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Silva AL, Oliveira JL, do Nascimento RP, Santos LO, de Araújo FM, Dos Santos BL, Santana RC, Moreira ELT, Batatinha MJM, Alves IM, Velozo ES, Victor MM, Assis AM, Almeida RF, de Souza DOG, Silva VDA, Costa SL. Monocrotaline induces acutely cerebrovascular lesions, astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration associated with behavior changes in rats: A model of vascular damage in perspective. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:59-70. [PMID: 36336098 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites playing an important role as phytotoxins in the plant defense mechanisms and can be present as contaminant in the food of humans and animals. The PA monocrotaline (MCT), one of the major plant derived toxin that affect humans and animals, is present in a high concentration in Crotalaria spp. (Leguminosae) seeds and can induce toxicity after consumption, characterized mainly by hepatotoxicity and pneumotoxicity. However, the effects of the ingestion of MCT in the central nervous system (CNS) are still poorly elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of MCT oral acute administration on the behavior and CNS toxicity in rats. Male adult Wistar were treated with MCT (109 mg/Kg, oral gavage) and three days later the Elevated Pluz Maze test demonstrated that MCT induced an anxiolytic-like effect, without changes in novelty habituation and in operational and spatial memory profiles. Histopathology revealed that the brain of MCT-intoxicated animals presented hyperemic vascular structures in the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and neocortex, mild perivascular edema in the neocortex, hemorrhagic focal area in the brain stem, hemorrhage and edema in the thalamus. MCT also induced neurotoxicity in the cortex and hippocampus, as revealed by Fluoro Jade-B and Cresyl Violet staining, as well astrocyte reactivity, revealed by immunocytochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Additionally, it was demonstrated by RT-qPCR that MCT induced up-regulation on mRNA expression of neuroinflammatory mediator, especially IL1β and CCL2 in the hippocampus and cortex, and down-regulation on mRNA expression of neurotrophins HGDF and BDNF in the cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that the ingestion of MCT induces cerebrovascular lesions and toxicity to neurons that are associated to astroglial cell response and neuroinflammation in the cortex and hippocampus of rats, highlighting CNS damages after acute intoxication, also putting in perspective it uses as a model for cerebrovascular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana L Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Joana L Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ravena P do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Letícia O Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Balbino L Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Brazil
| | - Rejane C Santana
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Federal University of Bahia, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luiz T Moreira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria José M Batatinha
- Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Hospital of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Iura M Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eudes S Velozo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Medication, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Victor
- Organic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Adriano M Assis
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Catholic University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Roberto F Almeida
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Diogo O G de Souza
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil
| | - Victor Diógenes A Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
| | - Silvia L Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil; INCT for Excitotoxicity and Neuroprotection - CNPq (INCT-EN, BR), Brazil.
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Willocx M, Van der Beeten I, Asselman P, Delgat L, Baert W, Janssens SB, Leliaert F, Picron JF, Vanhee C. Sorting out the plants responsible for a contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloids in spice seeds by means of LC-MS/MS and DNA barcoding: Proof of principle with cumin and anise spice seeds. FOOD CHEMISTRY: MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100070. [PMID: 35415703 PMCID: PMC8991971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2021.100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Identification of contaminating plants in seed spice with DNA barcoding. The obtained data concurs the previously obtained results with DNA metabarcoding. Heliotropium sp. is the predominant source of phytotoxic PA/PANOs in those samples. The presence of only 2 Heliotropium seeds/jar can render a sample non-compliant. The benefit combining chemical and molecular approach to check for phytotoxins.
High value commodities such as spices suffer from occasional contaminations of both chemical and biological origin. Consequently, quality control and safety monitoring has become a pressing issue for the spice industry. Two recent independent studies showed that at least one third of the analyzed cumin and green anise spice seeds samples surpassed the by the European Union recently established threshold value for toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their corresponding N-oxides (PANOs). These heterocyclic secondary plant metabolites are produced by a large number of different plant families. In those spice seeds, it was found by means of DNA metabarcoding, that predominant contamination was due to the presence of herbal material from the Heliotropium genus (Boraginaceae). Unfortunately, the use of this specific type of DNA-based identification remains controversial for the majority of the official instances and preference is still given to the use of more tangible classical approaches, including microscopy and chemical analysis. However, these methodologies often suffer from inherent drawbacks. Here we demonstrate that at least for spice seeds, a combinatory approach of microscopy, chemical analysis and classical DNA barcoding of the isolated contaminants using the matK and trnH-psbA loci, provides qualitative and quantitative information on the amount of plant material responsible for the contaminations and the extent of the contamination. The generated data also demonstrates that the presence of a very limited number of Heliotropium sp. seeds in a standard commercially available canister is sufficient to surpass the allowed threshold value, illustrating once more the importance of weed control.
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Ma C, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji H, Song X, Guo H, Yi T. Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kowalczyk E, Kwiatek K. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey: Determination with Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectrometry Method. J Vet Res 2018; 62:173-181. [PMID: 30364911 PMCID: PMC6200291 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2018-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are probably the most widespread toxins of natural origin. More than 6,000 plant species produce these toxic compounds. Bees can forage on flowers of plants producing PAs, which leads to contamination of honey with the toxic compounds. To determine the contamination of honey with PAs, a sensitive method based on liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been developed. MATERIAL AND METHODS PAs were extracted with 0.05 M sulphuric acid and purified with MCX cartridges. A solvent mixture consisting of ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, ammonia, and triethylamine (8:1:1:0.1:0.1, v/v) was used to wash alkaloids from the cartridges. After evaporation the residues were reconstituted in water and methanol mixture and subjected to LC-MS analysis. RESULTS The developed method was validated according to SANTE/11945/2015 requirements. The recovery was from 80.6% to 114.5%. The repeatability ranged from 2.3% to 14.6%, and the reproducibility was from 4.9% to 17.7%. CONCLUSIONS A new method for the determination of PAs in honey has been developed and validated. All evaluated parameters were in accordance with the SANTE/11945/2015 guidance document. Out of 50 analysed honey samples, 16 (32%) were positive for the content of at least one PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Kowalczyk
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Pulawy, Poland
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