1
|
Shrestha S, Malla B, Haramoto E. High-throughput microfluidic quantitative PCR system for the simultaneous detection of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial and viral pathogens in wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119156. [PMID: 38759773 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive data on bacterial and viral pathogens of diarrhea and studies applying culture-independent methods for examining antibiotic resistance in wastewater are lacking. This study aimed to simultaneously quantify antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), class 1 integron-integrase (int1), bacterial and viral pathogens of diarrhea, 16S rRNA, and other indicators using a high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) system. Thirty-six grab wastewater samples from a wastewater treatment plant in Japan, collected three times a month between August 2022 and July 2023, were centrifuged, followed by nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription, and HT-qPCR. Fourteen targets were included, and HT-qPCR was performed on the Biomark X9™ System (Standard BioTools). For all qPCR assays, R2 was ≥0.978 and the efficiencies ranged from 90.5% to 117.7%, exhibiting high performance. Of the 36 samples, 20 (56%) were positive for Norovirus genogroup II (NoV-GII), whereas Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni were detected in 24 (67%) and Campylobacter coli in 13 (36%) samples, with mean concentrations ranging from 3.2 ± 0.8 to 4.7 ± 0.3 log10 copies/L. NoV-GII detection ratios and concentrations were higher in winter and spring. None of the pathogens of diarrhea correlated with acute gastroenteritis cases, except for NoV-GII, suggesting the need for data on specific bacterial infections to validate bacterial wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). All samples tested positive for sul1, int1, and blaCTX-M, irrespective of season. The less explored blaNDM-1 showed a wide prevalence (>83%) and consistent abundance ranging from 4.3 ± 1.0 to 4.9 ± 0.2 log10 copies/L in all seasons. sul1 was the predominant ARG, whereas absolute abundances of 16S rRNA, int1, and blaCTX-M varied seasonally. int1 was significantly correlated with blaCTX-M in autumn and spring, whereas it showed no correlation with blaNDM-1, questioning the applicability of int1 as a sole indicator of overall resistance determinants. This study exhibited that the HT-qPCR system is pivotal for WBE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Shrestha
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Asif A, Chen JS, Hussain B, Hsu GJ, Rathod J, Huang SW, Wu CC, Hsu BM. The escalating threat of human-associated infectious bacteria in surface aquatic resources: Insights into prevalence, antibiotic resistance, survival mechanisms, detection, and prevention strategies. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 265:104371. [PMID: 38851127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities and climate change profoundly impact water quality, leading to a concerning increase in the prevalence and abundance of bacterial pathogens across diverse aquatic environments. This rise has resulted in a growing challenge concerning the safety of water sources, particularly surface waters and marine environments. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted challenges presented by bacterial pathogens, emphasizing threads to human health within ground and surface waters, including marine ecosystems. The exploration encompasses the intricate survival mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens and the proliferation of antimicrobial resistance, largely driven by human-generated antibiotic contamination in aquatic systems. The review further addresses prevalent pathogenic bacteria, elucidating associated risk factors, exploring their eco-physiology, and discussing the production of potent toxins. The spectrum of detection techniques, ranging from conventional to cutting-edge molecular approaches, is thoroughly examined to underscore their significance in identifying and understanding waterborne bacterial pathogens. A critical aspect highlighted in this review is the imperative for real-time monitoring of biomarkers associated with waterborne bacterial pathogens. This monitoring serves as an early warning system, facilitating the swift implementation of action plans to preserve and protect global water resources. In conclusion, this comprehensive review provides fresh insights and perspectives, emphasizing the paramount importance of preserving the quality of aquatic resources to safeguard human health on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aslia Asif
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan; Doctoral Program in Science, Technology, Environment, and Mathematics, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bashir Hussain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jong Hsu
- Division of Infectious Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jagat Rathod
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Gujarat Biotechnology University, Near Gujarat International Finance and Tec (GIFT)-City, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Shih-Wei Huang
