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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, De Saeger S, Chen X, Rajkovic A. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides and Their Main Mycotoxins: Global Distribution and Scenarios of Interactions in Maize. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:577. [PMID: 37756003 PMCID: PMC10534665 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maize is frequently contaminated with multiple mycotoxins, especially those produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. As mycotoxin contamination is a critical factor that destabilizes global food safety, the current review provides an updated overview of the (co-)occurrence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides and (co-)contamination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) in maize. Furthermore, it summarizes their interactions in maize. The gathered data predict the (co-)occurrence and virulence of A. flavus and F. verticillioides would increase worldwide, especially in European cold climate countries. Studies on the interaction of both fungi regarding their growth mainly showed antagonistic interactions in vitro or in planta conditions. However, the (co-)contamination of AFB1 and FB1 has risen worldwide in the last decade. Primarily, this co-contamination increased by 32% in Europe (2010-2020 vs. 1992-2009). This implies that fungi and mycotoxins would severely threaten European-grown maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Shandong Analysis and Test Centre, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science), Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (M.F.A.); (A.R.)
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Kortei NK, Badzi S, Nanga S, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Amon DNK, Odamtten GT. Survey of knowledge, and attitudes to storage practices preempting the occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in some Ghanaian staple foods and processed products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8710. [PMID: 37248384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi can infect and produce potent mycotoxins in foodstuffs prior to harvest, during harvest (field fungi), and in storage after harvest (storage fungi), which when ingested, can result in adverse health effects. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices adopted by the Ghanaian populace to help mitigate the occurrence of molds and mycotoxins in foods. A cross-sectional survey involving a structured questionnaire was conducted with 642 respondents from twelve regions of Ghana. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were calculated. Correct Classification Rate (CCR) was measured to assess the utility of a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the majority of 299 (46.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-25. Age and educational level were related to knowledge about the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods (p < 0.05). More than half the respondents, 50% indicated that they knew of aflatoxins as a major mycotoxin present in food. Higher education directly influenced on the knowledge of mycotoxicosis and the management of stored food to present intoxication by fungal metabolites. 502 (32.9%) knew that consuming foods with toxins could cause stomach aches. The most commonly consumed food commodity despite the presence of visible growth of fungi was bread (35.3%). The average KAP score for knowledge showed that, out of 100%, there was adequate knowledge (63.8%) among the members of the Ghanaian populace. Favorable environmental conditions of high humidity (> 85% ERH) and temperature (> 28-32 °C) enhance the proliferation of fungi in most foods and the attendant production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins are associated with several severe human and animal health conditions; mycotoxicosis was associated with high fever, pain, vomiting, suppression of immunity, cancer, etc. when these foods are consumed on regular basis for a prolonged length of time. Future examination of the food items used for the School Feeding Programme in Ghana will offer opportunities to examine the risks of feeding youth with fungal-contaminated food preparations from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Sandra Badzi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Salifu Nanga
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Denick Nii Kotey Amon
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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Kaela CR, Lilly M, Rheeder JP, Misihairabgwi JM, Alberts JF. Mycological and Multiple Mycotoxin Surveillance of Sorghum and Pearl Millet Produced by Smallholder Farmers in Namibia. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:164. [PMID: 37014446 PMCID: PMC10073170 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Mycological (mycotoxigenic Fusarium and aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp.) and multiple mycotoxins [aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B (FB), deoxynivalenol and zearalenone] surveillance was conducted on raw whole grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) produced on smallholder farms, and processed products sold at open markets in northern Namibia. Fungal contamination was determined with morphological methods as well as with quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR). The concentrations of multiple mycotoxins in samples were determined with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The incidence of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp., Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, as well as the concentrations of AFB1 and FB were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in the malts as compared to the raw whole grains, with Aspergillus spp. and AFB1 exhibiting the highest contamination (P < 0.001). None of the analysed mycotoxins were detected in the raw whole grains. Aflatoxin B1 above the regulatory maximum level set by the European Commission was detected in sorghum (2 of 10 samples; 20%; 3-11 µg/kg) and pearl millet (6 of 11 samples; 55%; 4-14 µg/kg) malts. Low levels of FB1 (6 of 10 samples; 60%; 15-245 µg/kg) were detected in sorghum malts and no FB was detected in pearl millet malts. Contamination possibly occurred postharvest, during storage, and/or transportation and processing. By critically monitoring the complete production process, the sources of contamination and critical control points could be identified and managed. Mycotoxin awareness and sustainable education will contribute to reducing mycotoxin contamination. This could ultimately contribute to food safety and security in northern Namibia where communities are exposed to carcinogenic mycotoxins in their staple diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin R Kaela
- Department of Agriculture, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Private Bag X8, Wellington, South Africa
| | - Mariska Lilly
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute (AMHBI), Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa
| | - John P Rheeder
- Department of Biotechnology and Consumer Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jane M Misihairabgwi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, PO Box 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Johanna F Alberts
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, South Africa.
