II radio-receptor assay technique following validation. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:288-300. [PMID: 37381071 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2023.2225157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to screen for the presence of antimicrobial residues in poultry eggs from Bangladesh using the Charm II radio-receptor assay in the absence of expensive confirmatory instrumentation. This was based on cut-off values as set in the validation guidelines according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. Fortified eggs spiked with fixed concentrations of doxycycline, erythromycin A, sulphamethazine, and benzylpenicillin were used to determine the cut-off values and detection capabilities (CCβ). Other validation parameters included were applicability, ruggedness, and robustness. A total of 201 egg mix samples from native organic chicken, duck, and commercial farm-raised laying hens (both brown and white eggs) were tested and after analysis 13%, 10%, and 4.5% of the egg mix samples showed positive signals for sulphonamides, macrolides/lincosamides, and tetracyclines, respectively. Presence of multiple drug residues were also suspected in 11 out of 201 egg mix samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darmin Chakma
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Maruf Billah Prince
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Hedayetul Islam
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - E M Tanvir
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahamodun Nabi
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wim Reybroeck
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit (T&V), Melle, Belgium
| | - James Jacob Sasanya
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna International Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Jahurul Islam
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahabe Uddin Talukder
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chironjit Kumar Shaha
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Mannan
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Saifullah
- Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis Division, Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koike H, Hayashi M, Kazama K, Yoshikawa S, Hayashi H, Ohba Y, Matsushima Y, Nagano C, Kanda M, Otsuka K, Sasamoto T. Validation and application of an immunochromatographic test to detect four macrolides and two lincosamides in raw cow milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:528-541. [PMID: 36848530 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2177504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an immunochromatographic test (using the Charm QUAD2® Test) was used to screen for residual macrolides and lincosamides in raw cow's milk. The validation parameters (selectivity/specificity, detection capability (CCβ), and ruggedness) were in agreement with the requirements of[EC] 2021. The selectivity of the immunochromatographic test was verified by the negative results of microbiological tests. The false-positive rate was 0%. The CCβ values of the immunochromatographic test for various antibiotics in milk were as follows: erythromycin 0.02 mg/kg, spiramycin 0.1 mg/kg, tilmicosin 0.025 mg/kg, tylosin 0.05 mg/kg, lincomycin 0.15 mg/kg, and pirlimycin 0.15 mg/kg. The determined CCβ values were lower than the respective maximum residue limits (MRLs; regulatory limits in Japan) for milk, except for lincomycin (equal to the MRL). The presence of antibiotic groups other than macrolides and lincosamides did not interfere with the specificity of the test. It showed no significant difference in lot-to-lot repeatability. The results obtained by the two researchers showed no significant differences. Finally, the test was applied to milk samples obtained from a tylosin-treated cow. The outcome was positive and in agreement with the results of the chemical analytical and microbiological methods. Therefore, this validated immunochromatographic test is expected to be suitable for routine analysis to ensure milk safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kazama
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Yumi Ohba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chieko Nagano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kanda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Otsuka
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Söylemez E, Göktaş EF. Comprehensive stability study of benzimidazole drug residues in standard solution, muscle and milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:542-551. [PMID: 36800437 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2180300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The performance criteria of analytical methods and the necessity for stability analysis to provide the accuracy of the results of the analyzed samples are explained in European Commission Decision 2021/808/EC and the guidance document SANTE/2021/11312. Detection of time-dependent changes in drug concentrations during storage or transport and re-analysis of samples are crucial to obtain high-quality results and reliable data. In this way, it allows toxicologists to interpret the analytical results accurately in drug analyses. The aim of this study was comprehensively to investigate the stability of benzimidazoles (levamisole hydrochloride, albendazole, albendazole-sulfone, albendazole-2-amino sulfone, albendazole sulfoxide, oxfendazole, 5-hydroxythiabendazole, triclabendazole, ketotriclabendazole, thiabendazole, flubendazole, fenbendazole sulfone) in working