- Institute of Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chia Wu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mattock J, Chattaway MA, Hartman H, Dallman TJ, Smith AM, Keddy K, Petrovska L, Manners EJ, Duze ST, Smouse S, Tau N, Timme R, Baker DJ, Mather AE, Wain J, Langridge GC. A One Health Perspective on Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, an Emerging Human Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:701-710. [PMID: 38526070 PMCID: PMC10977846 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis presents an ever-increasing threat to public health because of its spread throughout many countries and association with high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We analyzed whole-genome sequences of 5,284 Salmonella Infantis strains from 74 countries, isolated during 1989-2020 from a wide variety of human, animal, and food sources, to compare genetic phylogeny, AMR determinants, and plasmid presence. The global Salmonella Infantis population structure diverged into 3 clusters: a North American cluster, a European cluster, and a global cluster. The levels of AMR varied by Salmonella Infantis cluster and by isolation source; 73% of poultry isolates were multidrug resistant, compared with 35% of human isolates. This finding correlated with the presence of the pESI megaplasmid; 71% of poultry isolates contained pESI, compared with 32% of human isolates. This study provides key information for public health teams engaged in reducing the spread of this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Anne Chattaway
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Hassan Hartman
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | | | - Anthony M. Smith
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Karen Keddy
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | | | | | - Sanelisiwe T. Duze
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Shannon Smouse
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Nomsa Tau
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Ruth Timme
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Dave J. Baker
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Alison E. Mather
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - John Wain
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| | - Gemma C. Langridge
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK (J. Mattock, E.J. Manners, A.E. Mather, J. Wain)
- UK Health Security Agency, London, UK (M.A. Chattaway, H. Hartman, T.J. Dallman)
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.M. Smith, S. Smouse, N. Tau)
- University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa (K. Keddy)
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK (L. Petrovska)
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (S.T. Duze)
- US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA (R. Timme)
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich (D.J. Baker, A.E. Mather, J. Wain, G.C. Langridge)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elbashir S, Jahncke M, DePaola A, Bowers J, Schwarz J, Punchihewage-Don AJ, Min B, Rippen T, Parveen S. Prevalence and Abundance of Bacterial Pathogens of Concern in Shrimp, Catfish and Tilapia Obtained at Retail Stores in Maryland, USA. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020187. [PMID: 36839458 PMCID: PMC9963610 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of human gastroenteritis have been linked to the consumption of contaminated domestic and imported seafood. This study investigated the microbiological quality of seafood obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. A total of 440 samples of domestic and imported frozen shrimp, catfish and tilapia samples were analyzed for aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli and seafood-borne-pathogens (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni). The prevalence of APC, coliforms and E. coli positive samples was 100%, 43% and 9.3%, respectively. Approximately 3.2%, 1.4%, 28.9% and 3.6% of the samples were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, Salmonella and Campylobacter jejuni, respectively. The MPN/g ranges were 150-1100 MPN/g for vibrios, 10-1100 MPN/g for Salmonella and 93-460 MPN/g for C. jejuni in seafood, respectively. Comparing bacterial prevalence by type or source of seafood, the only significant difference identified was Salmonella-positive imported tilapia (33.3%) versus domestic tilapia (19.4%). The quantitative data on pathogen levels in the present study provide additional information for quantitative risk assessment not available in previous surveys. The findings of this study suggest the association of potential food safety hazards with domestic and imported seafood and warrant further large-scale studies and risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah Elbashir
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Michael Jahncke
- Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech., Hampton, VA 23669, USA
| | - Angelo DePaola
- Angelo DePaola Consulting, 12719 Dauphin Island Pkwy, Coden, AL 36523, USA
| | - John Bowers
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jurgen Schwarz
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Anuradha J. Punchihewage-Don
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Byungrok Min
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Tom Rippen
