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González-Curbelo MÁ, Kabak B. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Dried Fruits Worldwide, with a Focus on Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:576. [PMID: 37756002 PMCID: PMC10537527 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dried fruits are popular and nutritious snacks consumed worldwide due to their long shelf life and concentrated nutrient content. However, fruits can be contaminated with various toxigenic fungal species during different stages, including cultivation, harvesting, processing, drying, and storage. Consequently, these products may contain high levels of mycotoxins. This risk is particularly pronounced in developed countries due to the impact of climate change. Several factors contribute to mycotoxin production, including the type of fruit, geographical location, climate conditions, harvest treatments, and storage management practices. The main mycotoxins in dried fruits are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which can induce human health problems and economic losses. Mycotoxin contamination can vary significantly depending on the geographic origin of dried fruits (vine fruits, figs, dates, apricots, prunes, and mulberries). The aim of this review was to fill the knowledge gap by consolidating data from various regions to understand the global picture and identify regions with higher contamination risks. By consolidating research from various origins and stages of the supply chain, the review intends to shed light on potential contamination events during pre-harvest, drying, storage, and trading, while also highlighting the effects of storage conditions and climate change on mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel González-Curbelo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad EAN, Calle 79 no 11-45, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
| | - Bulent Kabak
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Machinery and Manufacturing Technology Application and Research Center, Hitit University, Corum 19030, Turkey
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Xin X, Nan M, Bi Y, Xue H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lu Z. Effects of Aspergillus niger Infection on the Quality of Jujube and Ochratoxin A Cumulative Effect. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:406. [PMID: 37505675 PMCID: PMC10467135 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The jujube is one of the most popular fruits in China because of its delicious taste and high nutritional value. It has a long history of usage as an important food or traditional medicine. However, the jujube is easily infected by fungi, which causes economic losses and threatens human health. When the jujube was infected by Aspergillus niger (H1), the changes in nutritional qualities were determined, such as the content of total acid, vitamin C, reducing sugar, etc. In addition, the ability of A. niger (H1) to produce ochratoxin A (OTA) in different inoculation times and culture media was evaluated, and the content of OTA in jujubes was also analyzed. After jujubes were infected by A. niger (H1), the total acid, and vitamin C contents increased, while the total phenol content decreased, and the reducing sugar content increased after an initial decrease. Although A. niger (H1) infection caused the jujubes to rot and affected its quality, OTA had not been detected. This research provides a theoretical foundation for maximizing edible safety and evaluating the losses caused by fungal disease in jujubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Xin
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.W.); (Z.L.)
- Basic Experiment Teaching Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Basic Experiment Teaching Center, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Jiajie Wang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Lu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.X.); (J.W.); (Z.L.)
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. The Occurrence and Contamination Level of Ochratoxin A in Plant and Animal-Derived Food Commodities. Molecules 2021; 26:6928. [PMID: 34834020 PMCID: PMC8623125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a highly toxic mycotoxin and poses great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and widespread contamination, great efforts have been made to evaluate its human exposure. This review focuses on the OTA occurrence and contamination level in nine plant and animal derived food commodities: cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit, spice, meat, and milk. The occurrence and contamination level varied greatly in food commodities and were affected by many factors, including spices, geography, climate, and storage conditions. Therefore, risk monitoring must be routinely implemented to ensure minimal OTA intake and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China;
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China; (Q.Z.); (H.L.)
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[Progress of sample preparation and analytical methods of dried fruit foods]. Se Pu 2021; 39:958-967. [PMID: 34486835 PMCID: PMC9404242 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2021.06030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
坚果、果脯等干果类食品含有丰富的营养成分,深受国内外广大消费者的喜爱。但这些食品在果实生产、加工、储运时会使用农药或产生霉变等,造成干果中农药、重金属、霉菌毒素或添加剂等有害成分残留,甚至超过国家限量要求,带来严重的食品安全问题。因此,加强干果类食品的质量监督具有重要的经济和社会意义。但干果类食品基质复杂,有害物质种类多,结构和性质差异大,含量低,其分析检测需要快速高效的样品前处理技术和准确灵敏的分析检测方法。该文主要综述了近十年来干果类食品中有害物质的样品前处理及分析检测方法研究进展。其中样品前处理方法主要包括各种场辅助萃取法、相分离法和衍生化萃取方法等。场辅助萃取法主要是借助超声波和微波场等外场(协同)作用加快干果中有害物质的溶出速度,提高其萃取效率。相分离法,包括固相(微)萃取、分散固相萃取和液相(微)萃取法等,具有溶剂消耗少、分离富集效率高的优势,是干果样品分析中较常使用的前处理方法。该文还重点介绍了干果中各类有害成分分析检测技术,主要包括色谱、原子光谱、无机质谱、电化学分析等常规实验室方法,以及一些适用于现场分析的快速检测技术,并以此为基础,展望了干果类食品中有害物质分析检测技术的发展趋势。
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Li X, Ma W, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Li H. Recent progress in determination of ochratoxin a in foods by chromatographic and mass spectrometry methods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5444-5461. [PMID: 33583259 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1885340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is a highly toxic mycotoxin and has posed great threat to human health. Due to its serious toxicity and wide contamination, great efforts have been made to develop reliable determination methods. In this review, analytical methods are comprehensively summarized in terms of sample preparation strategy and instrumental analysis. Detailed method is described according to the food commodities in the order of cereal, wine, coffee, beer, cocoa, dried fruit and spice. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances, especially reported in the last decade. At last, challenges and perspectives are also discussed to achieve better advancement and promote practical application in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjiang Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Beijing State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
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Luo X, Zhai Y, Qi L, Pan L, Wang J, Xing J, Wang R, Wang L, Zhang Q, Yang K, Chen Z. Influences of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Zearalenone- and Ochratoxin A-Contaminated Corn and In Vivo Toxicity Assessment. Foods 2020; 9:foods9030376. [PMID: 32213868 PMCID: PMC7143755 DOI: 10.3390/foods9030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron beam irradiation (EBI) has high energy, no induced radioactivity, and strong degradation capacity toward mycotoxins, such as zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA). In this study, we determined EBI’s influence on the physical and chemical properties of corn contaminated with ZEN and OTA. Moreover, the toxicity of corn after EBI was assessed through a mouse experiment. Amylose content and starch crystallinity in corn decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at an irradiation dose higher than 20 kGy. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the starch particles of corn began to be crushed at 10 kGy. Essential and total amino acid contents in corn decreased significantly with increasing irradiation dose of EBI (p < 0.05). Feeding EBI-treated corn fodders to mice could significantly improve blood biochemical indexes. The EBI-treated group was not significantly different from the normal corn group and did not display histopathological changes of the liver. EBI treatment can influence the quality of corn to some extent and effectively lower the toxicity of ZEN and OTA in contaminated corn. The results provide a theoretical and practical basis for the processing of EBI-treated corn and its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Luo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory for Agri-product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-510-8532-98-20
| | - Yuheng Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lijun Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lihong Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Jiali Xing
- Ningbo Institute for food control, Ningbo 315048, China;
| | - Ren Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Li Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Agri-product Quality Traceability, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Kai Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.Z.); (L.Q.); (L.P.); (R.W.); (L.W.); (K.Y.); (Z.C.)