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Wenndt AJ, Sudini HK, Mehta R, Pingali P, Nelson R. Spatiotemporal assessment of post-harvest mycotoxin contamination in rural North Indian food systems. Food Control 2021; 126:108071. [PMID: 34345120 PMCID: PMC8075802 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal trends in aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation were analyzed in a range of food commodities (maize, groundnut, pearl millet, rice, and wheat) in village settings in Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India. Samples (n = 1549) were collected across six communities and six time points spanning a calendar year and were analyzed for mycotoxins using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AFB1 and FB1 were common across surveyed villages, with moderate to high detection rates (45-75%) observed across commodities. AFB1 levels in maize and groundnuts and FB1 levels in maize and pearl millet frequently exceeded regulatory threshold levels of 15 μg/kg (AFB1) and 2 μg/g (FB1). DON was analyzed in wheat, with 3% of samples yielding detectable levels and none exceeding 1 μg/g. In rice, AFB1 levels were highest in the bran and husk and lower in the kernel. Commodity type significantly influenced AFB1 detection status, while commodity type, season, and visual quality influenced samples' legal status. Storage characteristics and household socioeconomic status indicators did not have significant effects on contamination. No significant effects of any variables on FB1 detection or legal status were observed. Data on mycotoxin contamination, combined with data on local dietary intake, were used to estimate spatiotemporal mycotoxin exposure profiles. Estimated seasonal per capita exposure levels for AFB1 (5.4-39.3 ng/kg body weight/day) and FB1 (~0-2.4 μg/kg body weight/day) exceeded provisional maximum tolerable daily intake levels (1 ng/kg body weight/day for AFB1 and 2 μg/kg body weight/day for FB1) in some seasons and locations. This study demonstrates substantial dietary mycotoxin exposure risk in Unnao food systems and serves as an evidentiary foundation for participatory food safety intervention in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Wenndt
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture & Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hari Kishan Sudini
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Telangana, India
| | - Rukshan Mehta
- Nutrition & Health Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prabhu Pingali
- Tata Cornell Institute for Agriculture & Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics & Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Nelson
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Wangia-Dixon RN, Nishimwe K. Molecular toxicology and carcinogenesis of fumonisins: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, TOXICOLOGY AND CARCINOGENESIS 2021; 39:44-67. [PMID: 33554724 DOI: 10.1080/26896583.2020.1867449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisins, discovered in 1988 are a group of naturally occurring toxins produced by fusarium pathogenic fungi. Besides their presence in animal feeds, contamination of human foods such as corn, millet, oats, rye, barley, wheat and their products are widespread. Exposure to fumonisins results in species and organ specific toxicities including neurological disorders among equids, pulmonary edema in swine, esophageal cancer in humans and both kidney and liver related toxicities in rodents. This review seeks to consolidate groundbreaking research on the science of fumonisins toxicity, highlight recent progress on fumonisins research, and provide an overview of plausible mechanistic biomarkers for fumonisins exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nabwire Wangia-Dixon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- KAVI Institute of Clinical Research, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kizito Nishimwe
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
