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He W, Zhang T, Zheng M, Tabl KM, Huang T, Liao Y, Wu A, Zhang J. Utilization of a Novel Soil-Isolated Strain Devosia insulae FS10-7 for Deoxynivalenol Degradation and Biocontrol of Fusarium Crown Rot in Wheat. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:1057-1067. [PMID: 38451497 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0412-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most widespread mycotoxin contaminant hazardous to human and animal health globally. It acts as a crucial virulence factor to stimulate the spread of pathogenic Fusarium within wheat plants. Control of DON and Fusarium disease contributes enormously to food safety, which relies on chemical fungicides. Here, we report the biodegradation of DON using a novel soil bacterium, Devosia insulae FS10-7, and its biocontrol effect against Fusarium crown rot. We demonstrated that strain FS10-7 degraded DON to 3-epi-DON by forming a 3-keto-DON intermediate. Such degradation activity can be maintained at a wide range of pH (4 to 10) and temperature (16 to 42°C) values under aerobic conditions. Notably, strain FS10-7 exhibited practical inhibitory effects on Fusarium crown rot disease caused by F. graminearum and F. pseudograminearum in the in vitro Petri dish test under laboratory conditions and the pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. The mechanisms underlying the biocontrol ability of strain FS10-7 were preliminarily investigated to be associated with its high DON-degrading activity rather than direct antagonism. These results establish the foundation to develop further bioagents capable of biodegrading mycotoxins in cereals and derived products and, accordingly, biocontrol plant diseases caused by DON-producing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie He
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengru Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Karim M Tabl
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, 21531, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Tao Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yucai Liao
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tu Y, Liu S, Cai P, Shan T. Global distribution, toxicity to humans and animals, biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3951-3983. [PMID: 37421323 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Tang Y, Xiao D, Liu C. Two-Step Epimerization of Deoxynivalenol by Quinone-Dependent Dehydrogenase and Candida parapsilosis ACCC 20221. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040286. [PMID: 37104224 PMCID: PMC10146952 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the main mycotoxins with enteric toxicity, genetic toxicity, and immunotoxicity, and is widely found in corn, barley, wheat, and rye. In order to achieve effective detoxification of DON, the least toxic 3-epi-DON (1/357th of the toxicity of DON) was chosen as the target for degradation. Quinone-dependent dehydrogenase (QDDH) reported from Devosia train D6-9 detoxifies DON by converting C3-OH to a ketone group with toxicity of less than 1/10 that of DON. In this study, the recombinant plasmid pPIC9K-QDDH was constructed and successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. Within 12 h, recombinant QDDH converted 78.46% of the 20 μg/mL DON to 3-keto-DON. Candida parapsilosis ACCC 20221 was screened for its activity in reducing 86.59% of 3-keto-DON within 48 h; its main products were identified as 3-epi-DON and DON. In addition, a two-step method was performed for epimerizing DON: 12 h catalysis by recombinant QDDH and 6 h transformation of the C. parapsilosis ACCC 20221 cell catalyst. The production rates of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were 51.59% and 32.57%, respectively, after manipulation. Through this study, effective detoxification of 84.16% of DON was achieved, with the products being mainly 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Tang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dingna Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chendi Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wu Shan, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Abraham N, Schroeter KL, Zhu Y, Chan J, Evans N, Kimber MS, Carere J, Zhou T, Seah SYK. Structure-function characterization of an aldo-keto reductase involved in detoxification of the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14737. [PMID: 36042239 PMCID: PMC9427786 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin, produced by filamentous fungi such as Fusarium graminearum, that causes significant yield losses of cereal grain crops worldwide. One of the most promising methods to detoxify this mycotoxin involves its enzymatic epimerization to 3-epi-DON. DepB plays a critical role in this process by reducing 3-keto-DON, an intermediate in the epimerization process, to 3-epi-DON. DepBRleg from Rhizobium leguminosarum is a member of the new aldo-keto reductase family, AKR18, and it has the unusual ability to utilize both NADH and NADPH as coenzymes, albeit with a 40-fold higher catalytic efficiency with NADPH compared to NADH. Structural analysis of DepBRleg revealed the putative roles of Lys-217, Arg-290, and Gln-294 in NADPH specificity. Replacement of these residues by site-specific mutagenesis to negatively charged amino acids compromised NADPH binding with minimal effects on NADH binding. The substrate-binding site of DepBRleg is larger than its closest structural homolog, AKR6A2, likely contributing to its ability to utilize a wide range of aldehydes and ketones, including the mycotoxin, patulin, as substrates. The structure of DepBRleg also suggests that 3-keto-DON can adopt two binding modes to facilitate 4-pro-R hydride transfer to either the re- or si-face of the C3 ketone providing a possible explanation for the enzyme's ability to convert 3-keto-DON to 3-epi-DON and DON in diastereomeric ratios of 67.2% and 32.8% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Abraham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kurt L Schroeter