solutions, muscle and milk samples. For this purpose, long-term stability was evaluated over 6 months and under four different storage conditions (4 °C, -20 °C, 20 °C light and 20 °C dark) in the matrix. The influences of three freeze-thaw cycles, autosampler stability, and 60 min storage at 40 °C were investigated for short-term stability. Simultaneously, the stability of the working solutions were established over 6 months and under five different conditions (4 °C, -20 °C, -80 °C, 20 °C light, and 20 °C dark). It was found that working solutions can be stored at -80 °C or -20 °C, and it is appropriate to prepare the standard working solution freshly once a month. Storage of milk at 4 °C is suitable for some analytes (ABZ-SO, FBZ-SO2, FLUBZ, ABZ, ABZ-NH2-SO2) whereas for the muscle almost all substances were stable only at -20 °C. Some freeze-thaw and short-term stability changes were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esma Söylemez
- Veterinary Drug Residue Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eylem Funda Göktaş
- Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Pendik Veterinary Control Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rouillon C, Camugli S, Carion O, Echegaray A, Delhomme G, Schmitt E. Antimicrobials in a rabbit semen extender: effects on reproduction. WORLD RABBIT SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2022.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics was legally restricted by the European Commission in March 2019. Since the extender for rabbit semen Galap® contained this antibiotic, it became necessary to modify it. The purpose of this study was to search for another molecule, based on its antimicrobial activity and also on the conservation, motility and fertility of semen diluted with the new extender. Several bacterial strains were isolated from 10 poor-quality ejaculates, including Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus spp. They were then tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Out of 15 antibiotics evaluated, gentamicin was the one targeting such bacteria. In vivo tests were then carried out to assess the effects of this antibiotic change on sperm parameters. Up to 26 pools of good quality semen (total motility >70%) were diluted in original Galap® or in this extender with gentamicin. Ejaculates were analysed on the day (D) of collection and up to 6 d of storage at +17°C. After 24 h storage, the motility in the new extender was reduced by 7.7% compared to the original; this decrease did not worsen by storing. After 6 d of storage, no difference between the two media was detected. A total of 360 females were then inseminated with pools of 4 to 5 good quality semen diluted 1:10 in both extenders, following the routine protocol of rabbit semen processing centres. There was no difference in female fertility or prolificacy between both formulations. In conclusion, these preliminary results suggest that the addition of gentamicin to this extender is useful andalso has no adverse effect on fertility or prolificacy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Salis S, Rubattu N, Rubattu F, Cossu M, Sanna A, Chessa G. Analytical Approaches in Official Food Safety Control: An LC-Orbitrap-HRMS Screening Method for the Multiresidue Determination of Antibiotics in Cow, Sheep, and Goat Milk. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196162. [PMID: 36234695 PMCID: PMC9572936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of unauthorized substances, such as residues of veterinary medicines or chemical contaminants, in food can represent a possible health concern. For this reason, a complete legislative framework has been established in the European Union (EU), which defines the maximum limits allowed in food and carries out surveillance programs to control the presence of these substances. Official food control laboratories, in order to ensure a high level of consumer protection, must respond to the challenge of improving and harmonizing the performance of the analytical methods used for the analysis of residues of authorized, unauthorized, or prohibited pharmacologically active substances. Laboratories must also consider the state of the art of the analytical methodologies and the performance requirements of current legislation. The aim of this work was to develop a multiresidue method for the determination of antibiotics in milk, compliant with the criteria and procedures established by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808. The method uses an LC-Orbitrap-HRMS for the determination of 57 molecules of antibiotic and active antibacterial substances belonging to different chemical classes (beta-lactams, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, quinolones, pleuromutilins, macrolides, and lincosamides) in bovine, ovine, and goat milk samples. It provides a simple and quick sample pretreatment and a subsequent identification phase of analytes, at concentrations equal to or lower than the maximum residual limit (MRL), in compliance with Commission Regulation (EU) 2010/37. The validation parameters: selectivity, stability, applicability, and detection capability (ccβ), are in agreement with the requirements of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021/808 and demonstrated the effectiveness of the method in detecting veterinary drug residues at the target screening concentration (at the MRL level or below), with a false positive rate of less than 5%. This method represents an effective solution for detecting antibiotics in milk, which can be successfully applied in routine analyses for official food control plans.
