1
|
Domingo JL. Dioxins and furans in cow milk and dairy products: A review of the scientific literature. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Domingo
- School of Medicine, Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health Universitat Rovira i Virgili San Llorenç 21 Reus Catalonia 43201 Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
González N, Domingo JL. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in food and human dietary intake: An update of the scientific literature. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112585. [PMID: 34571053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that for non-occupationally exposed populations, dietary intake is, by far, the main way of human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs), a family of environmental POPs with a well-known potential toxicity -including carcinogenicity-in humans. We here summarize the results of recent studies (2010-2021) (databases: Scopus and PubMed), focused on determining the levels of PCDD/Fs in food samples of different origins, as well as the dietary intake of these pollutants. We have revised studies conducted in various Asian, American and European countries. However, information is rather limited, with no recent data for most countries over the world. Due to the enormous differences in the methodologies of the studies, to conduct a detailed comparison of the results for the different regions and countries has not been possible. Notwithstanding, where data over time are available, important reductions have been observed. These reductions have been linked to the decreases in the environmental emissions of PCDD/Fs noted in recent years. Interestingly, reductions in the levels of PCDD/Fs in biological tissues are also occurring in parallel. In general, the tolerable daily/weekly/monthly dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs are not being currently exceeded where data are available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neus González
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee CC, Chang WH, Hung CF, Chen HL. Fish consumption is an indicator of exposure to non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls in cumulative risk assessments based on a probabilistic and sensitive approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115732. [PMID: 33045582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) include liver, immune, neurodevelopmental, and neurobehavioral effects in addition to hormone alteration. Among 209 PCB congeners, six indicator PCBs (ICES-6) account for about half of NDL-PCBs present in feed and food. The objectives of the current study were first to examine the levels of total PCBs, NDL-PCBs, and ICES-6 PCBs in 200 foods commonly consumed in Taiwan and, second, to estimate the cumulative health risks of NDL-PCB consumption. We suggest a risk management strategy that identifies foodstuffs with particularly high NDL-PCB content. In 200 food samples, which were grouped into 12 categories and 64 food types, 51 PCB congeners were detected. The concentrations of ICES-6 PCBs in all samples were lower than the maximum levels for NDL-PCBs in foodstuffs set by the European Union. PCB-153, PCB-138, and PCB-180 were the major congeners in all food, indicating that the food was contaminated in the past. ICES-6 PCBs contributed 42.2%-52.9% of total NDL-PCBs in all tested foodstuffs. The average estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCBs ranged from 1.22 ng/kg bw/day to 2.89 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups (95th quantile [P95]: 4.12-10.28 ng/kg bw/day). The P95 EDI in 3-6-year-olds was higher than 10 ng/kg/day. A qualitative sensitivity analysis in ICES-6 PCBs exposure showed that for the 3- to 6-year-old group, the highest sensitivity was how much fish they ate (37.6%) and its concentration (32.5%). The consumption of pork, eggs, fish, and other seafood accounts for over 90% of ICES-6 PCBs intake, and these foods should be highlighted in guidelines regarding NDL-PCB intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Hung
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hulin M, Sirot V, Vasseur P, Mahe A, Leblanc JC, Jean J, Marchand P, Venisseau A, Le Bizec B, Rivière G. Health risk assessment to dioxins, furans and PCBs in young children: The first French evaluation. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
5
|
Sakhi AK, Cequier E, Becher R, Bølling AK, Borgen AR, Schlabach M, Schmidbauer N, Becher G, Schwarze P, Thomsen C. Concentrations of selected chemicals in indoor air from Norwegian homes and schools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:1-8. [PMID: 31003082 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Both building materials and consumer products have been identified as possible sources for potentially hazardous substances like phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organophosphorous flame retardants (OPFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in indoor air. Thus, indoor air has been suggested to contribute significantly to human exposure to these chemicals. There is lack of data on the occurrence of several of the aforementioned chemicals in indoor air. Therefore, indoor air (gas and particulate phase) was collected from 48 households and 6 classrooms in two counties in Norway. In both the households and schools, median levels of low molecular weight phthalates (785 ng/m3), OPFRs (55 ng/m3) and SCCPs (128 ng/m3) were up to 1000 times higher than the levels of PCBs (829 pg/m3) and PBDEs (167 pg/m3). Median concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and SCCPs were 3-6 times higher in households compared to schools. The levels of OPFRs, PCBs and PBDEs were similar in households and schools. In univariate analysis, the indoor concentrations of different environmental chemicals were significantly affected by location of households (OPFRs), airing of living room (some PCBs and PBDEs), presence of upholstered chair/couch (OPFRs), pet animal hold (some PBDEs) and presence of electrical heaters (selected PCBs and PBDEs). Significant correlations were also detected for the total size of households with OPFRs, frequency of vacuuming the living room with selected PCBs and PBDEs, frequency of washing the living room with selected PCBs and the total number of TVs in the households with selected phthalates and SCCPs. Finally, intake estimates indicated that indoor air contributed more or equally to low molecular weight phthalates and SCCPs exposure compared to food consumption, whereas the contribution from indoor air was smaller than the dietary intake for the other groups of chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kaur Sakhi
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Enrique Cequier
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Becher
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Kocbach Bølling
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders R Borgen
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Martin Schlabach