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Yan Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Evans
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.,Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Kimber
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jason Carere
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen Y K Seah
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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5
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Modification of Deoxynivalenol by a Fungal Laccase Paired with Redox Mediator TEMPO. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080548. [PMID: 36006210 PMCID: PMC9413383 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol introduce a health risk to the food supply and are costly to manage or avoid. Technologies for reducing or eliminating the toxicity of deoxynivalenol could be useful in a variety of processes, such as in preserving the value as animal feed of byproducts of ethanol production. We characterized transformation products of deoxynivalenol that were formed by the combination of a fungal laccase paired with the chemical mediator 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO), using chromatography, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Alcohol groups at the C3 and C15 positions of deoxynivalenol were oxidized to ketones, and the chemical mediator became covalently linked to the C4 position. Conditions experienced during gas chromatography led to the dissociation of TEMPO, forming 3,15-diketodeoxynivalenol. Understanding the range of possible modifications to deoxynivalenol and other trichothecenes is a necessary step toward effective remediation of contaminated grain.
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6
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3-keto-DON, but Not 3- epi-DON, Retains the in Planta Toxicological Potential after the Enzymatic Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137230. [PMID: 35806249 PMCID: PMC9266554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models. In the current study, the toxicological assessment of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON using in planta models surprisingly revealed that 3-keto-DON, but not 3-epi-DON, retained its toxicity to a large extent in both duckweeds (Lemna minor L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) model systems. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the exposure of L. minor to 3-keto-DON and DON resulted in substantial transcriptomic changes and similar gene expression profiles, whereas 3-epi-DON did not. These novel findings are pivotal for understanding the environmental burden of the above metabolites as well as informing the development of future transgenic plant applications. Collectively, they emphasize the fundamental need to assess both plant and animal models when evaluating metabolites/host interactions.
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Yang H, Yan R, Li Y, Lu Z, Bie X, Zhao H, Lu F, Chen M. Structure-Function Analysis of a Quinone-Dependent Dehydrogenase Capable of Deoxynivalenol Detoxification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6764-6774. [PMID: 35613468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent dehydrogenase DepA detoxifies deoxynivalenol (DON) by converting the C3-OH into a keto group. Herein, two crystal structures of DepA and its complex with PQQ were determined, together with biochemical evidence confirming the interactions of DepA with PQQ and DON and revealing a unique tyrosine residue important for substrate selection. Furthermore, four loops over the active site essential for DepA activity were identified, of which three loops were stabilized by PQQ, and the fourth loop invisible in both structures was considered important for binding DON, together constituting a lid for the active site. Preliminary engineering of the loop showed its potential for enzyme improvement. This study provides structural insights into how a PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase is equipped with the function of DON conversion and for the first time shows the necessity of a lid structure for PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase activity, laying foundation for structure-based design to enhance catalysis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruxue Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaomei Bie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haizhen Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Meirong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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8
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Zhang H, Zhang H, Qin X, Wang X, Wang Y, Bin Y, Xie X, Zheng F, Luo H. Biodegradation of Deoxynivalenol by Nocardioides sp. ZHH-013: 3- keto-Deoxynivalenol and 3- epi-Deoxynivalenol as Intermediate Products. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658421. [PMID: 34349733 PMCID: PMC8326517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most devastating and notorious contaminants in food and animal feed worldwide. A novel DON-degrading strain, Nocardioides sp. ZHH-013, which exhibited complete mineralization of DON, was isolated from soil samples. The intermediate products of DON generated by this strain were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses. It was shown that, on an experimental level, 3-keto-DON was a necessary intermediate product during the conversion from DON to 3-epi-DON. Furthermore, the ZHH-013 strain could also utilize 3-epi-DON. This DON degradation pathway is a safety concern for food and feed. The mechanism of DON and 3-epi-DON elimination will be further studied, so that new enzymes for DON degradation can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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9