Collapse
|
9
|
A Universal LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Detection of Antibiotic Residues in Animal and Environmental Samples. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070845. [PMID: 35884099 PMCID: PMC9311993 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting and monitoring the usage of antibiotics is a critical aspect of efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotic residue testing with existing LC-MS/MS methods is limited in detection range. Current methods also lack the capacity to detect multiple antibiotic residues in different samples simultaneously. In this study, we demonstrate a methodology that permits simultaneous extraction and detection of antibiotic residues in animal and environmental samples. A total of 30 different antibiotics from 13 classes could be qualitatively detected with our methodology. Further study to reduce analytes’ matrix effect would allow for quantification of antibiotic residues.
Collapse
|
10
|
Serrano MJ, García-Gonzalo D, Abilleira E, Elorduy J, Mitjana O, Falceto MV, Laborda A, Bonastre C, Mata L, Condón S, Pagán R. Antibacterial Residue Excretion via Urine as an Indicator for Therapeutical Treatment Choice and Farm Waste Treatment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070762. [PMID: 34201627 PMCID: PMC8300810 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the infectious diseases that affect livestock have bacteria as etiological agents. Thus, therapy is based on antimicrobials that leave the animal's tissues mainly via urine, reaching the environment through slurry and waste water. Once there, antimicrobial residues may lead to antibacterial resistance as well as toxicity for plants, animals, or humans. Hence, the objective was to describe the rate of antimicrobial excretion in urine in order to select the most appropriate molecule while reducing harmful effects. Thus, 62 pigs were treated with sulfamethoxypyridazine, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin. Urine was collected through the withdrawal period and analysed via LC-MS/MS. Oxytetracycline had the slowest rate of degradation (a half-life time of 4.18 days) and the most extended elimination period in urine (over 2 months), followed by enrofloxacin (a half-life time of 1.48 days, total urine elimination in ca. 3 weeks) and sulfamethoxypyridazine (a half-life time of 0.49 days, total urine elimination in ca. 1 week). Bacterial sensitivity and recommendations for responsible use are limiting when selecting the treatment. Nevertheless, with similar effectiveness, sulfamethoxypyridazine would be the choice, as waste treatment would only need to be implemented for 1 week after treatment. Thus, more in-depth knowledge regarding antibacterial elimination would improve resource management, while protecting animals and consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Serrano
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Diego García-Gonzalo
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Eunate Abilleira
- Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain; (E.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Janire Elorduy
- Public Health Laboratory, Office of Public Health and Addictions, Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, 48160 Derio, Spain; (E.A.); (J.E.)
| | - Olga Mitjana
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - María Victoria Falceto
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Alicia Laborda
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Cristina Bonastre
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Luis Mata
- Department of R&D, ZEULAB S.L., 50197 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Santiago Condón
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Rafael Pagán
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.J.S.); (D.G.-G.); (O.M.); (M.V.F.); (A.L.); (C.B.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-7676-2675
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nkwonta CG, O’Neill M, Rahman N, Moloney M, Forrestal PJ, Hogan SA, Richards KG, Cummins E, Danaher M. Development of One-Step Non-Solvent Extraction and Sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS Method for Assessment of N-(n-Butyl) Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) and N-(n-Butyl) Phosphoric Triamide (NBPTo) in Milk. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26102890. [PMID: 34068145 PMCID: PMC8153019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is a urease inhibitor utilised in urea-based fertilizers. In Ireland, fertilizer treated with NBPT is applied to pasture to mitigate both ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, but concerns arise as to the potential for residues in milk products. A quick ultrafiltration extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry triple quadrupole (UHPLC-MS/MS) quantitation method was developed and validated in this study. The method was applied in the analysis of samples collected from a field study investigating potential transfer of NBPT residues into milk. NBPT and NBPTo residues, were extracted from fortified milk samples and analysed on a UHPLC-MS/MS with recoveries ranging from 74 to 114%. Validation of the UHPLC-MS/MS method at low (0.0020 mg kg−1) and high (0.0250 mg kg−1) concentration levels in line with SANTE/12682/2019 showed overall trueness in the range of 99 to 104% and precision between 1 and 10%, RSD for both compounds. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 0.0020 mg kg−1 and other tested parameters (linearity, sensitivity, specificity, matrix effect, robustness, etc.) satisfied acceptance criteria. Stability assessment using spiked samples revealed the compounds were stable in raw and pasteurised milk for 4 weeks at –80 °C storage temperature. Maintaining samples at pH 8.5–9.0 further improved stability. Analysis of 516 milk samples from the field study found that NBPT and NBPTo concentrations were below the LOQ of 0.0020 mg kg−1, thus suggesting very low risk of residues occurring in the milk. The method developed is quick, robust, and sensitive. The method is deemed fit-for-purpose for the simultaneous determination of NBPT and NBPTo in milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chikere G. Nkwonta
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-1-8059974
| | - Macdara O’Neill
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Niharika Rahman
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Patrick J. Forrestal
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Sean A. Hogan
- Food Chemistry and Technology Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Karl G. Richards
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Co., Y35 Y521 Wexford, Ireland; (M.O.); (N.R.); (P.J.F.); (K.G.R.)
