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Patyra E, Osiński Z, Kwiatek K. Residues of veterinary antibiotics in solid natural and organic fertilizers-method development and sample analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33956-w. [PMID: 38886273 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Livestock excrement is used around the world as natural fertilizers or, after processing, as organic fertilizers for crops and grasslands. But due to the presence of veterinary antibiotics in them, they may pose a threat not only to the natural environment, mainly to soil microorganisms, but also to human and animal health. This article describes a method for detecting 21 antibacterial substances in solid natural and organic fertilizers. Antibiotics from fertilizers were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and McIlvain-Na2EDTA buffer, twice. The extracts were purified by solid phase extraction technique on Strata-X cartridges and analyzed with the use UHPLC-MS/MS technique. The method was validated in accordance with EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2021/808; the obtained recovery ranged from 93.6 to 116.6% (depending on the analytes), and the linearity ranged from 50 to 1000 µg/kg. The developed method was used to analyze 73 samples of solid natural and organic fertilizers. Our research has shown that over 38% of natural fertilizers were contaminated with antibiotics, mainly doxycycline in concentrations reaching several dozen milligrams per kilogram of fertilizers. In the case of processed organic fertilizers, the presence of antibiotics was found in over 37% of the analyzed samples. The research results showed that the developed and validated analytical method may be useful for assessing the presence and content of antibacterial substances in solid natural and organic fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstufs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Osiński
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstufs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstufs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Butovskaya E, Carrillo Heredero AM, Segato G, Faggionato E, Borgia M, Marchis D, Menotta S, Bertini S. Quantitative determination of tetracyclines in medicated feed for food-producing animals by HPLC-DAD. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:601-609. [PMID: 38648111 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2341115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotic substances largely administered through medicated feed to control diseases in food-producing animals. Fine dosing of antibiotics contained in medicated feed is crucial for the success of the treatment as well as minimising potential threats such as the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the transfer of antibiotic residues in food. A rapid analytical method based on HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) was developed to quantify oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in medicated feed. The reported method underwent in-house validation and was found to be suitable for the quantification of three target tetracyclines within the concentration range of 40-1000 mg kg-1 in official routine analysis. The method was applied to 103 official samples in the framework of the Italian National Plan on animal feed during the years 2021-2023 and nine non-compliant concentrations were identified in swine and fish feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butovskaya
- Food and Feed Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Segato
- Food and Feed Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Faggionato
- Food and Feed Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Borgia
- Food and Feed Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Marchis
- National Reference Centre on Animal Feed (C.Re.A.A.), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Food and Feed Chemistry Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini" (IZSLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Bertini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Accurate determination of four tetracycline residues in chicken meat by isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463818. [PMID: 36720185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method based on isotope dilution-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC‒MS/MS) was developed to accurately determine four representative tetracyclines (tetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, and oxytetracycline) in chicken meat. Tetracyclines are known to have a great tendency for epimerization and keto-enol tautomerism, which often provoke major challenges in their determination. Since this isomerization was found to be unavoidable during the whole chain of the current analysis, the total content (µg kg‒1) of individual tetracycline was quantified as a sum of each parent compound and its respective isomeric forms. Using this approach in combination with IDMS analysis, more consistent, accurate, and reproducible measurement results for the four tetracyclines in chicken meat were acquired. LC-MS/MS conditions and sample preparation processes were comprehensively optimized to minimize the chelating effect of tetracyclines and possible co-extracted interferences. Details of the sample preparation scheme, LC‒MS/MS detection, calculation equation, and method validation are described in this article. The method provided very good accuracy (97.7-102.6%) for all analytes across the concentration range of 10-200 µg kg‒1, with relative standard deviations for intra-day and inter-day precision of less than 4%. The limits of quantification were below 0.2 µg kg‒1, demonstrating the high sensitivity of the method. Furthermore, the measurement uncertainty was generally below 5.5%. Hence, the established method exhibits high-order metrological quality with superior performance over various existing methodologies. Moreover, this method can provide references for general food testing laboratories close to and far below the established maximum residue limits (100 µg kg‒1) for animal muscle tissues.