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Gandomkar S, Rocha R, Sorgenfrei FA, Montero LM, Fuchs M, Kroutil W. PQQ-dependent Dehydrogenase Enables One-pot Bi-enzymatic Enantio-convergent Biocatalytic Amination of Racemic sec-Allylic Alcohols. ChemCatChem 2021; 13:1290-1293. [PMID: 33777250 PMCID: PMC7986696 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric amination of secondary racemic allylic alcohols bears several challenges like the reactivity of the bi-functional substrate/product as well as of the α,β-unsaturated ketone intermediate in an oxidation-reductive amination sequence. Heading for a biocatalytic amination cascade with a minimal number of enzymes, an oxidation step was implemented relying on a single PQQ-dependent dehydrogenase with low enantioselectivity. This enzyme allowed the oxidation of both enantiomers at the expense of iron(III) as oxidant. The stereoselective amination of the α,β-unsaturated ketone intermediate was achieved with transaminases using 1-phenylethylamine as formal reducing agent as well as nitrogen source. Choosing an appropriate transaminase, either the (R)- or (S)-enantiomer was obtained in optically pure form (>98 % ee). The enantio-convergent amination of the racemic allylic alcohols to one single allylic amine enantiomer was achieved in one pot in a sequential cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Rocha
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz8010GrazAustria
| | - Frieda A. Sorgenfrei
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology c/oUniversity of Graz8010GrazAustria
| | | | - Michael Fuchs
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz8010GrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI Graz8010GrazAustria
- Field of Excellence BioHealthUniversity of Graz8010GrazAustria
- BioTechMed Graz8010GrazAustria
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10
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Metabolomics-guided analysis reveals a two-step epimerization of deoxynivalenol catalyzed by the bacterial consortium IFSN-C1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6045-6056. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Hassan YI, He JW, Lepp D, Zhou T. Understanding the Bacterial Response to Mycotoxins: The Transcriptomic Analysis of Deoxynivalenol-Induced Changes in Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1098. [PMID: 31798443 PMCID: PMC6868067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium toxin widely detected in cereal grains. The inadvertent exposure to this fungal secondary-metabolite gives rise to a myriad of adverse health effects including appetite loss, emesis, and suppression of the immune system. While most of the attention this mycotoxin has gained in the past four decades was related to its eukaryotic toxicity (monogastric animals and plants more precisely), recent studies have begun to reveal its negative influence on prokaryotes. Recently presented evidence indicates that DON can negatively affect many bacterial species, raising the possibility of DON-induced imbalances within the microbiota of the human and animal gut, in addition to other environmental niches. This in turn has led to a greater interest in understanding bacterial responses toward DON, and the involved mechanism(s) and metabolic pathways, in order to build a more comprehensive picture of DON-induced changes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike. This study reveals the transcriptomic profiling of Devosia mutans strain 17-2-E-8 after the inclusion of DON within its growth medium. The results highlight three adaptive mechanisms involved in the response of D. mutans 17-2-E-8 to this mycotoxin, which include: (a) activation of adenosine 5’-triphosphate-binding cassette transporters; (b) engagement of a toxin-specific pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent detoxification pathway; and finally (c) the upregulation of auxiliary coping proteins such as porins, glutathione S-transferases, and phosphotransferases. Some of the identified mechanisms are universal in nature and are shared with other bacterial genera and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jian Wei He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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12
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Biodegradation of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives by Devosia insulae A16. Food Chem 2019; 276:436-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Tittlemier S, Cramer B, Dall’Asta C, Iha M, Lattanzio V, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2017-2018. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2019. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2018.2398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments that have been published in the period from mid-2017 to mid-2018 on the analysis of various matrices for mycotoxins. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices, and newly developed comprehensive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of the presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - B. Cramer
- University of Münster, Institute of Food Chemistry, Corrensstr. 45, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C. Dall’Asta
- Università di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, Viale delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Rua Minas 866, CEP 14085-410, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