| | - Enda Cummins
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Belfield, Ireland;
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15KN3K Dublin, Ireland; (M.M.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elliott CN, Becerra MC, Bennett JC, Graham L, Silvero C MJ, Hallett-Tapley GL. Facile synthesis of antibiotic-functionalized gold nanoparticles for colorimetric bacterial detection. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14161-14168. [PMID: 35423905 PMCID: PMC8697705 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of quick and efficient methods for the detection of pathogenic bacteria is urgently needed for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and the control of microbiological contamination in global waterways, potable water sources and the food industry. This contribution will describe the synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their conjugation to broad spectrum, polypeptide and β-lactam antibiotics that function as both reducing agents and surface protectants (ATB@AuNP). Nanoparticle colloids examined using transmission electron microscopy are generally spherical in shape and range from 2-50 nm in size. Dynamic light scattering and infrared spectroscopy were also used to confirm encapsulation of the AuNP surface by antibiotic molecules. ATB@AuNP were then used to detect 3 common pathogenic bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The colour of the AuNP colloid was monitored visually and using UV-visible spectroscopy. A red shift of the UV visible absorbance and a visible colour change following introduction of each pathogen is indicative of ATB binding to the bacteria surface, ascribed to AuNP agglomeration. This work demonstrates that ATB@AuNP may be an efficient and high throughput tool for the rapid detection of common bacterial contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
| | - María Cecilia Becerra
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba X5000 Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, CONICET Argentina
| | - J Craig Bennett
- Department of Physics, Acadia University P.O. Box 49, Wolfville Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Lori Graham
- Department of Biology, St. Francis Xavier University P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
| | - M Jazmin Silvero C
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba X5000 Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, IMBIV, CONICET Argentina
| | - Geniece L Hallett-Tapley
- Department of Chemistry, St. Francis Xavier University P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish Nova Scotia Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Di Rocco M, Moloney M, Haren D, Gutierrez M, Earley S, Berendsen B, Furey A, Danaher M. Improving the chromatographic selectivity of β-lactam residue analysis in milk using phenyl-column chemistry prior to detection by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4461-4475. [PMID: 32447520 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Analyte isobaric interferences can limit the development of a comprehensive analytical method for the quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry profiling of an important cohort of veterinary drugs. In this work, a selective chromatographic separation was developed for the analysis of 32 β-lactam antibiotic residues (12 penicillins, 14 cephalosporins, five carbapenems and faropenem) in milk samples. A range of analytical columns with different stationary phases and mobile phases were evaluated for retention and separation of the β-lactam compounds. Results showed that, among the columns tested, only phenyl-hexyl could adequately separate ampicillin from cephalexin and amoxicillin from cefadroxil, which had shown isobaric interferences on a number of stationary phases. Chromatography was performed using a water/acetonitrile binary gradient with formic acid and ammonium acetate. The β-lactam residues were extracted from the milk samples using a water:acetonitrile solution and purified by C18 dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, followed by concentration under nitrogen and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) determination. Analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionisation mode (ESI(+)). Possible interfering matrix effects were overcome by using 13 internal standards. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC guidelines, showing satisfactory performance characteristics. Under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions, trueness and precision ranged from 91 to 130% and from 1.4 to 38.6%, respectively. Decision limits (CCα) were in the range 2.1-133 μg kg-1. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged between 0.0090 and 1.5 μg kg-1 and from 0.030 to 5.0 μg kg-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Di Rocco
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
| | - Mary Moloney
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Deirdre Haren
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Seán Earley
- Veterinary Public Health Regulatory Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH, Ireland
