1
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Störmer A, Hetzel L, Franz R. A critical review of test methods and alternative scientific approaches to compliance and safety evaluation of paper and board for food contact. Front Chem 2024; 12:1397913. [PMID: 39055044 PMCID: PMC11269091 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1397913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Paper and board are widely used as food contact materials. For such sensitive applications, consumer safety regarding the transfer of chemical components and contaminants to the food needs to be established. Such safety assessments are becoming increasingly challenging not only due to intentionally added substances but also non-intentionally added substances. In the European Union, compliance testing and safety evaluation of paper in food contact are largely based on national legislation and standards. The underlying tests are conventional methods, often overestimating and sometimes underestimating the migration into food. In this article, the relevant standard test methods are contrasted with currently available scientific knowledge. The scientific approaches to develop and identify suitable test methods are critically reviewed. Furthermore, theoretical predictions via mathematical modeling, with the aim to realistically simulate transfer to food, are presented and discussed in comparison with available migration studies with foods. Objectives are to (i) summarize the actual scientific knowledge in the field and draw conclusions regarding the potential and limitations of the existing test methods and (ii) identify research gaps toward a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of transport processes of volatile and non-volatile substances from paper and board into foods.
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2
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Zhou R, Geng J, Jiang J, Lin L, Zhang J, Yang Y, Wang W, Niu Y, Shao B. Occurrences and migration of organophosphite and organophosphate esters into food simulants from single-use food packaging in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121782. [PMID: 37164220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in food packaging. Because these chemicals have been found in various foods, they have caused increasing concern about potential health risks through food intake. Little information is available about the migration behaviors of OPAs and OPEs from single-use food packaging into food. In the present study, four OPAs and 23 OPEs were analyzed in paper and plastic single-use food packaging (n = 312), which are widely used for take-out food in China. The total concentrations of OPAs and OPEs in the packaging samples were 1966 and 189 ng/g, respectively. Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (AO168) was the dominant compound. OPAs and OPEs were present at higher concentrations in the plastic packaging than in the paper packaging. In a migration test, four OPAs and 15 OPEs were found in food simulants (4% acetic acid, 10% ethanol, and hexane). Higher levels of individual and total OPAs were found in hexane than the other food simulants, especially for AO168 migration from plastic packaging. The amounts of OPEs in the food simulants increased from the aqueous simulants (4% acetic acid and 10% ethanol) to the fatty food simulant (hexane). The migration efficiencies of the OPAs were higher than those of the OPEs. Preliminary calculations suggest that dietary exposure to OPAs and OPEs because of migration will be low for the population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruize Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jianqiang Geng
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Li Lin
- Beijing Institute of Food Inspection and Research(Beijing Municipal Center for Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment), Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yunjia Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yumin Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Bing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Preventive Medical Research, Beijing, 100013, China.
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3
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Yang QH, Lin QB, Liao J, Ma HS, Wei XF, Wang Y, Xu X. Non-targeted screening for contaminants derived from food contact water-borne coatings and risk assessment based on (Q)SAR matrix. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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4
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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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5
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Ana S, Chiara C, Fabiola C, Ursol Luca M, Sabrina M. High sensitivity determination of mineral oils and olefin oligomers in cocoa powder and related packaging: method validation and market survey. Food Chem 2022; 396:133686. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Grob K. How to make the use of recycled paperboard fit for food contact? A contribution to the discussion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:198-213. [PMID: 34525320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1977853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recycled paperboard contains hundreds of non-evaluated or even unidentified substances that could endanger human health if they turn out to be highly toxic. It seems as unrealistic to evaluate each of them as it is to phase out the use of the problematic ones or sort out the papers and boards introducing them into the recyclate. Therefore, measures should be taken that generally reduce migration into food, such as functional barriers or functional sorbents. A general approach is used for the recycling of plastics, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: as not every potential contaminant can be regulated, a pragmatic approach is applied, for PET mainly on the required decontamination efficiency. Criteria are required on the required efficacy of the measures to be taken. Recycled paperboard is used for various types of food contact: mostly contact is through the gas phase (evaporation and recondensation), often indirect through other layers (e.g. internal bags or for transport boxes), seldom in wetting contact. Numerous factors have to be considered. For typical folding boxes and at least strongly dominating gas phase contact, it was proposed that no more than 1% of each contaminant in the recycled paperboard should enter the food. The efficiency of the measures required to comply with this criterion depends on the application. The three main measures are reviewed with regard to this criterion: (i) internal bags with an incorporated functional barrier (successfully used for some time), (ii) a barrier layer on the internal wall of the box (for which the design of the closures might be most critical) and (iii) functional sorbents added to the paperboard (for which the sorbent capacity is critical). For transport boxes, commonly of corrugated board (quantitatively the most important use of recycled paperboard in food contact), an adjusted or different criterion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Retired from Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Migration and permeation of mineral oil components from paper-based food contact materials into foods – A critical comparison of analytical methods. Food Packag Shelf Life 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2020.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Cha MG, Koo YJ, Kim HS, Yu HH, Park SC, Kim YS, Lim KM, Lee SH, Choi DW. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:858-868. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Cha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chan Park
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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10
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Fengler R, Gruber L. Mineral oil migration from paper-based packaging into food, investigated by means of food simulants and model substances. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:845-857. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1714750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romy Fengler
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
| | - Ludwig Gruber
- Department of Product Safety and Analytics, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Freising, Germany
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11
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Nguyen PM, Dorey S, Vitrac O. The Ubiquitous Issue of Cross-Mass Transfer: Applications to Single-Use Systems. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193467. [PMID: 31554295 PMCID: PMC6803905 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaching of chemicals by materials has been integrated into risk management procedures of many sectors where hygiene and safety are important, including food, medical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The approaches focus on direct contact and do not usually address the risk of cross-mass transfer of chemicals from one item or object to another and finally to the contacting phase (e.g., culture medium, biological fluids). Overpackaging systems, as well as secondary or ternary containers, are potentially large reservoirs of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS), which can affect the final risk of contamination. This study provides a comprehensive description of the cross-mass transfer phenomena for single-use bags along the chain of value and the methodology to evaluate them numerically on laminated and assembled systems. The methodology is validated on the risk of migration i) of ϵ-caprolactam originating from the polyamide 6 internal layer of the overpackaging and ii) of nine surrogate migrants with various volatilities and polarities. The effects of imperfect contacts between items and of an air gap between them are particularly discussed and interpreted as a cutoff distance depending on the considered substance. A probabilistic description is suggested to define conservative safety-margins required to manage cross-contamination and NIAS in routine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Dorey
- Sartorius Stedim FMT S.A.S., avenue de Jouques, CS91051, ZI des Paluds, 13781 Aubagne CEDEX, France.