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Carere J, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Zhou T. The enzymatic detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: identification of DepA from the DON epimerization pathway. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:1106-1111. [PMID: 29148251 PMCID: PMC6196400 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological detoxification of mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), represents a very promising approach to address the challenging problem of cereal grain contamination. The recent discovery of Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 (Devosia spp. 17-2-E-8), a bacterial isolate capable of transforming DON to the non-toxic stereoisomer 3-epi-deoxynivalenol, along with earlier reports of bacterial species capable of oxidizing DON to 3-keto-DON, has generated interest in the possible mechanism and enzyme(s) involved. An understanding of these details could pave the way for novel strategies to manage this widely present toxin. It was previously shown that DON epimerization proceeds through a two-step biocatalysis. Significantly, this report describes the identification of the first enzymatic step in this pathway. The enzyme, a dehydrogenase responsible for the selective oxidation of DON at the C3 position, was shown to readily convert DON to 3-keto-DON, a less toxic intermediate in the DON epimerization pathway. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the PQQ dependence of the enzyme. This enzyme may be part of a feasible strategy for DON mitigation within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Carere
- Guelph Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphONN1G 5C9Canada
| | - Yousef I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphONN1G 5C9Canada
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphONN1G 5C9Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development CentreAgriculture and Agri‐Food Canada93 Stone Road WestGuelphONN1G 5C9Canada
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15
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Carere J, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Zhou T. The Identification of DepB: An Enzyme Responsible for the Final Detoxification Step in the Deoxynivalenol Epimerization Pathway in Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1573. [PMID: 30065709 PMCID: PMC6056672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common mycotoxins found in cereal grains and grains contaminated with DON can cause health issues for both humans and animals and result in severe economic losses. Currently there is no feasible method to remediate affected grains. The development of a biological method for detoxification is becoming increasingly more plausible with the discovery of microbes which can transform DON to a relatively non-toxic stereoisomer, 3-epi-DON. Although bacteria capable of detoxifying DON have been known for some time, it is only recently an enzyme responsible was identified. In Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 (Devosia sp. 17-2-E-8) a two-step DON epimerization (Dep) pathway, designated as the Dep system, completes this reaction. DepA was recently identified as the enzyme responsible for the conversion of DON to 3-keto-DON, and in this report, DepB, a NADPH dependent dehydrogenase, is identified as the second and final step in the pathway. DepB readily catalyzes the reduction of 3-keto-DON to 3-epi-DON. DepB is shown to be moderately thermostable as it did not lose significant activity after a heat treatment at 55°C and it is amenable to lyophilization. DepB functions at a range of pH-values (5-9) and functions equally well in multiple common buffers. DepB is clearly a NADPH dependent enzyme as it utilizes it much more efficiently than NADH. The discovery of the final step in the Dep pathway may provide a means to finally mitigate the losses from DON contamination in cereal grains through an enzymatic detoxification system. The further development of this system will need to focus on the activity of the Dep enzymes under conditions mimicking industrially relevant conditions to test their functionality for use in areas such as corn milling, fuel ethanol fermentation or directly in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
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16
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Employing immuno-affinity for the analysis of various microbial metabolites of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1556:81-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Hassan Y, Zhou T. Addressing the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol contamination with soil-derived bacterial and enzymatic transformations targeting the C3 carbon. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The search for feasible biological means of detoxifying mycotoxins has attained successful accomplishments in the past twenty years due to the involvement of many teams coming from diverse backgrounds and research expertise. The recently witnessed breakthroughs in the field of bacterial genomics (including next-generation sequencing), proteomics, and computational biology helped all in shaping the current understanding of how microorganisms/mycotoxins/environmental factors intertwined and interact together, hence paving the road for some substantial discoveries. This perspective review summarises the advances that were observed in the past two decades within the deoxynivalenol (DON) bio-detoxification field. It highlights the research efforts and progresses that were made in the arena of the aerobic oxidation and epimerization of this mycotoxin at the C3 carbon carried out by multiple Devosia species. Moreover, it sets practical examples and discusses how the recent standing-knowledge of bacterial detoxifications of this mycotoxin has evolved into a fascinating potential of empirical bacterial and enzymatic solutions aiming at addressing DON contamination. The obtained results argue for determining the involved enzyme’s co-factors and defining the chemistry behind the established catalytic activity at an early stage of investigation to maximise the chances of isolating the responsible enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.I. Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - T. Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
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18
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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19