| | - Bjorn Berendsen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Department of Veterinary Drug Residues, Wageningen University & Research, 6708, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Physical Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ventura E, Gadaj A, Buckley T, Mooney MH. Investigation of stability of selective androgen receptor modulators in urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1253-1263. [PMID: 32401172 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1757165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are a class of new emerging "designer" steroid compounds gaining popularity over more well established anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) amongst both non-professional and elite athletes. Moreover, due to their anabolic activity, SARM compounds may also potentially be abused in livestock animals to increase meat production. Consequently, SARM residues should be monitored as a part of routine testing employed within both anti-doping and drug residue laboratories. Since only a limited amount of information on SARM compound stability is currently available within the peer-reviewed literature, this study reports a practical approach to assess optimal storage conditions for 15 SARM compounds in solvent solutions (standard stock and intermediate mixed standard solutions) stored at -20°C for up to 1 year, as well as in a range of urine test matrices (bovine, equine, canine and human) under frozen (-20°C, -80°C) storage for up to 20 weeks and post freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM storage stability within solvent extracts was assessed at -20°C (0-4 weeks) and 4°C (0-2 weeks). Findings demonstrate that SARM analytes are stable in reference solutions when stored at -20°C, apart from PF-06260414 (stock solution) which should be stored at lower temperatures (e.g. -80°C). A limited degree of compound instability was observed for a number of SARM analytes in urine both when stored at -20°C, and after repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Moreover, SARM compounds within reconstituted urine solvent extracts were found to be effectively stable when stored for up to 4 weeks at -20°C and for 2 weeks at 4°C. The long-term stability testing data reported here will inform the more timely and effective development and validation of analytical methods for SARM residue detection and analysis, ensuring confidence in findings from monitoring of livestock animals and anti-doping processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Ventura
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Anna Gadaj
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Tom Buckley
- Irish Diagnostic Laboratory Services Ltd , Johnstown, Co. Kildare, W91 RH93, Ireland
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, BT9 5DL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giusepponi D, Paoletti F, Barola C, Moretti S, Saluti G, Ianni F, Sardella R, Galarini R. Transfer of a Multiclass Method for over 60 Antibiotics in Food from High Resolution to Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24162935. [PMID: 31412663 PMCID: PMC6720601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A multiclass method has been developed to screen and confirm a wide range of anti-microbial residues in muscle and milk, and validated using liquid-chromatography coupled to (low-resolution, LR) tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ). Over sixty antibiotics, belonging to ten distinct families, were included in the method scope. The development process was rapidly concluded as a result of two previously implemented methods. This consisted of identical sample treatments, followed by liquid chromatography, and coupled with high-resolution (HR) mass spectrometry (LC-Q-Orbitrap). The validation study was performed in the range between 10-1500 μg·kg-1 for muscles and 2-333 μg·kg-1 for milk. The main performance characteristics were estimated and, then, compared to those previously obtained with HR technique. The validity of the method transfer was ascertained also through inter-laboratory studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Giusepponi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carolina Barola
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simone Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Saluti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Khedr T, Ryad L, Youssef AO. Testing the validity of reference standard materials and stock solutions of veterinary drugs using LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:405-412. [PMID: 30806165 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1568585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a practical approach for the stability testing of 37 veterinary drugs in stock standard solutions stored at -20°C for 1-3 years and the study of expiry date extension of 7 expired reference standard materials stored at 4°C. Stored stock solutions were compared versus freshly prepared stock solutions and concentrations determined using LC-MS/MS. The validity of expired reference materials was tested by new valid reference materials. LC-MS/MS method and parameters were optimised to get the maximum signal stability of the analytes. Statistical analysis was developed and performed to evaluate the stability results according to the acceptability criteria of 10% set by the European Commission guidance document SANTE/11813/2017. The stability of most of the stock solutions of the following veterinary drug families: β-agonists, illegal dyes, inhibitors, macrolides, penicillins, quinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines ranged from 12 to 36 months. β-Agonist compounds have the maximum stability period of 36 months while penicillin's stock solution in methanol showed the least stability. The results of testing the expiry date extension of reference standard materials demonstrated that there was no any deterioration of all tested compounds after manufacturer expiry date by 4-7 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tawfeek Khedr
- a Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP Egypt) , Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation , Giza , Egypt
| | - Lamia Ryad