| | - Olivier Vitrac
- Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91300 Massy, France.
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12
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Zhang S, Liu L, Li B, Xie Y, Ouyang J, Wu Y. Concentrations of migrated mineral oil/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH/POSH) in Chinese commercial milk powder products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1261-1272. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoqing Xie
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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13
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Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Grob K. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1845-1860. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Munoz C, Eicher A, Biedermann M, Grob K. Recycled paperboard with a barrier layer for food contact: set-off during stacking or reeling. Analytical method and preliminary results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:577-582. [PMID: 29210614 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard for packaging dry foods is in the interest of sustainability of resources, but in most applications, the food must be protected against contamination, such as by a functional barrier on the internal surface of the paperboard box. After application, the paperboard is usually stacked or reeled before making boxes. During this period, the food-contact surface of the barrier layer is in contact with the outer side of the paperboard, which may result in set-off and subsequent contamination of food. A method is described for the determination of this path of migration, based on the taped format also used for the measurement of the barrier efficiency. Recycled paperboard containing the three surrogate substances n-heptadecane, 4-methyl benzophenone and dipropyl phthalate was taped to the food-contact side of the barrier layer. Pressure onto the test packs did not seem to be a relevant parameter. After periods of interest, a piece of the paperboard with the barrier layer was extracted and analysed for the surrogate substances. Another piece may be brought into contact with silicone paper to simulate the transfer to food. After 2 weeks at 60°C (simulating about 1 year at 25°C), set-off and the transfer to the silicone paper exceeded 1% for all barrier materials tested, but after 6 weeks at 40°C (around half a year at 25°C), set-off remained below 1% for all barrier layers except a multilayer with polyethylene on the food-contact surface. The preliminary conclusion is that set-off should be taken seriously, but may be kept low enough to provide sufficient protection of the packed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Munoz
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angela Eicher
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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17
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Update of on-line coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods and cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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18
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Van Den Houwe K, Evrard C, Van Loco J, Lynen F, Van Hoeck E. Use of Tenax® films to demonstrate the migration of chemical contaminants from cardboard into dry food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1261-1269. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1326067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Van Den Houwe
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - C. Evrard
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Van Loco
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Lynen
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E. Van Hoeck
- Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Nguyen PM, Julien JM, Breysse C, Lyathaud C, Thébault J, Vitrac O. Project SafeFoodPack Design: case study on indirect migration from paper and boards. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1703-1720. [PMID: 28374636 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1315777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Migration due to indirect contact with packaging caused several major sanitary crises, including the spread contamination of dry food by mineral oils and printing ink constituents from cardboard. The issues are still not fully resolved because the mechanisms have been insufficiently described and the relationship between design, contamination level, type of contaminant, and conditions of storage (time and temperature) are poorly understood. This study proposes a forensic analysis of these phenomena when food is separated from cardboard by a plastic layer. Practical relationships and advanced simulation scenarios were devised and validated against the long-term migration between 20 and 60°C of 15 substances. They were chosen to be representative of the main contaminants of cardboard: aliphatic and aromatic mineral oils, photo-initiators and plasticisers. Data were summarised as iso-contamination curves and iso-contamination times up to 2 years. Simple rules are illustrated to extrapolate the results to arbitrary conditions in order to identify critical substances and to estimate the plastic film's thickness to keep the contamination within acceptable limits. Recommendations for the risk management of contamination routes without contact are finally drafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Mai Nguyen
- a INRA , UMR 1145 Food Processing Engineering, Group Interaction between Material and Media in Contact , Massy , France
| | - Jean Mario Julien
- b Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE) , Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Materials Division , Trappes Cedex France
| | | | - Cédric Lyathaud
- b Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE) , Chemistry and Physical Chemistry of Materials Division , Trappes Cedex France
| | | | - Olivier Vitrac
- a INRA , UMR 1145 Food Processing Engineering, Group Interaction between Material and Media in Contact , Massy , France
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20
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Huang C, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Wang S. Mathematical equations combined with the MHE-GC method to study desorption kinetics of contaminants from food-package paper to air. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02872e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Online sample incubation techniques are convenient, sensitive and safe, additionally, mathematical equations are applicative for other similar contaminants in paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Huang
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry & Food Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- China
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Lommatzsch M, Biedermann M, Grob K, Simat TJ. Analysis of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons migrating from a polyolefin-based hot-melt adhesive into food. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:473-88. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1130863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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