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Hassan YI, He JW, Perilla N, Tang K, Karlovsky P, Zhou T. The enzymatic epimerization of deoxynivalenol by Devosia mutans proceeds through the formation of 3-keto-DON intermediate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6929. [PMID: 28761064 PMCID: PMC5537285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON) is a promising mitigation strategy for addressing this mycotoxin contamination of cereal grains. A recently described bacterium, Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, capable of transforming DON into its non-toxic stereoisomer 3-epi-DON, holds promise for the development of such applications. Earlier observations suggested that DON epimerization proceeds via a two-step catalysis with 3-keto-DON as an intermediate. The results of this study indicate that NADPH is required for DON epimerization by cell-free protein extracts of D. mutans, while high concentrations of glucose and sucrose have a suppressive effect. Chemically synthesized 3-keto-DON incubated with D. mutans protein fractions enriched by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 35–55% saturation selectively reduced 3-keto-DON to 3-epi-DON, but fell short of supporting the complete epimerization of DON. In addition, seven Devosia species investigated for DON epimerization were all able to reduce 3-keto-DON to 3-epi-DON, but only a few were capable of epimerizing DON. The above observations collectively confirm that the enzymes responsible for the oxidation of DON to 3-keto-DON are physically separate from those involved in 3-keto-DON reduction to 3-epi-DON. The enzymatic nature of DON epimerization suggests that the process could be used to develop genetically engineered crops or microorganisms, ultimately reducing foodborne exposure of consumers and farm animals to DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Wei He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Norma Perilla
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Micotox Ltd, Bogota, Colombia
| | - KaiJie Tang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Petr Karlovsky
- Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Wilson NM, McMaster N, Gantulga D, Soyars C, McCormick SP, Knott K, Senger RS, Schmale DG. Modification of the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Using Microorganisms Isolated from Environmental Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040141. [PMID: 28420137 PMCID: PMC5408215 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common contaminant of wheat, barley, and maize. New strategies are needed to reduce or eliminate DON in feed and food products. Microorganisms from plant and soil samples collected in Blacksburg, VA, USA, were screened by incubation in a mineral salt media containing 100 μg/mL DON and analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Two mixed cultures derived from soil samples consistently decreased DON levels in assays using DON as the sole carbon source. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis indicated that 3-keto-4-deoxynivalenol was the major by-product of DON. Via 16S rRNA sequencing, these mixed cultures, including mostly members of the genera Acinetobacter, Leadbetterella, and Gemmata, were revealed. Incubation of one of these mixed cultures with wheat samples naturally contaminated with 7.1 μg/mL DON indicated nearly complete conversion of DON to the less toxic 3-epimer-DON (3-epi-DON). Our work extends previous studies that have demonstrated the potential for bioprospecting for microorganisms from the environment to remediate or modify mycotoxins for commercial applications, such as the reduction of mycotoxins in fuel ethanol co-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Wilson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Nicole McMaster
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Dash Gantulga
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Cara Soyars
- Biology Department, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Susan P McCormick
- USDA-ARS, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
| | - Ken Knott
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Ryan S Senger
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - David G Schmale
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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21
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Zhu Y, Hassan YI, Lepp D, Shao S, Zhou T. Strategies and Methodologies for Developing Microbial Detoxification Systems to Mitigate Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E130. [PMID: 28387743 PMCID: PMC5408204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of mycotoxigenic fungi, have been found in almost all agricultural commodities worldwide, causing enormous economic losses in livestock production and severe human health problems. Compared to traditional physical adsorption and chemical reactions, interest in biological detoxification methods that are environmentally sound, safe and highly efficient has seen a significant increase in recent years. However, researchers in this field have been facing tremendous unexpected challenges and are eager to find solutions. This review summarizes and assesses the research strategies and methodologies in each phase of the development of microbiological solutions for mycotoxin mitigation. These include screening of functional microbial consortia from natural samples, isolation and identification of single colonies with biotransformation activity, investigation of the physiological characteristics of isolated strains, identification and assessment of the toxicities of biotransformation products, purification of functional enzymes and the application of mycotoxin decontamination to feed/food production. A full understanding and appropriate application of this tool box should be helpful towards the development of novel microbiological solutions on mycotoxin detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Dion Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Suqin Shao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, ON N1G5C9, Canada.