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Akello J, Ortega-Beltran A, Katati B, Atehnkeng J, Augusto J, Mwila CM, Mahuku G, Chikoye D, Bandyopadhyay R. Prevalence of Aflatoxin- and Fumonisin-Producing Fungi Associated with Cereal Crops Grown in Zimbabwe and Their Associated Risks in a Climate Change Scenario. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020287. [PMID: 33572636 PMCID: PMC7912306 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In most sub-Saharan African countries, staple cereal grains harbor many fungi and some produce mycotoxins that negatively impact health and trade. Maize and three small grain cereals (sorghum, pearl millet, and finger millet) produced by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe during 2016 and 2017 were examined for fungal community structure, and total aflatoxin (AF) and fumonisin (FM) content. A total of 800 maize and 180 small grain samples were collected at harvest and during storage from four agroecological zones. Fusarium spp. dominated the fungi associated with maize. Across crops, Aspergillusflavus constituted the main Aspergillus spp. Small grain cereals were less susceptible to both AF and FM. AF (52%) and FM (89%) prevalence was higher in maize than in small grains (13-25% for AF and 0-32% for FM). Less than 2% of small grain samples exceeded the EU regulatory limit for AF (4 µg/kg), while <10% exceeded the EU regulatory limit for FM (1000 µg/kg). For maize, 28% and 54% of samples exceeded AF and FM Codex guidance limits, respectively. Higher AF contamination occurred in the drier and hotter areas while more FM occurred in the wetter year. AF exposure risk assessment revealed that small grain consumption posed low health risks (≤0.02 liver cancer cases/100,000 persons/year) while maize consumption potentially caused higher liver cancer rates of up to 9.2 cases/100,000 persons/year depending on the locality. Additionally, FM hazard quotients from maize consumption among children and adults were high in both years, but more so in a wet year than a dry year. Adoption of AF and FM management practices throughout the maize value chain coupled with policies supporting dietary diversification are needed to protect maize consumers in Zimbabwe from AF- and FM-associated health effects. The higher risk of health burden from diseases associated with elevated concentration of mycotoxins in preferred maize during climate change events can be relieved by increased consumption of small grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Akello
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | | | - Bwalya Katati
- National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, KK Airport Road, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310158, Zambia;
| | - Joseph Atehnkeng
- IITA Malawi, Chitedze Research Station, Lilongwe P.O. Box. 30258, Malawi;
| | - Joao Augusto
- IITA Mozambique, Av. FPLM, Nampula P.O. Box. 709, Mozambique;
| | - Chama M. Mwila
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - George Mahuku
- IITA Tanzania, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box. 34441, Tanzania;
| | - David Chikoye
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Plot 1458B, Ngwerere Road, Chelston, Lusaka P.O. Box. 310142, Zambia; (J.A.); (C.M.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
- IITA Nigeria, Oyo Road, Ibadan P.M.B. 5320, Nigeria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +234-806-868-1854
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Hanvi DM, Lawson-Evi P, De Boevre M, Goto CE, De Saeger S, Eklu-Gadegbeku K. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in maize and sorghum in Togo. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:321-327. [PMID: 30968272 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00351-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites frequently affecting agronomical crops and consequently imposing a major challenge for food safety and public health. In this study, a total of 67 raw cereals (55 maize and 12 sorghum) were collected from the market of Togo. The samples were investigated on the occurrence of 21 mycotoxins using state-of-the-art high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The most frequent occurring mycotoxins were fumonisins (88 and 67% for maize and sorghum respectively) with concentrations ranging from 101 to 1838 μg/kg for maize and 81.5 to 361 μg/kg for sorghum, respectively. Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 38% of the maize samples with maximum contamination levels of 256 μg/kg, and 25% of the sorghum samples (range 6-16 μg/kg). The concentrations of aflatoxins were high in maize, with some cases exceeding the maximum legislative limits (EU) for unprocessed maize placed on the market. In addition to these high contamination levels, the co-occurrence of three classes of mycotoxins (i.e., aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes) was observed in this study. For the first time, the multi-mycotoxins occurrence in agronomical crops in Togo was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dèdè M Hanvi
- Food Control Laboratory, Agronomic Research Institute, BP1163, Lomé, Togo.