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Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Bello-López MÁ. A Method for the Determination of Veterinary Drugs from Different Therapeutic Classes in Animal Urine. J Chromatogr Sci 2020; 58:127-135. [PMID: 32154562 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, precise and robust HPLC separation procedure has been developed and optimized for the determination of a series of drugs of different therapeutic classes: chlortetracycline, oxitetracycline, cefoperazone, diclofenac, tiamphenicol, marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin and flumequine. The chromatographic method used a monolithic C18 column and both diode array and fluorescence detection. This procedure was validated for the analysis of drugs in cow urine, using a simple and fast procedure with methanol/acetonitrile, allowing the simultaneous and efficient extraction of most of the studied drugs. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of enrofloxacin in cow urine, collected after the administration of this antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramos-Payán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Ocaña-González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Rut Fernández-Torres
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Bello-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Prof. García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Patyra E, Kwiatek K, Nebot C, Gavilán RE. Quantification of Veterinary Antibiotics in Pig and Poultry Feces and Liquid Manure as a Non-Invasive Method to Monitor Antibiotic Usage in Livestock by Liquid Chromatography Mass-Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:E3265. [PMID: 32709030 PMCID: PMC7397134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are active substances frequently used to treat and prevent diseases in animal husbandry, especially in swine and poultry farms. The use of manure as a fertilizer may lead to the dispersion of antibiotic residue into the environment and consequently the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Most pharmaceutical active ingredients are excreted after administration, in some cases up to 90% of the consumed dose can be found in the feces and/or urine as parent compound. Therefore, due to antibiotic metabolism their residues can be easily detected in manure. This article describes a method for simultaneous analysis of ciprofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tiamulin, trimethoprim and tylosin in feces, liquid manure and digestate. Antibiotics were extracted from the different matrices with McIlvaine-Na2EDTA buffer solution and the extract was purified by the use two techniques: d-SPE and SPE (Strata-X-CW cartridges) and final eluent was analyzed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. The European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC was followed to conduct the validation of the method. Recoveries obtained from spiked pig and poultry feces and liquid manures samples ranged from 63% to 93% depending on analytes. The analysis of 70 samples (feces, liquid manure and digestate) revealed that 18 samples were positive for the presence of doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, enrofloxacin, tiamulin and lincomycin. The results obtained in the presented study demonstrated that animal feces can be used as a non-invasive method detection antibiotic usage in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland;
| | - Carolina Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (C.N.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Rosa Elvira Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (C.N.); (R.E.G.)
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Simultaneous determination of olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline in feeds by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and fluorescence detection adopting online synchronous derivation and separation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1152:122253. [PMID: 32615537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline were widely used in feed as antibiotics and growth promoter to improve feed conversion efficiency and increase the rate of weight gain for animals. However, the use of these antibiotics in feed was gradually prohibited because of concerns about contamination and resistance in animals. A quantitative and confirmatory method for determining the presence of olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline in feed by high performance liquid chromatography equipped with ultraviolet detector in series with fluorescence detector (HPLC-UVD-FLD) was developed, optimized, and validated in three different matrices (compound, concentrated and premix feed). The analytes extraction was performed with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1 mol/L ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid disodium-Mcllvaine buffer (1:4, v/v) by one step sample preparation procedure. The validated method presented a broad linear range and good linearity with weighted least square method. The decision limit of the analytes ranged from 0.61 to 0.77 mg/kg for olaquindox, 0.90 to 1.2 mg/kg for oxytetracycline and 1.3 to 2.0 mg/kg for chlorotetracycline. The average recovery values found in intermediate precision conditions were ranged from 88.0 to 99.7% for olaquindox with RSD lower than 11.1%, from 84.4 to 99.0% for oxytetracycline with RSD lower than 9.6%, from 83.8 to 97.5% for chlorotetracycline with RSD lower than 10.0%. By Youden test and bottom-up method, the method was proved to be sufficiently robust and had a small uncertainty for different concentration levels. The developed method was successfully utilized for commercial feed samples to monitor complex cross contamination and residue conditions. Online synchronous derivation and separation using ultraviolet detector in series with fluorescence detector can effectively prevent false positive of chlorotetracycline in feed caused by vegetable meal. Since olaquindox, oxytetracycline and chlorotetracycline are widely used in feed, the developed method provide an important and analytical tool for the simultaneous identification and quantification of them in feed to monitor its risk of cross contamination and excessive content.
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In-house Validation Method for Quantification of Amoxicillin in Medicated Feedingstuffs with the Use of HPLC-DAD Technique. J Vet Res 2020; 64:433-438. [PMID: 32984635 PMCID: PMC7497758 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A high-performance liquid chromatographic–diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for the determination of amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs was developed and validated. The method was used to investigate the quality requirements of animal feedingstuffs (declared content of active substance and feed homogeneity). Material and Methods Two-gram samples were extracted by potassium phosphate buffer solution. Extracts were filtered and directly analysed by HPLC-DAD without further clean-up. Amoxicillin was separated by acetonitrile and 0.01M phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column. Results This method provided average recoveries of 76.1 to 81.6% with coefficients of variation (CV, %) for repeatability and reproducibility in the ranges of 3.7–7.2% and 5.3–7.6%, respectively. The limit of detection was 51.2 mg/kg and limit of quantification was 103.0 mg/kg. Conclusion The method was successfully validated and proved to be efficient, precise, and useful for quantification of amoxicillin in medicated feedingstuffs.