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22
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Vanhoutte I, De Mets L, De Boevre M, Uka V, Di Mavungu JD, De Saeger S, De Gelder L, Audenaert K. Microbial Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol (DON), Assessed via a Lemna minor L. Bioassay, through Biotransformation to 3-epi-DON and 3-epi-DOM-1. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020063. [PMID: 28208799 PMCID: PMC5331442 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. To mitigate mycotoxins in food or feed, biotransformation is an emerging technology in which microorganisms degrade toxins into non-toxic metabolites. To monitor deoxynivalenol (DON) biotransformation, analytical tools such as ELISA and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) are typically used. However, these techniques do not give a decisive answer about the remaining toxicity of possible biotransformation products. Hence, a bioassay using Lemna minor L. was developed. A dose-response analysis revealed significant inhibition in the growth of L. minor exposed to DON concentrations of 0.25 mg/L and higher. Concentrations above 1 mg/L were lethal for the plant. This bioassay is far more sensitive than previously described systems. The bioassay was implemented to screen microbial enrichment cultures, originating from rumen fluid, soil, digestate and activated sludge, on their biotransformation and detoxification capability of DON. The enrichment cultures originating from soil and activated sludge were capable of detoxifying and degrading 5 and 50 mg/L DON. In addition, the metabolites 3-epi-DON and the epimer of de-epoxy-DON (3-epi-DOM-1) were found as biotransformation products of both consortia. Our work provides a new valuable tool to screen microbial cultures for their detoxification capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Laura De Mets
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Valdet Uka
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Leen De Gelder
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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23
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Beyond Ribosomal Binding: The Increased Polarity and Aberrant Molecular Interactions of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8090261. [PMID: 27618101 PMCID: PMC5037487 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8090261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite and contaminant mycotoxin that is widely detected in wheat and corn products cultivated around the world. Bio-remediation methods have been extensively studied in the past two decades and promising ways to reduce DON-associated toxicities have been reported. Bacterial epimerization of DON at the C3 carbon was recently reported to induce a significant loss in the bio-toxicity of the resulting stereoisomer (3-epi-DON) in comparison to the parental compound, DON. In an earlier study, we confirmed the diminished bio-potency of 3-epi-DON using different mammalian cell lines and mouse models and mechanistically attributed it to the reduced binding of 3-epi-DON within the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center (PTC). In the current study and by inspecting the chromatographic behavior of 3-epi-DON and its molecular interactions with a well-characterized enzyme, Fusarium graminearum Tri101 acetyltransferase, we provide the evidence that the C3 carbon epimerization of DON influences its molecular interactions beyond the abrogated PTC binding.