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Georg Becher
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, PO Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Schwarze
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 222, Skøyen, N-0213 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guzzardi MA, Iozzo P, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Airaksinen R, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Eriksson JG. Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants Predicts Telomere Length in Older Age: Results from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Aging Dis 2016; 7:540-552. [PMID: 27699078 PMCID: PMC5036950 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the population ages, the occurrence of chronic pathologies becomes more common. Leukocyte telomere shortening associates to ageing and age-related diseases. Recent studies suggest that environmental chemicals can affect telomere length. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are most relevant, since they are ingested with foods, and accumulate in the body for a long time. This longitudinal study was undertaken to test if circulating POPs predict telomere length and shortening in elderly people. We studied 1082 subjects belonging to the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (born 1934-1944), undergoing two visits (2001-2004 and 2011-2014). POPs (oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, p, p’-DDE, PCB 153, BDE 47, BDE 153) were analysed at baseline. Relative telomere length was measured twice, ’10 years apart, by quantitative real-time PCR. Oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and PCB-153 levels were significant predictors of telomere length and shortening. In men, we did not find a linear relationship between POPs exposure and telomere shortening. In women, a significant reduction across quartiles categories of oxychlordane and trans-nonachlor exposure was observed. Baseline characteristics of subjects in the highest POPs categories included higher levels of C-reactive protein and fasting glucose, and lower body fat percentage. This is one of few studies combining POPs and telomere length. Our results indicate that exposure to oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor and PCB 153 predicts telomere attrition. This finding is important because concentrations of POPs observed here occur in contemporary younger people, and may contribute to an accelerated ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Iozzo
- 1Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Minna K Salonen
- 2National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland; 6Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Helsingfors Universitet, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- 2National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland; 3Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 4PEDEGO Research Group, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Airaksinen
- 8National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, Chemicals and Health Unit, Finland
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- 8National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, Chemicals and Health Unit, Finland
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- 8National Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Protection, Chemicals and Health Unit, Finland
| | - Johan Gunnar Eriksson
- 2National Institute for Health and Welfare, Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland; 5Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; 6Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Helsingfors Universitet, Helsinki, Finland; 7Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Salmelin J, Karjalainen AK, Hämäläinen H, Leppänen MT, Kiviranta H, Kukkonen JVK, Vuori KM. Biological responses of midge (Chironomus riparius) and lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) larvae in ecotoxicity assessment of PCDD/F-, PCB- and Hg-contaminated river sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18379-18393. [PMID: 27282370 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the utility of chironomid and lamprey larval responses in ecotoxicity assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/F)-, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)- and mercury (Hg)-contaminated river sediments. Sediment samples were collected from the River Kymijoki with a known industrial pollution gradient. Sediment for the controls and lamprey larvae were obtained from an uncontaminated river nearby. Contamination levels were verified with sediment and tissue PCDD/F, PCB and Hg analyses. Behaviour of sediment-exposed chironomid and lamprey larvae were measured with Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor© utilizing quadrupole impedance conversion technique. In addition, mortality, growth and head capsule deformity incidence of chironomids were used as ecotoxicity indicators. WHOPCDD/F+PCB-TEQ in the R. Kymijoki sediments ranged from the highest upstream 22.36 ng g(-1) dw to the lowest 1.50 ng g(-1) near the river mouth. The sum of PCDD/Fs and PCBs correlated strongly with Hg sediment concentrations, which ranged from <0.01 to 1.15 μg g(-1). Lamprey tissue concentrations of PCDD/Fs were two orders and PCBs one order of magnitude higher in the R. Kymijoki compared to the reference. Chironomid growth decreased in contaminated sediments and was negatively related to sediment ∑PCDD/Fs, WHOPCDD/F+PCB-TEQ and Hg. There were no significant differences in larval mortality or chironomid mentum deformity incidence between the sediment exposures. The distinct behavioural patterns of both species indicate overall applicability of behavioural MFB measurements of these species in sediment toxicity bioassays. Chironomids spent less and lampreys more time in locomotion in the most contaminated sediment compared to the reference, albeit statistically significant differences were not detected. Lamprey larvae had also a greater activity range in some of the contaminated sediments than in the reference. High pollutant levels in lamprey indicate risks for biomagnification in the food webs, with potential health risks to humans consuming fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Salmelin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- Laboratory Centre/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - A K Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Laboratory Centre/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M T Leppänen
- Laboratory Centre/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Kiviranta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare/Department of Health Protection/Chemicals and Health Unit, P.O. Box 95, FI-70701, Kuopio, Finland
| | - J V K Kukkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K M Vuori