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Identification and Quantification of Tylosin in Animal Feed by Liquid Chromatography Combined with Electrospray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry. J Vet Res 2020; 64:299-304. [PMID: 32587918 PMCID: PMC7305639 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The authorisation of tylosin as feed additive was withdrawn for reasons of human health concerning resistance of pathogenic bacteria. An analytical method for the identification and quantification of tylosin in animal feed was developed and validated. Material and Methods The samples were extracted using an acidified methanol:water mixture and solid-phase extraction was employed for the isolation of the antibiotic from diluted feed samples. Tylosin was analysed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric detection. The method's performance was evaluated in adherence to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Results The recovery of the analyte from spiked samples was determined to be in the range from 78.9% to 108.3% depending on tylosin concentrations. The CCα and CCβ values for tylosin in feeds were determined at 0.085 mg kg-1 and 0.091 mg kg-1, respectively. The method detection limit was found to be 0.035 mg kg-1 and the quantification limit 0.05 mg kg-1. The applicability of the developed method was tested by analysing real feed samples. Conclusion A reliable LC-MS method was developed to identify and quantify tylosin in animal feed with a good repeatability and a high specificity and sensitivity. Because of these characteristics, the proposed method is applicable and could be deemed necessary within the field of feed control and safety.
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Contamination of Animal Feed with Undeclared Tetracyclines-Confirmatory Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry after Microbiological Plate Test. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092162. [PMID: 32380734 PMCID: PMC7248716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics was determined in animal feed that had been previously screened with a microbiological plate test. Feed samples were screened by a microbiological plate test on a pH 6.0 culture medium seeded with Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778 able to pre-reveal the presence of tetracyclines. Subsequently, confirmation and quantification were performed using a validated HPLC method with mass spectrometric detection. In 2013–2018, 353 feed samples were analysed to detect antibacterial substances, of which 186 (52.7%) were suspected to contain tetracyclines. Forty-two out of 186 (22.6%) samples analysed by the chromatographic method contained undeclared tetracyclines, which were determined at concentrations from 0.3 to 49 mg kg−1. The most frequently identified contaminating tetracyclines were doxycycline and chlortetracycline.
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Li J, Zeng W, Lai X, Wang X, Xu X, Cai H, Wei L, Cheng XL. Selective and sensitive determination of tetracyclines by HPLC with chemiluminescence detection based on a cerium(IV)-methoxylated cypridina luciferin analogue system. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4115-4121. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry; Chemical Engineering and Materials Science; Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong; Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes; Ministry of Education; Institute of Molecular and Nano Science; Shandong Normal University; Jinan P. R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Hongping Cai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Lijun Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
| | - Xiang lei Cheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health; Nanchang University; Nanchang P. R. China
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Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Determination and Depletion Profile of Chlortetracycline, Doxycycline, and Oxytetracycline in Broiler Chicken Muscle After Oral Administration. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Islas G, Rodriguez JA, Perez-Silva I, Miranda JM, Ibarra IS. Solid-Phase Extraction and Large-Volume Sample Stacking-Capillary Electrophoresis for Determination of Tetracycline Residues in Milk. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:5394527. [PMID: 29675286 PMCID: PMC5838455 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5394527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction in combination with large-volume sample stacking-capillary electrophoresis (SPE-LVSS-CE) was applied to measure chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in milk samples. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method had a linear range of 29 to 200 µg·L-1, with limits of detection ranging from 18.6 to 23.8 µg·L-1 with inter- and intraday repeatabilities < 10% (as a relative standard deviation) in all cases. The enrichment factors obtained were from 50.33 to 70.85 for all the TCs compared with a conventional capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). This method is adequate to analyze tetracyclines below the most restrictive established maximum residue limits. The proposed method was employed in the analysis of 15 milk samples from different brands. Two of the tested samples were positive for the presence of oxytetracycline with concentrations of 95 and 126 µg·L-1. SPE-LVSS-CE is a robust, easy, and efficient strategy for online preconcentration of tetracycline residues in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Islas
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jose A. Rodriguez
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Irma Perez-Silva
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
| | - Jose M. Miranda
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Pabellón 4 planta bajo, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Israel S. Ibarra
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km. 4.5, 42076 Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
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Patyra E, Nebot C, Gavilán RE, Cepeda A, Kwiatek K. Development and validation of multi-residue and multi-class method for antibacterial substances analysis in non-target feed by liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:467-478. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1414961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Patyra
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Carolina Nebot
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Rosa Elvira Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Alberto Cepeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Kwiatek
- Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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