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Fan K, Cheng X, Guo W, Liu X, Zhang Z, Yao Q, Nie D, Yao B, Han Z. Ochratoxin A in human blood plasma samples from apparently healthy volunteers in Nanjing, China. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:269-276. [PMID: 32016807 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA) of populations living in Nanjing, China. Plasma samples were collected from 147 healthy adults (age 18-63 years) and analyzed for OTA by a reliable and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method (limit of detection 0.04 ng/mL). After enzymatic hydrolysis by β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase, OTA was detected in 80.9% plasma samples with mean concentration of 0.26 ± 0.59 ng/mL (range 0.04-6.59 ng/mL). The estimated daily intakes of OTA based on plasma concentrations (mean 0.51 ng/kg bw/day, max 12.99 ng/kg bw/day) were lower than the tolerable daily intake published by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) or Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JFECFA) indicative of rare risks related to the OTA exposure in the investigated area. This study provides a valuable insight on human exposure to OTA in China. Further studies in children and elder people and in adult cohorts from other regions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Reproductive Medical Center, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Qi Yao
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongxie Nie
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China
| | - Bing Yao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zheng Han
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 201403, China.
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Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed in China: Occurrence, detection techniques, toxicological effects and advances in mitigation technologies. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang X, Li J, Cheng Z, Zhou Z, Ma L. High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous detection of ochratoxin A and relative metabolites in Aspergillus species and dried vine fruits. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1355-66. [PMID: 27442910 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1209691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and reliable quantification and identification method was developed for simultaneous analysis of ochratoxin A (OTA) and its related metabolites ochratoxin alpha (OTα), ochratoxin B (OTB) and mellein. The method was assessed by spiking analytes into blank culture media and dried vine fruits. Performance was tested in terms of accuracy, selectivity and repeatability. The method involves an ultrasonic extraction step for culture samples using methanol aqueous solution (7:3, v/v); the mycotoxin is quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The recoveries were 74.5-108.8%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.4-8.4% for fungal culture. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.03-0.87 μg l(-)(1), and the limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.07 to 2.90 μg l(-)(1). In addition, the extraction solutions and clean-up columns were optimised specifically for dried vine fruit samples to improve the performance of the method. Methanol-1% sodium bicarbonate extraction solution (6:4, v/v) was determined to be the most efficient. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) was performed as a clean-up step prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis to reduce matrix effects. Recoveries ranged from 80.1% to 110.8%. RSDs ranged from 0.1% to 3.6%. LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.06 to 0.40 μg kg(-)(1) and from 0.19 to 1.20 μg kg(-)(1), respectively. The analytical method was established and used to identify and quantify OTA and related compounds from Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus ochraceus in cultures and dried vine fruits. The results showed that A. carbonarius produced OTα, OTB and OTA, whereas A. ochraceus produced OTB, OTA and mellein after 7 days of cultivation. Of 30 commercial samples analysed, 10 were contaminated with ochratoxins; OTB, OTα and mellein were also detected in different samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Zhang
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Jingming Li
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Zhan Cheng
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
| | - Ziying Zhou
- b Supervision, Inspection & Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , China
| | - Liyan Ma
- a College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China.,b Supervision, Inspection & Testing Center of Agricultural Products Quality , Ministry of Agriculture , Beijing , China
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Luan Y, Chen J, Li C, Xie G, Fu H, Ma Z, Lu A. Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection of Ochratoxin A by a Label-Free Aptamer and Gold Nanoparticles. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5377-85. [PMID: 26690477 PMCID: PMC4690133 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A label-free aptamer-based assay for the highly sensitive and specific detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) was developed using a cationic polymer and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The OTA aptamer was used as a recognition element for the colorimetric detection of OTA based on the aggregation of AuNPs by the cationic polymer. By spectroscopic quantitative analysis, the colorimetric assay could detect OTA down to 0.009 ng/mL with high selectivity in the presence of other interfering toxins. This study offers a new alternative in visual detection methods that is rapid and sensitive for OTA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Luan
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Gang Xie
- Grain Safety, Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Hailong Fu
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Zhihong Ma
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Anxiang Lu
- Agriculture Environment, Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China.
- Risk Assessment Lab for Agro-products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, China.
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