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Knoop K, Klein LM, Knispel AM, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Knappstein K, Saltzmann J, Dänicke S. Dose-response study on the transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from a tansy ragwort extract ( Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.) to bovine milk. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:1144-1157. [PMID: 38959287 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2371941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ragworts like tansy ragwort (J. vulgaris Gaertn., syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) contain hepatotoxic and cancerogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and their corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANO). Due to increasing spread of ragworts (Jacobaea spp.) PA/PANO may pose a health risk to animals and humans consuming contaminated feed and food. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the transfer of individual PA/PANO originating from a well-defined PA/PANO extract into the milk of dairy cows. For this objective, 16 German Holstein cows were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 4) in a 28-day dose-response study. Administration into the reticulorumen was performed daily by gavage after the morning milking. Three groups received different amounts of the J. vulgaris extract resulting in a PA/PANO exposure of 0.47, 0.95, or 1.91 mg PA/PANO/kg body weight/day, respectively. Furthermore, a control group received molasses to account for the sugar content of the used PA/PANO extract. While the composition of the PA/PANO extract was more diverse, the PA/PANO pattern in milk was dominated by the PA in their free base form. It was shown that mainly PA considered stable in the rumen environment were transferred into the milk. The main compounds in milk were jacoline (74.3 ± 2.4% of the PA/PANO sum), jaconine (11.2 ± 1.3%), and jacobine (7.2 ± 0.6%) with concentrations up to 29.7, 4.65 µg/l, or in the highest exposed group, 3.44 µg/l. There was no dose-dependent effect on the total PA/PANO transfer rate into the milk. The average transfer rate was 0.064 ± 0.005% of the administered content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knoop
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lisa Monika Klein
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Miriam Knispel
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin Knappstein
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max Rubner-Institut, Kiel, Germany
| | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany
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Wagner TC, Laumer M, Kuhn G, Mayer F, Gehring K, Krieger MT, Kollmann J, Albrecht H. Summer rain and wet soil rather than management affect the distribution of a toxic plant in production grasslands. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13530. [PMID: 37598245 PMCID: PMC10439881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40646-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the northern forelands of the Alps, farmers report an increase of Jacobaea aquatica in production grasslands. Due to its toxicity, the species affects grassland productivity and calls for costly control measures. We are investigating the extent to which management practices or climatic factors are responsible for the increase of the species and how the situation will change due to climate change. We tested for effects of management intensity, fertilization, agri-environmental measures, and soil disturbance, and modeled the occurrence of the species under rcp4.5 and rcp8.5 scenarios. The main determinants of the occurrence of the species are soil type and summer rainfall. A high risk is associated with wet soils and > 400 mm of rain between June and August; an influence of the management-related factors could not be detected. Under the climate-change scenarios, the overall distribution decreases and shifts to the wetter alpine regions. Thus, the current increase is rather a shift in the occurrence of the species due to the altered precipitation situation. Under future climatic conditions, the species will decline and retreat to higher regions in the Alps. This will decrease the risk of forage contamination for production grassland in the lowlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Wagner
- Restoration Ecology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Michael Laumer
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Lange Point 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Gisbert Kuhn
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Lange Point 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Franziska Mayer
- Institute for Agroecology and Organic Farming, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Lange Point 12, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Klaus Gehring
- Institute for Plant Protection, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture (LfL), Lange Point 10, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Marie-Therese Krieger
- Restoration Ecology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Restoration Ecology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Harald Albrecht
- Restoration Ecology, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Klevenhusen F, These A, Taenzer J, Weiß K, Pieper R. Effects of ensiling conditions on pyrrolizidine alkaloid degradation in silages mixed with two different Senecio spp. Arch Anim Nutr 2022; 76:93-111. [PMID: 35766237 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2022.2084321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) producing plants like Senecio jacobaea or Senecio vernalis are undesirable in fields for forage production, since PA are toxic to animals and humans. Previous studies have shown that ensiling can decrease the PA content in forages; however, no direct comparison of diverse PA from different Senecio spp. under various ensiling conditions has been made. Therefore, it was hypothesised that individual PA might react differently to ensiling, and silage inoculation with Lactobacillus will affect PA degradation because of a quick drop in pH, contrastingly to poor silage qualities resulting from contamination with soil. Laboratory scale grass silages were prepared in a multifactorial design with two levels of dry matter contents, four ensiling treatments and two storage durations (10 and 90 d). For each combination, four replicates were prepared individually. Ensiling treatments were (1) 10 ml water per kg fresh matter as control (CON), (2) 10 ml heterofermentative Lactobacillus buchneri strain LN4637 at 3 · 105 cfu/kg fresh matter plus 25 g molasses/kg fresh matter (LBHE), (3) 10 ml homofermentative lactobacilli at 3 · 105 cfu/kg fresh matter plus 25 g molasses/kg fresh matter (LBHO) and (4) 10 g soil/kg fresh matter (SOIL). Treatments affected formation of fermentation acids. Acetic acid was highest with treatment LBHE, and butyric acid was highest with treatment SOIL. All ensiling treatments effectively reduced total PA content by degrading the PA N-oxide (PANO) fraction. In parallel, though, the fraction of the tertiary base forms increased by around one-tenth of the original PANO content. Contents of jaconine and senkirkine were higher after ensiling than before, with regards to the sum of PA and PANO for jaconine, indicating higher stability or new formation through degradation of other PA. Overall, ensiling offers opportunities to decrease the PA-PANO content in feed and therefore lowers the risk of intoxication by Senecio in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenja Klevenhusen
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja These
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian Taenzer
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirsten Weiß
- of Agricultural and Horticultural Science, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinAlbrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Enge AM, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C, Kin A, Kirstgen M, Geyer J, These A, Hammer H, Pötz O, Braeuning A, Hessel-Pras S. Organic Cation Transporter I and Na + /taurocholate Co-Transporting Polypeptide are Involved in Retrorsine- and Senecionine-Induced Hepatotoxicity in HepaRG cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100800. [PMID: 34826203 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE 1,2-unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are secondary plant metabolites that are found in many plant species throughout the world. They are of concern for risk assessment as consumption of contaminated foodstuff can cause severe liver damage. Of late, transporter-mediated uptake and transport has advanced as a vital determinant of PA toxicity. In this study, the authors investigate a transporter-mediated uptake of PAs and its implications in PA toxicity. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that transporter expression levels are significantly affected by treatment with the PAs senecionine (Sc) and retrorsine (Re) in the human hepatoma cell line HepaRG. Furthermore, the specific contribution to PA uptake of the two transporters Na+ /taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) and organic cation transporter I (SLC22A1), both belonging to the heterogeneous solute carrier super family, is investigated by means of a siRNA-mediated knockdown approach. Knockdown of both uptake transporters result in reduced uptake of Re and Sc in a time-dependent manner and attenuated PA-mediated cytotoxic effects in HepaRG cells. CONCLUSION Our results confirm previous findings of active transport mechanisms of PAs into hepatocytes and highlight the importance of toxicokinetic studies for the risk assessment of PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Margarethe Enge
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17-19, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.,Chair of Food Safety and Analytics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Angelina Kin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Kirstgen
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joachim Geyer
- Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helen Hammer
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- Signatope GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hessel-Pras
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of European Senecio/Jacobaea species in forage and their carry-over to milk: A review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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