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24
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Microbial biotransformation of DON: molecular basis for reduced toxicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29105. [PMID: 27381510 PMCID: PMC4933977 DOI: 10.1038/srep29105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria are able to de-epoxidize or epimerize deoxynivalenol (DON), a mycotoxin, to deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (deepoxy-DON or DOM-1) or 3-epi-deoxynivalenol (3-epi-DON), respectively. Using different approaches, the intestinal toxicity of 3 molecules was compared and the molecular basis for the reduced toxicity investigated. In human intestinal epithelial cells, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON were not cytotoxic, did not change the oxygen consumption or impair the barrier function. In intestinal explants, exposure for 4 hours to 10 μM DON induced intestinal lesions not seen in explants treated with deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON. A pan-genomic transcriptomic analysis was performed on intestinal explants. 747 probes, representing 323 genes, were differentially expressed, between DON-treated and control explants. By contrast, no differentially expressed genes were observed between control, deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON treated explants. Both DON and its biotransformation products were able to fit into the pockets of the A-site of the ribosome peptidyl transferase center. DON forms three hydrogen bonds with the A site and activates MAPKinases (mitogen-activated protein kinases). By contrast deepoxy-DON and 3-epi-DON only form two hydrogen bonds and do not activate MAPKinases. Our data demonstrate that bacterial de-epoxidation or epimerization of DON altered their interaction with the ribosome, leading to an absence of MAPKinase activation and a reduced toxicity.
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25
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He JW, Hassan YI, Perilla N, Li XZ, Boland GJ, Zhou T. Bacterial Epimerization as a Route for Deoxynivalenol Detoxification: the Influence of Growth and Environmental Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:572. [PMID: 27148248 PMCID: PMC4838601 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several Fusarium species that infest wheat and corn. Food and feed contaminated with DON pose a health risk to both humans and livestock and form a major barrier for international trade. Microbial detoxification represents an alternative approach to the physical and chemical detoxification methods of DON-contaminated grains. The present study details the characterization of a novel bacterium, Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8, that is capable of transforming DON to a non-toxic stereoisomer, 3-epi-deoxynivalenol under aerobic conditions, mild temperature (25–30°C), and neutral pH. The biotransformation takes place in the presence of rich sources of organic nitrogen and carbon without the need of DON to be the sole carbon source. The process is enzymatic in nature and endures a high detoxification capacity (3 μg DON/h/108 cells). The above conditions collectively suggest the possibility of utilizing the isolated bacterium as a feed treatment to address DON contamination under empirical field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei He
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, GuelphON, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Yousef I Hassan
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Norma Perilla
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, GuelphON, Canada; Micotox Ltd.Bogota, Colombia
| | - Xiu-Zhen Li
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Greg J Boland
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON, Canada
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26
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He JW, Bondy GS, Zhou T, Caldwell D, Boland GJ, Scott PM. Toxicology of 3-epi-deoxynivalenol, a deoxynivalenol-transformation product by Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:250-9. [PMID: 26363308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microbial detoxification of deoxynivalenol (DON) represents a new approach to treating DON-contaminated grains. A bacterium Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8 was capable of completely transforming DON into a major product 3-epi-DON and a minor product 3-keto-DON. Evaluation of toxicities of these DON-transformation products is an important part of hazard characterization prior to commercialization of the biotransformation application. Cytotoxicities of the products were demonstrated by two assays: a MTT bioassay assessing cell viability and a BrdU assay assessing DNA synthesis. Compared with DON, the IC50 values of 3-epi-DON and 3-keto-DON were respectively 357 and 3.03 times higher in the MTT bioassay, and were respectively 1181 and 4.54 times higher in the BrdU bioassay. Toxicological effects of 14-day oral exposure of the B6C3F1 mouse to DON and 3-epi-DON were also investigated. Overall, there were no differences between the control (free of toxin) and the 25 mg/kg bw/day or 100 mg/kg bw/day 3-epi-DON treatments in body and organ weights, hematology and organ histopathology. However, in mice exposed to DON (2 mg/kg bw/day), white blood cell numbers and serum immunoglobulin levels were altered relative to controls, and lesions were observed in adrenals, thymus, stomach, spleen and colon. Taken together, in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that 3-epi-DON is substantially less toxic than DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wei He
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Genevieve S Bondy
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Don Caldwell
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg J Boland
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter M Scott
- Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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