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Food Microbiology and Safety Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang X, Huang J, Su Y, Cai S, Zhang J, Guo W, Wang J, Chen M, Wu S, Yang S, Wu Q. Incidence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in fresh retail aquatic products from China. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Yukawa S, Uchida I, Takemitsu H, Okamoto A, Yukawa M, Ohshima S, Tamura Y. Anti-microbial resistance of Salmonella isolates from raw meat-based dog food in Japan. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:982-989. [PMID: 35077028 PMCID: PMC9122446 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella contamination of raw meat‐based diets (RMBDs) for pets poses a major public health concern but has not been investigated in Japan. Objective To investigate Salmonella contamination in RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan and the anti‐microbial resistance profiles of the Salmonella isolates. Methods Sixty commercial RMBD samples were collected in the Okayama and Osaka Prefectures, Japan, between December 2016 and March 2017. The obtained Salmonella isolates were serotyped, their anti‐microbial resistance patterns were determined, and the anti‐microbial‐resistant isolates were screened for the presence of resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction. Results Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was detected in seven of the 60 RMBD samples. Among them, five isolates were identified as S. Infantis (n = 3), S. Typhimurium (n = 1) and S. Schwarzengrund (n = 1), while the serotypes of two isolates were unable to be identified. All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime and gentamycin. Two isolates were resistant to more than one anti‐microbial agent; one of the S. Infantis isolates was resistant to streptomycin, kanamycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim, while the S. Typhimurium isolate was resistant to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. The S. Schwarzengrund isolate was resistant to tetracycline. Additionally, the S. Typhimurium isolate harboured the anti‐microbial resistance gene gyrA with a mutation corresponding to Ser‐83→Phe amino acid substitution. Conclusion The study findings suggest that RMBDs for dogs marketed in Japan can be a potential source of Salmonella infection for dogs and humans including infections caused by quinolone‐resistant isolates. The current study's objective was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of these isolates. Therefore, the incidence of Salmonella contamination in RMBD for dogs currently sold in Japan was surveyed. Salmonella was detected in seven of the 60 raw food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Yukawa
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ikuo Uchida
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takemitsu
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Asako Okamoto
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Seinosuke Ohshima
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, College of Life Science, Kurashiki University of Science and The Arts, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tamura
- Center for Veterinary Drug Development, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Active Bionanocomposite Coating Quality Assessments of Some Cucumber Properties with Some Diverse Applications during Storage Condition by Chitosan, Nano Titanium Oxide Crystals, and Sodium Tripolyphosphate. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cucumbers have a short shelf-life of about 14 days, they are perishable due to the high moisture content. This study aimed to study the effects of nano-coating material such as titanium nanoparticles and chitosan with the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate as a crosslinker to enhance cucumber quality during storage. Some essential physical, chemical, and biological parameters were determined. CH-Nano-ST (chitosan/nano titanium oxide crystals/sodium tripolyphosphate) retained the maximum greenness, −7.99, compared to CH-Nano samples, which recorded −7.31. CH-Nano (chitosan/nano titanium oxide crystals) remained the lightest, 44.38, and CH-Nano-ST was a little darker (43.73) compared to the others treatments. The discoloration was extra severe with control (22.30), which started to spoil after the end of the first week. After 21 days of the storage period at 10 °C, the reducing sugars content reduced to reach −0.64 g/100 g and −0.21 g/100 g for CH-Nano and CH-Nano-ST treatments, respectively. The CH-Nano-ST treatment presented a lower value of toughness, followed by CH-Nano at the end of the storage period. Moreover, the highest crispness index was detected for CH-Nano (5.12%), while CH-Nano-ST treatment had a slight decline to reach 4.92%. The biological results indicated that CH-Nano-ST treatment can be applied to delay the microbial contamination of Salmonella spp. in cucumbers as it reached 0.94 log CFU/g, while the CH-Nano treatment reached 1.09 log CFU/g, at the end of the storage period. In summary, nano-coating treatments with the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate can be applied to regulator postharvest quality measurements of the biological activities in cucumbers during storage at 10 °C until 21 days.