- a Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP Egypt) , Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation , Giza , Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Ain-Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cai S, Qiao X, Feng L, Shi N, Wang H, Yang H, Guo Z, Wang M, Chen Y, Wang Y, Yu H. Python Cathelicidin CATHPb1 Protects against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcal Infections by Antimicrobial-Immunomodulatory Duality. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2075-2086. [PMID: 29466000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA (methicillin-resistant) and VRSA (vancomycin-resistant), causes serious healthcare-associated infections, even sepsis and death. Here, we identified six novel cathelicidins (CATHPb1-6) from Python bivittatu, and CATHPb1 displayed the best in vitro pharmacological and toxicological profile. We further show that CATHPb1 exhibited evident protection in mice MRSA/VRSA infection models, given either 24 h before or 4 h after infection. The protection was all effective through different administration routes, but was blocked by in vivo depletion of monocyte/macrophages or neutrophils. CATHPb1 can rapidly and massively modulate macrophages/monocytes and neutrophils trafficking to the infection site, and potentiate their bactericidal functions. Meanwhile, CATHPb1 remarkably augmented neutrophil-mediated bacteria killing by facilitating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and preventing its degradation. Acting through MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, CATHPb1 selectively enhanced the levels of chemokines while reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines without undesirable toxicities. The much improved serum half-life and stabilities confer CATHPb1 an excellent prospect to become a novel therapeutic agent against multidrug-resistant staphylococcal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cai
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Xue Qiao
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Lan Feng
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Nannan Shi
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Zhilai Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Mengke Wang
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Haining Yu
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian , Liaoning 116024 , China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
As-CATH1-6, novel cathelicidins with potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties from Alligator sinensis, play pivotal roles in host antimicrobial immune responses. Biochem J 2017; 474:2861-2885. [PMID: 28798159 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Crocodilians are regarded as possessing a powerful immune system. However, the composition and action of the crocodilian immune system have remained unclear until now. Cathelicidins, the principal family of host defense peptides, play pivotal roles in vertebrate immune defense against microbial invasions. However, cathelicidins from crocodilians have not been extensively studied to date. In the present study, six novel cathelicidins (As-CATH1-6) were identified and characterized from the endangered Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis). As-CATH1-6 exhibit no sequence similarity with any of the known cathelicidins. Structure analysis indicated that As-CATH1-3 adopt a random coil secondary conformation, whereas As-CATH4-6 were predicted to mainly adopt an amphipathic α-helix conformation. Among them, As-CATH4-6 exhibited potent, broad-spectrum and rapid antimicrobial activity by inducing the disruption of cell membrane integrity. They also exhibited strong ability to prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms and eradicate preformed biofilms. Furthermore, As-CATH4-6 exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse peritoneal macrophages. They directly neutralized LPS toxicity and therefore inhibited the binding of LPS to the TLR4 receptor and the subsequent activation of inflammatory response pathways. In a peritonitis mice model, As-CATH2-6 provided effective protection against bacterial infection through enhanced immune cell recruitment. In the host Chinese alligator, As-CATH1-6 are mainly expressed in immune organs and epithelial tissues. Bacterial infection significantly enhances their expression, which implies an important role in host anti-infective response. Taken together, the diversity and multiple functions of As-CATH1-6 partially reveal the powerful immune system of the Chinese alligator.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jansen LJM, Bolck YJC, Rademaker J, Zuidema T, Berendsen BJA. The analysis of tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and sulfonamides in chicken feathers using UHPLC-MS/MS in order to monitor antibiotic use in the poultry sector. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4927-4941. [PMID: 28674821 PMCID: PMC5534202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In The Netherlands, all antibiotic treatments should be registered at the farm and in a central database. To enforce correct antibiotic use and registration, and to enforce prudent use of antibiotics, there is a need for methods that are able to detect antibiotic treatments. Ideally, such a method is able to detect antibiotic applications during the entire lifespan of an animal, including treatments administered during the first days of the animals' lives. Monitoring tissue, as is common practice, only provides a limited window of opportunity, as residue levels in tissue soon drop below measurable quantities. The analysis of feathers proves to be a promising tool in this respect. Furthermore, a qualitative confirmatory method was developed for the analyses of six major groups of antibiotics in ground chicken feathers, aiming for a detection limit as low as reasonably possible. The method was validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All compounds comply with the criteria and, as a matter of fact, 58% of the compounds could also be quantified according to regulations. Additionally, we demonstrated that a less laborious method, in which whole feathers were analyzed, proved successful in the detection of applied antibiotics. Most compounds could be detected at levels of 2 μg kg-1 or below with the exception of sulfachloropyridazine, tylosin, and tylvalosin. This demonstrates the effectiveness of feather analysis to detect antibiotic use to allow effective enforcement of antibiotic use and prevent the illegal, off-label, and nonregistered use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa J M Jansen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvette J C Bolck