| | - P Lawson-Evi
- Department of Animal Physiology, Lomé University, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
| | - M De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - C E Goto
- Food Control Laboratory, Agronomic Research Institute, BP1163, Lomé, Togo
| | - S De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology & Public Health, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Eklu-Gadegbeku
- Department of Animal Physiology, Lomé University, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo
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Lulamba TE, Stafford RA, Njobeh PB. A sub-Saharan African perspective on mycotoxins in beer - a review. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jib.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tshikala Eddie Lulamba
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Robert A. Stafford
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Patrick Berka Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein Campus, CnrSiemert & Beit Streets, 2028 Johannesburg - New Doornfontein Johannesburg South Africa
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9
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Vismer HF, Shephard GS, van der Westhuizen L, Mngqawa P, Bushula-Njah V, Leslie JF. Mycotoxins produced by Fusarium proliferatum and F. pseudonygamai on maize, sorghum and pearl millet grains in vitro. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 296:31-36. [PMID: 30826540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) are basic staple foods for many rural or poorer communities. These crops are susceptible to plant diseases caused by multiple species of Fusarium, some of which also produce mycotoxins, including fumonisins and moniliformin that are detrimental to both humans and domesticated animals. Eighteen potentially toxigenic Fusarium strains were isolated from maize (n = 10), sorghum (n = 7) and pearl millet (n = 1) growing in the same field in Nigeria. The 17 strains from maize and sorghum were all F. proliferatum and the one strain from pearl millet was F. pseudonygamai. Under conducive conditions, the 17 F. proliferatum strains produced fumonisins, 11 in relatively large quantities (700-17,000 mg total fumonisins, i.e., FB1 + FB2 + FB3/kg culture material), and six at <45 mg/kg. Ten F. proliferatum strains produced >100 mg of moniliformin per kg culture material with a maximum of 8900 mg/kg culture material. All strains could use all grains for growth and toxin production, regardless of the host from which they were isolated. Isolates varied in the amount of toxin produced on each substrate, with toxin production a property of the strain and not the host from which the strain was recovered. However, the extent to which a toxin-producing phenotype could be altered by the grain on which the fungus was grown is consistent with subtle genetic × environment interactions that require a larger data set than the one presented here to rigorously identify. In conclusion, there is significant variation in the ability of strains of F. proliferatum to produce fumonisins and moniliformin on maize, sorghum and millet. If the amount of toxin produced on the various grains in this study reflects real-world settings, e.g., poor storage, then the consumers of these contaminated grains could be exposed to mycotoxin levels that greatly exceed the tolerable daily intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester F Vismer
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Gordon S Shephard
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Liana van der Westhuizen
- Oxidative Stress Research Centre, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Pamella Mngqawa
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Institute of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
| | - Vuyiswa Bushula-Njah
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.
| | - John F Leslie
- Kansas State University, 4024 Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, 1712 Claflin Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502, USA.