Collapse
|
8
|
The Circulation of Type F Clostridium perfringens among Humans, Sewage, and Ruditapes philippinarum (Asari Clams). Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9080669. [PMID: 32824805 PMCID: PMC7459516 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9080669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen that is responsible for gastroenteritis; the causative agent for the symptoms is C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), which is mainly produced by type F C. perfringens. Since shellfishes may gather C. perfringens in the water environment, this study estimated the potential circulation of type F C. perfringens among humans, sewage, and Ruditapes philippinarum (asari clams) as a result of sewage pollution. A comparison of the characteristics among the isolates from 86 sewage influents, 36 effluents, 76 asari clams, and 37 humans was conducted. Serotyping, cpe genotyping, and toxin genotyping showed that C. perfringens with a plasmid IS1151 sequence downstream of cpe was predominant among sewage influents, effluents, humans, and asari clams. Multilocus sequence typing suggested that some isolates from a human, sewage influents, effluents, and asari clams were linked to each other. These results demonstrated that asari clams are the necessary infection sources of C. perfringens responsible for carriers and foodborne diseases, and that these pathogens from humans infected by asari clams can pollute the water environment. It is useful to assess bacteria such as C. perfringens isolates from sewage to estimate the trend of those from the community.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ha J, Park E, Kim J, Lee S, Kim S, Lee J, Choi Y, Yoon Y, Oh H, Kim Y, Lee Y, Seo Y, Kang J. Prevalence of
Salmonella
in cucumbers, antibiotic and acid resistances and description of the kinetic behavior with dynamic model during storage. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimyeong Ha
- Risk Analysis Research CenterSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Eunyoung Park
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Joo‐Sung Kim
- Research Division of Strategic Food TechnologyKorea Food Research Institute Jeollabuk‐do Korea
- Department of Food BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Risk Analysis Research CenterSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Risk Analysis Research CenterSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Risk Analysis Research CenterSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Risk Analysis Research CenterSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Hyemin Oh
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Yewon Lee
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Yeongeun Seo
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| | - Joohyun Kang
- Department of Food and NutritionSookmyung Women's University Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yanagimoto K, Yamagami T, Uematsu K, Haramoto E. Characterization of Salmonella Isolates from Wastewater Treatment Plant Influents to Estimate Unreported Cases and Infection Sources of Salmonellosis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9010052. [PMID: 31936747 PMCID: PMC7168602 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a major cause of gastroenteritis usually caused by animal-based contaminated foods. Since the current passive surveillance is not sufficient to detect all infections and infection sources, we determined the prevalence of Salmonella isolated from sewage influent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and compared the characteristics of human and food isolates to identify the infection sources. Sewage influent samples were collected monthly from two WWTPs located in the Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, for three years. Serotypes, antimicrobial resistances, isolation periods, isolated areas, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of six isolates belonging to five serotypes were consistent with those of the isolates from patients. Real-time PCR for Salmonella indicated that sewage influents reflect cases of patients infected with Salmonella, including unreported cases. Serovars Schwarzengrund and Anatum were predominant in sewage, but not in humans, and their characteristics were closely related or identical to those isolated from poultry heart and liver, respectively. These results suggest that sewage influent contains Salmonella isolates from humans and that some originated from unreported human cases infected by poultry-associated products. Therefore, it is necessary to take countermeasures against Salmonella infection based on the unreported cases, which would be disclosed by analysis of sewage influent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Yanagimoto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
- Environmental and Social System Science Course, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takaya Yamagami
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
| | - Kosei Uematsu
- Department of Microbiology, Yamanashi Institute of Public Health and Environment, 1-7-31 Fujimi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-0027, Japan; (K.Y.); (T.Y.); (K.U.)