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau Rademaker
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tina Zuidema
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Van Vleck Pereira R, Lima S, Siler JD, Foditsch C, Warnick LD, Bicalho RC. Ingestion of Milk Containing Very Low Concentration of Antimicrobials: Longitudinal Effect on Fecal Microbiota Composition in Preweaned Calves. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147525. [PMID: 26808865 PMCID: PMC4726667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although antimicrobial drugs are central to combat disease in modern medicine, the use of these drugs can have undesired consequences for human and animal health. One consequence is the post-therapy excretion of pharmacological agents, such as the elimination of drug residues at very low concentrations in the milk of lactating mammals. Limited information is currently available on the impact from the exposure of the gut microbiota to drug residues using in vivo natural models. The objective of our study was to address this knowledge gap and evaluate the effect on the fecal microbiota composition from feeding preweaned dairy calves raw milk with residual concentrations of ampicillin, ceftiofur, penicillin, and oxytetracycline from birth to weaning. At birth, thirty calves were randomly assigned to a controlled feeding trial where: 15 calves were fed raw milk with no drug residues (NR), and 15 calves were fed raw milk with drug residues (DR) by adding ceftiofur, penicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline at final concentrations in the milk of 0.1, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.3 μg/ml, respectively. Fecal samples were rectally collected from each calf once a week starting at birth, prior to the first feeding in the trial (pre-treatment), until 6 weeks of age. Sequencing of the microbial 16S rRNA genes was conducted using the Illumina MiSeq, which provides a high resolution of the microbiota down to the genus level. Discriminant analysis showed that, except for pre-treatment samples, calves fed milk with drug residues and calves fed milk without drug residues easily discriminated at the genus level on their weekly microbial profile. However, analysis comparing the abundance of taxon between NR and DR showed significant differences only at the genus levels, and not at the phylum, class, order or family levels. These results suggest that although drug residues can result in clear discriminate gut microbial communities, they do not result in disruption of taxonomic levels above the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Van Vleck Pereira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction. College of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Svetlana Lima
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Julie D. Siler
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Carla Foditsch
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lorin D. Warnick
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences. College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ondrak JD, Jones ML, Fajt VR. Temperatures of storage areas in large animal veterinary practice vehicles in the summer and comparison with drug manufacturers' storage recommendations. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:248. [PMID: 26429552 PMCID: PMC4590276 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large animal veterinarians carry drugs in their practice vehicles in storage areas that are not typically refrigerated. The most common upper limits of manufacturers' storage temperatures for United States (U.S.)-approved non-refrigerated drugs are 25 or 30 °C. Because ambient temperatures in many locations in the U.S. exceed these temperatures during the summer, we measured storage area temperatures over 4 months in the summer of 2013 to evaluate the extent to which labeled storage temperatures are exceeded. METHODS A convenience sample of 12 vehicles from 5 central Texas practices and 12 vehicles from 4 south central Nebraska practices was used. Temperatures were recorded in one drug storage compartment in each vehicle from May 15 - September 16, 2013, at 15-minute intervals using a self-contained, battery operated temperature recording device. RESULTS The highest temperatures recorded in a storage unit were 54.4 and 47.7 °C in Texas and Nebraska, respectively. The mean temperature recorded across all 24 storage units was 29.1 °C, with a mean of 26.9 °C in Nebraska and 31.4 °C in Texas. In Nebraska, at least one temperature over 25 °C was recorded on a mean of 111/124 days and a mean of 63 % of total logger readings. In Texas, temperatures over 25 °C were recorded on a mean of 123/124 days and a mean of 95 % of total logger readings. CONCLUSIONS Temperatures in storage units in participating veterinary practice vehicles exceeded labeled drug storage temperatures a significant portion of the summer of 2013. More research is needed to determine whether these excursions above the manufacturers' recommended storage temperatures alter efficacy of stored drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff D Ondrak
- Great Plains Veterinary Educational Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Clay Center, NE, USA.