- Laboratory Centre/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Business and Management, Lappeenranta University of Technology, PO Box 20, FI-53851, Lappeenranta, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Warenik-Bany M, Strucinski P, Piskorska-Pliszczynska J. Dioxins and PCBs in game animals: Interspecies comparison and related consumer exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 89-90:21-9. [PMID: 26826359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCB) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCB) are ubiquitous, persistent toxic compounds that are highly bioaccumulative in nature. Wild-living animals are vulnerable to the negative impacts of human activity. Dioxins and PCBs enter the animal organisms through foraging. Due to the toxicological threat, much attention is paid to these compounds worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the dioxin contamination status of three game animal species (red deer, roe deer, and wild boar) and compare the PCDD/F and PCB congener bioaccumulation in the muscles, abdominal fat and liver. The chemical analysis was performed by the isotope dilution technique (IDMS) with high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Dioxins and PCBs were found in specimens collected from all studied species, suggesting the presence of the test compounds in the environment of the animals. The highest concentrations were found in the livers of all animals. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) levels in the muscles, adipose tissue and liver were in the order red deer > roe deer > wild boar. PCDD/Fs were the dominant congeners in TEQ value. For all tested species, the dominant contributors to the total WHO-TEQ were PCB-126, 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD. Among the PCDD/F congeners in the deer tissues, OCDD, OCDF and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF were dominant, while in wild boar, OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCF occurred in the highest amounts. Among PCBs, PCB-105, 118, 156, 138, 153 and 180 were dominant in all species, but with different levels. The regular consumption of muscle meat from game animals should not cause unacceptable dioxin intake above the Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) value for children and adults. However, liver consumption should be avoided, especially by children and pregnant or lactating women. High consumption of contaminated liver may cause dioxin intake at levels up to 300% of TWI for adults and up to 700% TWI for children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- Department of Radiobiology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Pawel Strucinski
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fromme H, Becher G, Hilger B, Völkel W. Brominated flame retardants – Exposure and risk assessment for the general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
10
|
Roszko M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Jędrzejczak R. Seasonal variability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congener profiles in butter in Poland: dietary risk evaluation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:182-199. [PMID: 24380619 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various statistical methods have been employed to analyse in details seasonal diversification of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)/polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener profiles found in butter fat. The variability of the PCB/PBDE congener profiles indicates the presence of various sources of the milk fat contamination. The obtained results suggest that the environmental chemical background has the highest share in the contamination sources pattern. Ion trap mass spectrometry coupled to high-resolution gas chromatography with semi-permeable membrane dialysis sample cleanup was used for determination of PCBs and PBDEs in milk fat. Determined butter fat PCB profiles were similar to the profiles characteristic for Aroclor 1254 technical mixture. Our data indicate that dietary intake of PCB/PBDE with milk and milk products may be estimated to be about 717.5 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for six-indicator PCBs, 0.329 (equivalent toxicity, TEQ) pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for 12 DL PCBs and 50 pg kg b.w.(-1) day(-1) for PBDEs (sum of 14 congeners).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Roszko
- a Department of Food Analysis , Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology , Rakowiecka , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hernik A, Góralczyk K, Struciński P, Czaja K, Korcz W, Minorczyk M, Lyczewska M, Ludwicki JK. Characterising the individual health risk in infants exposed to organochlorine pesticides via breast milk by applying appropriate margins of safety derived from estimated daily intakes. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 94:158-163. [PMID: 24161583 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Milk secretion being an important way of elimination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) poses a concern due to potential risk for breastfed infants. This study aims to provide a tool for assessing such risks to infants exposed to OCPs (through accumulation in the mother's body), using calculated individual margins of safety (MoS). Selected OCPs included; p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, β-HCH, γ-HCH and HCB which were analysed in 28 samples of maternal milk. The highest intakes were recorded for p,p'-DDE (at 2.90 μg kg(-1)bw d(-1)) whilst the lowest was for γ-HCH, (at 0.019 μg kg(-1)bwd(-1)). For the risk characterisation purposes MoSs were calculated for the compounds for which toxicological reference values (e.g. ADI, TDI) were adopted. The MoS for average ∑DDT concentrations was found to be relatively low (2.82) somewhat similar to that for HCB at 7.08, and for γ-HCH, the MoS was substantially higher at 263.1. This, however does not take into account the extremely high individual concentrations. Thus, it was decided to calculate estimated daily intake (EDI) values based on OCP levels in individual milk samples. MoS levels of <1 (meaning unacceptable risk) were noted both for HCB in one sample as well as for ∑DDT in 3 samples indicating likely threats to infant's health. The lowest MoS noted for γ-HCH equalled to 60.6, indicating that this compound was not a threat to the health of any of the breastfed infants from the study group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hernik
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Díaz-Gómez N, Ares S, Hernández-Aguilar M, Ortega-García J, Paricio-Talayero J, Landa-Rivera L. Contaminantes químicos y lactancia materna: tomando posiciones. An Pediatr (Barc) 2013; 79:391.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
13
|
Roszko M, Obiedziński M, Szymczyk K, Rzepkowska M, Szterk A, Jędrzejczak R. Seasonal and geographical variations in levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in Polish butter fat used as an indicator of environmental contamination. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:181-201. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.721012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|