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-55-220-8725
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Viegas C, Esteves L, Faria T, Pombo A, Caetano LA, Quintal-Gomes A, Twarużek M, Kosicki R, Grajewski J, Viegas S. Fungal diversity and mycotoxin distribution in echinoderm aquaculture. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:253-260. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00352-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
13
|
Samad A, Abbas F, Ahmed Z, Akbar A, Naeem M, Sadiq MB, Ali I, Saima, Roomeela, Bugti FS, Achakzai SK. Prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and virulence ofCampylobacter jejuniisolated from chicken meat. J Food Saf 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Samad
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Ferhat Abbas
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Zafar Ahmed
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Ali Akbar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Sadiq
- Department of Biological SciencesForman Christian College (A Chartered University) Lahore Pakistan
| | - Imran Ali
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Saima
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Roomeela
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Farah Sabeen Bugti
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| | - Safiullah Khan Achakzai
- Centre for Advanced studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, Faculty of life scienceUniversity of Balochistan Quetta Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Assessment of pesticide residues and microbial contamination in raw leafy green vegetables marketed in Italy. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Clinical features of children with nontyphoidal Salmonella bacteremia: A single institution survey in rural Japan. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176990. [PMID: 28599007 PMCID: PMC5466273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) can cause bacterial enterocolitis. Although some children with NTS infection develop bacteremia, its clinical manifestations have not been discussed adequately. Therefore, we examined children with NTS bacteremia. We retrospectively examined the medical records of 15 patients aged less than 15 years. Salmonella spp. were detected in the blood cultures of these patients between 1991 and 2014. We divided an additional sample group of 34 patients diagnosed with an NTS infection between 2005 and 2014, into 2 groups. Group bacteremia (B) included patients in whose blood cultures Salmonella spp. were detected, and group non-bacteremia (NB) included patients in whom Salmonella infection was not detected. We compared each group using Wilcoxon test and Fisher’s exact test. The number of patients with fever, diarrhea, or abdominal pain was 15 (100%), 13 (87%), and 9 (60%), respectively, in the first sample of patients. However, vomiting and bloody stool were observed in only 5 patients (33%). More than 70% of patients exhibited a reduced white blood cell count, while C-reactive protein levels were variable in the patients. Salmonella spp. were detected via stool culture in 10 patients (67%). Diarrhea persisted for more than 4 days more frequently in group B than group NB (p = 0.004). The number of patients whose fever persisted for more than 4 days was significantly higher in group B than group NB (p = 0.030). Therefore, if NTS bacteremia is suspected, blood cultures should be collected and antibiotics should be initiated in cases with diarrhea or fever for more than 4 days. Furthermore, a negative stool culture result does not preclude the possibility of NTS bacteremia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ristori CA, Rowlands REG, Martins CG, Barbosa ML, Dos Santos LF, Jakabi M, de Melo Franco BDG. Assessment of Consumer Exposure to Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Meat Products at Retail in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:447-453. [PMID: 28475359 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat products may be vehicles of bacterial pathogens to humans, and Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are the most relevant. The aim of this study was to generate data on prevalence of these three pathogens in 552 samples of meat products (hot dogs, pork sausages, raw ground beef, and raw chicken legs) sold at retail in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Salmonella spp. was detected in 5.8% (32/552) of samples, comprising pork sausages 62.5% (20/32) and chicken legs 37.5% (12/32). The counts of Salmonella spp. were low, ranging from < 0.3 to 9.3 × 10 most probable number per gram and the most frequent serovars were Salmonella Typhimurium (28.1%), Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- (15.6%), Salmonella Enteritidis (12.5%), Salmonella Derby, and Salmonella Brandenburg (9.4%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), comprising chicken legs (82%) and ground beef (18%). All samples were negative for STEC. These results suggest that meat products when subjected to inadequate cooking and/or cross-contamination with other products ready for consumption can lead to occurrence of outbreaks, highlighting the risks associated with them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Luisa Barbosa
- 1 Food Microbiology Laboratory, Food Center Adolfo Lutz Institute , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miyoko Jakabi
- 1 Food Microbiology Laboratory, Food Center Adolfo Lutz Institute , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Charlermroj R, Makornwattana M, Grant IR, Elliott CT, Karoonuthaisiri N. Validation of a high-throughput immunobead array technique for multiplex detection of three foodborne pathogens in chicken products. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 224:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
A series of outbreaks of infection with Shiga toxin (verocytotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli or enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 occurred in Japan in 1996, the largest outbreak occurring in primary schools in Sakai City, Osaka Prefecture, where more than 7,500 cases were reported. Although the reason for the sudden increase in the number of reports of EHEC isolates in 1996 is not known, the number of reports has grown to more than 3,000 cases per year since 1996, from an average of 105 reports each year during the previous 5-year period (1991-1995). Despite control measures instituted since 1996, including designating Shiga toxin-producing E. coli infection as a notifiable disease, and nationwide surveillance effectively monitoring the disease, the number of reports remains high, around 3,800 cases per year. Serogroup O157 predominates over other EHEC serogroups, but isolation frequency of non-O157 EHEC has gone up slightly over the past few years. Non-O157 EHEC has recently caused outbreaks where consumption of a raw beef dish was the source of the infection, and some fatal cases occurred. Laboratory surveillance comprised prefectural and municipal public health institutes, and the National Institute of Infectious Diseases has contributed to finding not only multiprefectural outbreaks but recognizing sporadic cases that could have been missed as an outbreak without the aid of molecular subtyping of EHEC isolates. This short overview presents recent information on the surveillance of EHEC infections in Japan.
