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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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2
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Mesquita MDS, Abrantes SDMP. Potential antioxidant migration from polyethylene packaging to food: a systematic review. POLIMEROS 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.20220081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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3
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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4
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Dawidowicz AL, Nowakowski P, Dybowski MP, Typek R. Some physicochemical properties of polyacrylate varnish layers cured by classical and LED (395 nm) UV sources. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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5
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The long-term management goals of the inflammatory airway diseases asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are similar and focus on symptom control and reduction of exacerbation frequency and severity. Treatable traits have recently been postulated as a management concept which complements the traditional diagnostic labels 'asthma' and 'COPD', thereby focusing on therapy targeted to a patients' individual disease-associated characteristics. Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) may be utilized as noninvasive biomarker for disease activity or manifestation in asthma and COPD. In this review, we provide an overview of the current achievements concerning exhaled breath analysis in the field of uncontrolled chronic airways diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Monitoring of (airway) inflammation and identification of (molecular) phenotypic characteristics in asthma and COPD through exhaled VOC analysis by either mass spectrometry (MS) based or sensor-driven electronic nose technology (eNose) seems to be feasible, however pending confirmation could hamper the valorization of breathomics into clinical tests. SUMMARY Exhaled VOC analysis and the management of asthma and COPD through the concept of pulmonary treatable traits are an interesting match. To develop exhaled breath analysis into an added value for pulmonary treatable traits, multicentre studies are required following international standards for study populations, sampling methods and analytical strategies enabling external validation.
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6
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Vera P, Canellas E, Barknowitz G, Goshawk J, Nerín C. Ion-Mobility Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Novel Technique Applied to Migration of Nonintentionally Added Substances from Polyethylene Films Intended for Use as Food Packaging. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12741-12751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vera
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Ma de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Samtack Adhesivos Industriales, C/Cerámica,
no. 3, Pol. Magarola, 08292 Esparreguera, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Analytical Chemistry Department, GUIA Group, I3A, University of Zaragoza, Ma de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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7
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Dawidowicz AL, Nowakowski P, Typek R, Dybowski MP. Effect of food packaging material on some physicochemical properties of polyacrylate varnish layers. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Does the increase of radiation energy really reduce the risk of photoinitiator migration from polygraphic varnish to packed product? The influence of UV radiation dose on the migration of 4-phenylbenzophenone from polyacrylate varnish in food packaging. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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The behaviour of Tenax as food simulant in the migration of polymer additives from food contact materials by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and PARAFAC. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1589:18-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Rubio L, Sarabia L, Ortiz M. Effect of the cleaning procedure of Tenax on its reuse in the determination of plasticizers after migration by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Talanta 2018; 182:505-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Choi MS, Rehman SU, Kim H, Han SB, Lee J, Hong J, Yoo HH. Migration of epoxidized soybean oil from polyvinyl chloride/polyvinylidene chloride food packaging wraps into food simulants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5033-5039. [PMID: 29273993 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) has been used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) food packaging cling film as a plasticizer and stabilizer. The aim of this study was to investigate the migration of ESBO from PVC/PVDC cling film, based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The specific migration of ESBO was evaluated using various food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 50% ethanol and n-heptane) for PVC and PVDC wrap products. ESBO did not migrate into water and 4% acetic acid for all the tested samples. However, it was released into 50% ethanol and n-heptane in several PVC/PVDC wraps, with maximum migration levels of 38.4 ± 0.7 and 37.4 ± 0.8 μg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that ESBO is capable of being released from PVC/PVDC wrap into amphiphilic/oily food and its migration should be regularly monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Choi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Shaheed Ur Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Hyeon Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, South Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, South Korea.
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12
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Use of Tenax® films to demonstrate the migration of chemical contaminants from cardboard into dry food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1261-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1326067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E. Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Bernard L, Bourdeaux D, Pereira B, Azaroual N, Barthélémy C, Breysse C, Chennell P, Cueff R, Dine T, Eljezi T, Feutry F, Genay S, Kambia N, Lecoeur M, Masse M, Odou P, Radaniel T, Simon N, Vaccher C, Verlhac C, Yessad M, Décaudin B, Sautou V. Analysis of plasticizers in PVC medical devices: Performance comparison of eight analytical methods. Talanta 2016; 162:604-611. [PMID: 27837878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of medical devices (MDs) used in hospitals are made of flexible plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC). Different plasticizers are present in variable amounts in the PVC matrix of the devices and can leach out into the infused solutions and may enter into contact with the patients. The ARMED1 project aims to assess the migration of these plasticizers from medical devices and therefore the level of exposure in patients. For the first task of the project, eight methods were developed to directly detect and quantify the plasticizers in the PVC matrix of the MDs. We compared the overall performances of the analytical methods using standardized and validated criteria in order to provide the scientific community with the guidance and the technical specifications of each method for the intended application. We have shown that routine rapid screening could be performed directly on the MDs using the FTIR technique, with cost-effective analyses. LC techniques may also be used, but with limits and only with individual quantification of the main plasticizers expected in the PVC matrix. GC techniques, especially GC-MS, are both more specific and more sensitive than other techniques. NMR is a robust and specific technique to precisely discriminate all plasticizers in a MD but is limited by its cost and its low ability to detect and quantify plasticizer contamination, e.g. by DEHP. All these results have been confirmed by a real test, called the " blind test " carried out on 10 MD samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - D Bourdeaux
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - N Azaroual
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - C Barthélémy
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - C Breysse
- Centre de Ressources Technologiques 3s'Inpack, 63173 Aubière cedex, France
| | - P Chennell
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - R Cueff
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - T Dine
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - T Eljezi
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - F Feutry
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - S Genay
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - N Kambia
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Lecoeur
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Masse
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - P Odou
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - T Radaniel
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - N Simon
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - C Vaccher
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - C Verlhac
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - M Yessad
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - B Décaudin
- University Lille, EA 7365 - GRITA - Groupe de Recherche sur les formes Injectables et les Technologies Associées, F-59000 Lille, France; CHU Lille, Institut de Pharmacie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - V Sautou
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, rue Montalembert, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, EA 4676 C-BIOSENSS, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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14
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Migration of photoinitiators from cardboard into dry food: evaluation of Tenax® as a food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:913-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1179562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frederic Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Francesca I, Patrizia P, Luca C, Federico M, Annalisa R. Analysis of volatile compounds in powdered milk for infant nutrition by direct desorption (CIS4–TDU) and GC–MS. Talanta 2015; 141:195-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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