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Wright D, Jarvie MM, Southwell B, Kincaid C, Westrick J, Perera SS, Edwards D, Cody RB. Elemental Composition of Commercially Available Cannabis Rolling Papers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19020-19030. [PMID: 38708199 PMCID: PMC11064008 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
With the recent legalization of cannabis in multiple jurisdictions and widespread use as a medical treatment, there has been an increased focus on product safety and the potential impacts of contaminants on human health. One factor that has received little attention is the possible exposure to potentially hazardous levels of toxic elements from rolling (smoking) papers. The elemental composition of rolling papers is largely unregulated, with a minority of jurisdictions regulating papers only when they are part of a final cannabis product. This study reports the concentrations of 26 elements in commercially available rolling papers and estimates potential maximum exposures relative to USP232 and ICH Q3D dosages in pharmaceutical compounds. Exposure estimates indicate that the concentrations of several elements in some products, particularly Cu, Cr, and V, may present a potential hazard to frequent users. Several elements, including Ag, Ca, Ba, Cu, Ti, Cr, Sb, and possibly others, are likely present in elevated quantities in some papers due to product design and manufacturing processes. Our results further suggest that Cu-based pigments are used by a number of manufacturers and that regular use of these products might result in exposures as high as 4.5-11 times the maximum exposure limits. Further research to quantify the contribution of rolling papers to elemental exposure under realistic smoking conditions is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Wright
- School
of Chemistry, Environmental, and Geosciences, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Avenue, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Michelle M. Jarvie
- School
of Chemistry, Environmental, and Geosciences, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Avenue, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Benjamin Southwell
- School
of Chemistry, Environmental, and Geosciences, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Avenue, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Carmen Kincaid
- School
of Chemistry, Environmental, and Geosciences, Lake Superior State University, 650 W. Easterday Avenue, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan 49783, United States
| | - Judy Westrick
- Lumigen
Instrument Center, Wayne State University, A. Paul Schaap Chemistry Building,
5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - S. Sameera Perera
- Lumigen
Instrument Center, Wayne State University, A. Paul Schaap Chemistry Building,
5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - David Edwards
- JEOL
USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
| | - Robert B. Cody
- JEOL
USA, 11 Dearborn Road, Peabody, Massachusetts 01960, United States
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Li D, Zeng Y, Ye ZK, Li HK, Li YZ, Dong B, Su QZ, Lin QB, Xiao J, Zhong HN. Analysis of volatile organic compounds and potential odour compounds in food contact paperboard using headspace two-dimensional GC-QTOF-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1482-1493. [PMID: 37831931 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2259029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to establish a robust and reliable approach for the characterisation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in food contact paperboard. This was achieved through the utilisation of headspace solid-phase microextraction in tandem with comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC × GC-QTOF-MS). The experimental parameters were optimised, involving the use of a DVB/C-WR/PDMS fibre at a temperature of 80 °C for a duration of 30 min. A total of 344 VOCs comprising aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, ethers, esters, alkanes and aromatic compounds, were tentatively identified in the samples. Twelve compounds believed to be from biogenic sources had a high odour impact making them major contributors to potential taint from the paperboard samples. Significant attention should be devoted to five compounds namely, 2-methylnaphthalene, 2-pentyl-furan, furfural, 1-octen-3-one and 1-octen-3-ol due to their potential adverse impact on the organoleptic qualities of packaged food items and their potential toxicity.Abbreviations: C-WR: carbon wide range; DVB: divinylbenzene; GC-MS: gas chromatography - mass spectrometry; GCxGC-QTOF-MS: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight - mass spectrometry; HS-SPME: headspace - solid phase microextraction; LOD: limit of detection; LOQ: limit of quantification; OAV: odor activity values; PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane; RI: retention index; TTC: threshold of toxicological concern; VOC: volatile organic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Zeng
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhi-Kang Ye
- Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Han-Ke Li
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhe Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ben Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhi Su
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qin-Bao Lin
- Laboratory of Product Packaging and Logistics, Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Jing Xiao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
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Guan MY, Zhong HN, Wang ZW, Yu WW, Hu CY. Chemical contaminants from food contact materials and articles made from or containing wood and bamboo - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:434-453. [PMID: 36693199 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2167003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to recently introduced 'so-called' bio- and plant-based friendly food contact materials and articles (FCM/FCA), some neglected safety issues need to be raised. In this review, potential chemical contaminants from FCM/FCA made from or containing wood and bamboo are presented. Sources, migration, and analytical issues in determining contaminants including intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS, respectively) are reviewed. Most of the contaminants are components from melamine-formaldehyde-resin (MFR), paints and coatings, preservatives, and bleaching agents. Tableware made of MFR containing bamboo fibres as a filler are not always suitable for use as tableware since harmful amounts of melamine and formaldehyde can migrate from the tableware into food and even accelerate the degradation of certain polymers with which they are mixed. In addition, in the EU bamboo in plastic FCM is not authorized under Regulation (EU) 10/2011. Paints and coatings used to provide surface coverage for bamboo and wooden articles also pose a risk of migration of heavy metals. Limits on preservatives in wood FCM are covered by legislation in many countries, nevertheless their contamination should not be ignored. Some wood species are considered 'toxic' or contain 'toxic' constituents that should not be used in contact with food, which are worth considering for legislation. IAS analyses in bamboo and wooden FCM is generally not a problem, but has proven to be more challenging for NIAS. Due to a complex mixture of substances contained in plant-based materials, there is a need to improve databases for non-target screening of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ying Guan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packing Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