Collapse
|
19
|
Castro-Ibáñez I, López-Gálvez F, Gil MI, Allende A. Identification of sampling points suitable for the detection of microbial contamination in fresh-cut processing lines. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
20
|
Yang X, Wu Q, Zhang J, Huang J, Chen L, Liu S, Yu S, Cai S. Prevalence, enumeration, and characterization of Salmonella isolated from aquatic food products from retail markets in China. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Hoang Minh S, Kimura E, Hoang Minh D, Honjoh KI, Miyamoto T. Virulence characteristics of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia colifrom raw meats and clinical samples. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:114-22. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Son Hoang Minh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Etsuko Kimura
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Minh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Honjoh
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| | - Takahisa Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Food Hygienic Chemistry; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture; Kyushu University. 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8581 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scientific Opinion on the risk posed by pathogens in food of non-animal origin. Part 2 (Salmonellaand Norovirus in tomatoes). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
23
|
Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of molecular typing methods for major food-borne microbiological hazards and their use for attribution modelling, outbreak investigation and scanning surveillance: Part 2 (surveillance and data management activities). EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
24
|
Murakami K, Noda T, Onozuka D, Sera N. Salmonella in liquid eggs and other foods in fukuoka prefecture, Japan. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:463095. [PMID: 24288539 PMCID: PMC3830870 DOI: 10.1155/2013/463095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Salmonella in retail and wholesale foods in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. A total of 2,021 samples collected between 1999 and 2010 were tested using a culture method. Samples consisted of liquid eggs (n = 30), meat (beef and pork) (n = 781), offal (n = 69), processed meats (n = 2), seafood (n = 232), processed seafood (dried fish) (n = 76), vegetables (n = 481), processed vegetables (n = 87), fruits (n = 167), and herbs (n = 96) from 574 outlets and wholesale agents in 15 areas (five samples were undocumented regarding outlets). Overall, liquid egg showed significantly (P < 0.001) higher frequencies of Salmonella contamination (13.3%) than beef (1/423, 0.2%) and pork (3/235, 1.3%). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis, the most common serovar as a human pathogen, were isolated from two liquid egg samples. No Salmonella were isolated from seafood and vegetable-related samples including seed sprouts (n = 261). In conclusion, liquid egg is a significant Salmonella vehicle, showing a need to continue the vaccination of chickens to prevent S. Enteritidis contamination in Japanese eggs. Moreover, further study is needed to evaluate Salmonella contamination in seed sprouts with more sampling from retailers there.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Murakami
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Tamie Noda
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
- Chikushi Office for Health, Human Services and Environmental Issues, 3-5-25 Shirakibaru, Onojo, Fukuoka 816-0943, Japan
| | - Daisuke Onozuka
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sera
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, 39 Mukaizano, Dazaifu, Fukuoka 818-0135, Japan
| |
Collapse
|