| | - Meredyth L Jones
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Virginia R Fajt
- Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei L, Gao J, Zhang S, Wu S, Xie Z, Ling G, Kuang YQ, Yang Y, Yu H, Wang Y. Identification and Characterization of the First Cathelicidin from Sea Snakes with Potent Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Activity and Special Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16633-52. [PMID: 26013823 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.642645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of gene-encoded peptide effectors of innate immunity found exclusively in vertebrates. They play pivotal roles in host immune defense against microbial invasions. Dozens of cathelicidins have been identified from several vertebrate species. However, no cathelicidin from marine reptiles has been characterized previously. Here we report the identification and characterization of a novel cathelicidin (Hc-CATH) from the sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus. Hc-CATH is composed of 30 amino acids, and the sequence is KFFKRLLKSVRRAVKKFRKKPRLIGLSTLL. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and structure modeling analysis indicated that Hc-CATH mainly assumes an amphipathic α-helical conformation in bacterial membrane-mimetic solutions. It possesses potent broad-spectrum and rapid antimicrobial activity. Meanwhile, it is highly stable and shows low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. The microbial killing activity of Hc-CATH is executed through the disruption of cell membrane and lysis of bacterial cells. In addition, Hc-CATH exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Hc-CATH directly binds with LPS to neutralize its toxicity, and it also binds to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4/MD2 complex), which therefore inhibits the binding of LPS to TLR4/MD2 complex and the subsequent activation of LPS-induced inflammatory response pathways. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Hc-CATH, the first cathelicidin from sea snake discovered to have both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity, is a potent candidate for the development of peptide antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wei
- the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jiuxiang Gao
- the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- the Binzhou Medical University of Pharmaceutical College, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Sijin Wu
- the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Zeping Xie
- the Binzhou Medical University of Pharmaceutical College, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
| | - Guiying Ling
- the Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, China, and
| | - Yi-Qun Kuang
- the Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Clinical Institute, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Haining Yu
- the Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China,
| | - Yipeng Wang
- From the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pereira RVV, Siler JD, Bicalho RC, Warnick LD. In vivo selection of resistant E. coli after ingestion of milk with added drug residues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115223. [PMID: 25506918 PMCID: PMC4266680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a major global threat to modern medicine. In vitro studies have shown that very low concentrations of drugs, as frequently identified in the environment, and in foods and water for human and animal consumption, can select for resistant bacteria. However, limited information is currently available on the in vivo impact of ingested drug residues. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of feeding preweaned calves milk containing antimicrobial drug residues (below the minimum inhibitory concentration), similar to concentrations detected in milk commonly fed to dairy calves, on selection of resistant fecal E. coli in calves from birth to weaning. At birth, thirty calves were randomly assigned to a controlled feeding trial where: 15 calves were fed raw milk with no drug residues (NR), and 15 calves were fed raw milk with drug residues (DR) by adding ceftiofur, penicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline at final concentrations in the milk of 0.1, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.3 µg/ml, respectively. Fecal samples were rectally collected from each calf once a week starting at birth prior to the first feeding in the trial (pre-treatment) until 6 weeks of age. A significantly greater proportion of E. coli resistant to ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur, streptomycin and tetracycline was observed in DR calves when compared to NR calves. Additionally, isolates from DR calves had a significant decrease in susceptibility to ceftriaxone and ceftiofur when compared to isolates from NR calves. A greater proportion of E. coli isolates from calves in the DR group were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial drugs when compared to calves in the ND group. These findings highlight the role that low concentrations of antimicrobial drugs have on the evolution and selection of resistance to multiple antimicrobial drugs in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Van Vleck Pereira
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Julie D Siler
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Carvalho Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lorin D Warnick
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|