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Ahmed HAM, Gouhar AS, Janjua MN, Alhafez N. Estimation of some heavy metals contamination in waste newspapers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:711. [PMID: 36028588 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals in waste newspapers produce varying degrees of contamination concerns during food consumption, and when heavy metals levels exceed the permissible level, they become harmful to human. Different types of waste newspapers were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Al, and Zn by ICP-OES. The digestion solution included 10 ml of 69% nitric acid and 2 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide. Based on the results for light fonts, the average content of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb was 2.8, 1.5, 6.9, 5.6, and 5.0 µg/l, while was 3.4 and 0.18 mg/l for Al, and Zn, respectively. In bold fonts, the content of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb was 4.9, 2.4, 9.1, 7.9, and 7.0 µg/l, respectively, while Al and Zn were 5.7 mg/l and 0.32 mg/l, respectively. In the pictures, the levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb were 6.1, 2.99, 11.2, 9.4, and 8.99 µg/l, while Al and Zn were 8.2 and 0.39 mg/l, respectively. The results showed that all levels of heavy metals under study were within the specialized global councils' permitted limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Abdel Moniem Ahmed
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmed Saad Gouhar
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naeem Janjua
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Alhafez
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Criminal Justice, Naïf Arab University for Security Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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O'Connor J, Mickan BS, Siddique KHM, Rinklebe J, Kirkham MB, Bolan NS. Physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in food waste management for soil application: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118860. [PMID: 35114306 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 1.3 billion tonnes of food are thrown away each year, most of which are incinerated or landfilled causing large environmental, social, and economic issues. Therefore, the utilisation of food waste as biofertilisers, such as composts and digestates, is a solution to reduce the problems created by incineration and landfilling whilst simultaneously amending soils. The improper disposal of food wastes and bulking materials can contribute to high levels of contaminants within the end-product. Moreover, the food waste and bulking materials, themselves, may contain trace amounts of contaminants. These contaminants tend to have long half-lives, are easily mobile within soil and plants, can accumulate within the food supply chain, and have moderate to high levels of toxicity. This review aims to examine the current and emerging contaminants of high concern that impact the quality of food-waste fertilisers. The paper presents the volume of current and emerging contaminants of plastics, other physical (particulate) contaminants, heavy metals, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and pathogens within food-waste composts and digestates. Due to the large extent of organic chemical contaminants and the unknown level of toxicity and persistence, the risk assessment of organic chemical contaminants in the food-supply chain remains largely unknown. This study has presented available data from literature of various contaminants found in food waste, and composts and digestates derived from food waste, and evaluated the data with current regulations globally. Overall, to reduce contaminants in composts and digestates, more studies are required on the implementation of proper disposal separation, effective composting and digestion practices, increased screening of physical contaminants, development of compostable plastics, and increased regulatory policies on emerging, problematic contaminants. Moreover, examination of emerging contaminants in food-waste composts and digestates is needed to ensure food security and reduce future human-health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O'Connor
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil (Soil CRC), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Bede S Mickan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for High Performance Soil (Soil CRC), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
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Wu X, Keegan J, Behan P. Migration analysis of Cr, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo in internet-bought food serving stainless-steel utensils by ICP-MS and XRF. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:256-263. [PMID: 34180783 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1946168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A total of 120 internet bought stainless-steel utensil samples intended for food serving were analysed for their release of Cr, Ni, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Mo. Samples were extracted using simulants under continuous and discontinuous test conditions, extracts were analysed by ICP-MS, and metallic compositions of utensils were indicated by XRF analysis. r2 values for all analytes were determined between 0.9982 and 0.9997. RSD and WRm values ranged between 4.5-8.5% and 80-107% for all analytes, respectively, and LOD was in the range of 0.11-25.8 µg/l. Migration results show that 35% of total sample types show non-compliance with the SMLs established by the Nordic guidelines. XRF data show good correlation between the metals' migration levels and their respective compositions in the utensil, and toxicological exposure estimates no significant adverse health effects from food served with articles exceeding the SMLs for Fe, Al, and Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, TU Dublin City Campus, Dublin, Ireland.,Public Analyst's Laboratory Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Keegan
- Public Analyst's Laboratory Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrice Behan
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, TU Dublin City Campus, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Hwang JB, Lee S, Yeum J, Kim M, Choi JC, Park SJ, Kim J. HS-GC/MS method development and exposure assessment of volatile organic compounds from food packaging into food simulants. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1574-1583. [PMID: 31361183 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1642520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simultaneous headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the migration of 12 volatile organic compounds (methanol, acetone, methylethylketone, ethylacetate, isopropylalcohol, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, cumene, propylbenzene, and styrene) from food contact materials into food simulants (water, 4% acetic acid, 50% ethanol, and n-heptane). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.007-0.201 mg L-1 and 0.023-0.668 mg L-1, respectively. The method was applied to 205 samples of paper/paperboard, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate. The estimated daily intake (EDI) was calculated using the migration results. Exposure assessments were carried out to compare the EDI to the tolerable daily intake (TDI); the results indicated that the EDI of styrene represented only a small percentage (8.0%) of the TDI. This analytical method will be a useful tool to examine levels of various volatile compounds migrating from food packaging to food simulants using HS-GC/MS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joung Boon Hwang
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Lee
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwa Yeum
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - MeeKyung Kim
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Chun Choi
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jong Park
- Food Additives and Packaging Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation , Cheongju , Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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