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Wang Y, Li X, Xi D, Wang X. Visual detection of Fusarium proliferatum based on asymmetric recombinase polymerase amplification and hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37144-37147. [PMID: 35542282 PMCID: PMC9075509 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-step and instrument-free visual method was established based on asymmetric recombinase polymerase amplification coupled with hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme for the detection of Fusarium proliferatum. Asymmetric recombinase polymerase amplification and hemin/G-quadruplex DNAzyme-based visual detection of F. proliferatum is demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life Science
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Linyi University
- Linyi 276005
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology
- College of Plant Protection
- Shandong Agricultural University
- Tai'an
- People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xi
- College of Life Science
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Tumor Markers
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Linyi University
- Linyi 276005
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Plant Protection Research Center
- Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- People's Republic of China
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Jiang D, Li F, Zheng F, Zhou J, Li L, Shen F, Chen J, Li W. Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of multiple mycotoxins in corn-based food products from Shandong, China. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2018; 12:10-17. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1503341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Jiang
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjia Zheng
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Shen
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of physical and chemical testing, Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Roselló J, Giménez S, Ibáñez MD, Blázquez MA, Santamarina MP. Bomba Rice Conservation with a Natural Biofilm. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2518-2526. [PMID: 30221220 PMCID: PMC6130782 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of commercial Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum verum, and Laurus nobilis essential oils as well as their antifungal activity against four pathogenic fungi isolated from Mediterranean rice grains has been investigated. Eighty nine compounds accounting for between 98.5 and 99.4% of the total essential oil were identified. The phenylpropanoids eugenol (89.37 ± 0.29%) and eugenol (56.34 ± 0.41%), followed by eugenol acetate (19.48 ± 0.13%) were, respectively, the main compounds in clove and cinnamon essential oils, whereas large amounts of the oxygenated monoterpenes 1,8-cineole (58.07 ± 0.83%) and α-terpinyl acetate (13.05 ± 0.44%) were found in bay leaf essential oil. Clove and cinnamon oils showed the best antifungal activity results against all tested fungi. Against Alternaria alternata, clove essential oil displayed the best antifungal effect, whereas against Curvularia hawaiiensis, cinnamon essential oil was more active. Both essential oils showed a similar antifungal effect towards Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium oxysporum. In vitro studies in inoculated rice grains showed that clove and cinnamon totally inhibited pathogenic fungal development after 30 days of incubation. In vivo studies showed that eugenol used with a polysaccharide such as agar-agar formed a fine coat which wraps the inoculated rice grains, creating a natural biofilm and reducing the development of all pathogenic fungi (80-95%) for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Roselló
- Departamento
de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Escuela Técnica Superior de
Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Giménez
- Departamento
de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Escuela Técnica Superior de
Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Dolores Ibáñez
- Departament
de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Amparo Blázquez
- Departament
de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjasot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Santamarina
- Departamento
de Ecosistemas Agroforestales, Escuela Técnica Superior de
Ingeniería Agronómica y del Medio Natural, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- E-mail: . Tel: +34 96 3877414. Fax: +34 96 387 7149
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13
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Sun X, Dong W, Liu M, Shen C, Zhang Y, Sun J, Sun B, Li H, Chen F. Validation of a QuEChERS-Based Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Method for Analysis of Phthalate Esters in Grain Sorghum. J Food Sci 2018; 83:892-901. [PMID: 29577291 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed for analysis of 14 phthalate esters (PAEs) in grain sorghum (GS). Chemical extraction was done with acetonitrile followed by dispersive-solid phase extraction technique with a mixture of sorbents including primary secondary amine and octadecyl silica. Under the optimized condition, the matrix-matched calibration curves for all PAEs showed good linear relationship in the concentration range between 5 and 500 μg/L with correlation coefficients (R2 ) better than 0.99. Mean recoveries were between 82.0% and 120.2% at spiking levels of 0.06, 0.6, and 2.0 mg/kg with RSD of 0.3% to 7.8% (n = 5) for intra-day precision and 1.2% to 7.6% (n = 5) for inter-day precision. The LODGS and LOQGS for 14 PAEs were between 0.4 and 10.0 μg/kg and 0.5 and 20.0 μg/kg, respectively. Analysis of 32 commercial GS samples revealed that dimethyl-, diethyl-, diisobutyl-, dibutyl-, and di- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate esters were detected in all of the analytes. In addition, content-color scale model was applied to visualize the concentration differences of PAEs in real GS samples. Principal component analysis of PAEs revealed that the GS samples did not have a distinctive cluster based on their geographic origins. The established method was proven to be simple, accurate, and effective for analysis of PAEs in GS, which might also be applied for analysis of PAEs in other matrices. PRACTICAL APPLICATION A modified QuEChERS-based GC-MS method was developed for the determination of phthalate esters (PAEs) in grain sorghum (GS). The ubiquitous presence of PAEs can migrate into GS. Therefore, evaluation of the total content of PAEs in GS is helpful to understand its impact of overall pollution level on other foods. This study has provided some basic information in terms of the content and contamination of PAEs in GS, which is helpful to establish relevant standards and risk assessment of GS for the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotao Sun
- College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin Univ. of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Wei Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P. R. China
| | - Caihong Shen
- Luzhou Laojiao Co. Ltd., Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Hehe Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,College of Food Science, Beijing Technology and Business Univ., Beijing 100048, P. R. China.,Dept. of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634, U.S.A
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14
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Misihairabgwi JM, Somorin YM, Chibuzor-Onyema IE, Oyedele OA, Abia WA, Sulyok M, Shephard GS, Krska R. Traditionally Processed Beverages in Africa: A Review of the Mycotoxin Occurrence Patterns and Exposure Assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:334-351. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Dept. of Microbiology; Babcock Univ.; Ilishan Remo Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Jane M. Misihairabgwi
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Medicine; Univ. of Namibia; P. Bag 13301 Windhoek Namibia
| | - Yinka M. Somorin
- Microbiology, School of Natural Sciences; Natl. Univ. of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | | | | | - Wilfred A. Abia
- School of Toxicology, Occupational Health/Safety and Risk Assessment, COSET; Inst. for Management and Professional Training (IMPT); Yaounde Cameroon
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
| | - Gordon S. Shephard
- Mycotoxicology and Chemoprevention Research Group, Inst. of Biomedical and Microbial Biotechnology; Cape Peninsula Univ. of Technology; PO Box 1906 Bellville 7535 South Africa
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Dept. of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry; Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU); Konrad Lorenzstr. 20 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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15
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Dawlal P, Brabet C, Thantsha M, Buys E. Potential of lactic acid bacteria for the reduction of fumonisin exposure in African fermented maize based foods. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maize, which contributes to a large portion of the African diet and serves as the base substrate for many fermented cereal products, has been reported to be contaminated with fumonisins. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro ability of predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in African traditional fermented maize based foods (ogi and mahewu) to bind fumonisin B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2), as well as the stability of the complex at different pH and temperatures, in particular observed during ogi fermentation and under its storage conditions (time, temperature). The percentage of bound fumonisins was calculated after analysing the level of fumonisins not bound to LAB after a certain incubation time, by HPLC. The results revealed the ability of all tested LAB strains to bind both fumonisins, with binding efficiencies varying between strains and higher for FB2. Binding of fumonisins increased with a decrease in pH from 6 to 4 (observed during the ogi fermentation process) and from 4 to 2 (acidic pH in the stomach), and an increase in temperature (from 30 to 37 °C). The percentage of FB1 and FB2 bound to LAB at pH 4 decreased after 6 days of storage at 30 °C for all LAB strains, except for Lactobacillus plantarum (R1096) for which it increased. Lactobacillus species (L. plantarum and Lactobacillus delbrueckii) were the most efficient in binding FB1 and FB2, whereas Pediococcus sp. was less efficient. Therefore, the Lactobacillus strains tested in this study can be recommended as potential starter cultures for African traditional fermented maize based foods having detoxifying and probiotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Dawlal
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Biosciences, P.O. Box 395, Pretoria 0001, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - C. Brabet
- Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR – Qualisud, TA B-95/16, 73 rue J.F. Breton, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - M.S. Thantsha
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - E.M. Buys
- Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
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16
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Udomkun P, Wiredu AN, Nagle M, Bandyopadhyay R, Müller J, Vanlauwe B. Mycotoxins in Sub-Saharan Africa: Present situation, socio-economic impact, awareness, and outlook. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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