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Sun H, Zhang X, Zuo W, Dai Z, Zhou L, Luo F, Yang M, Wang X, Lou Z, Chen Z. Concentrations, generation and risk characterization of phthalimide in tea-derived from folpet or not? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158194. [PMID: 35995167 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fungicide folpet is rapidly degraded into phthalimide (PI) during both thermal processing and analytical procedures in sample preparation; thus, its residue definition has been modified into the sum of itself and PI. Tea is one of the world's most popular nonalcoholic beverages, where folpet is not listed as an applicable pesticide. To demonstrate how serious false-positives and overestimation in dietary risk are caused by the application of a new residue definition, the residue pattern of PI in made tea and processed tea leaves, along with its transfer rate during tea brewing and corresponding dietary risk, were investigated in the present study. The results revealed that PI residue in tea ranged from <10 μg/kg to 180 μg/kg with a median value of 10 μg/kg, 7.3 % of which was over the maximum residue limit established by EU (100 μg/kg, expressed as folpet). The PI residue in green tea was obviously higher than that in black, dark and oolong tea. Simulated heating experiments revealed that PI can arise from improper heating of folpet-free fresh tea leaves, and thus green tea bears a higher risk for its manufacturing employing a comparatively higher temperature. The transfer rate of PI during tea brewing was 104 ± 14 %. Nevertheless, the risk of PI through drinking tea was negligible to humans depending on the risk quotient (RQ) value, which was significantly lower than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhi Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zuo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Zhongyang Dai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Fengjian Luo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Zhengyun Lou
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China
| | - Zongmao Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, PR China.
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Eissa F, Al-Sisi M, Ghanem K. Occurrence and ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in sediments of the Rosetta branch, Nile River, Egypt. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 118:21-31. [PMID: 35305770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) monitor the occurrence and spatiotemporal variations of 100 pesticides in sediments collected monthly from July 2018 to June 2019 from sampling sites in El-Rahawy, Sabal, and Tala, along the Rosetta branch of the Nile River, Egypt, and (2) perform an ecological risk assessment for aquatic organisms upon exposure to the detected sediment pesticides based on the risk quotient (RQ) method. Out of the 100 pesticides monitored, 16 pesticides belonging to seven chemical families were detected, and 55% of the sediment samples were contaminated with one or more pesticide residues. The mean concentration (mg/kg dry weight (dw)) and detection frequency (%) of the four most frequently detected pesticides in the sediment samples were as follows: chlorpyrifos (0.18 mg/kg dw and 34%), p,p'-DDE (0.018 mg/kg dw and 30%), cypermethrin (0.03 mg/kg dw and 14%), and deltamethrin (0.026 mg/kg dw and 13%). The spatial distribution exhibited that El-Rahawy had the highest pesticide load (2.86 mg/kg dw) among the studied sites, whereas the temporal variations revealed that the highest total pesticide concentrations were detected in winter season (1.73 mg/kg dw). Meanwhile, 12 pesticides showed high RQs (>1), posing a potential ecological risk to aquatic species that live and feed on such sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawzy Eissa
- Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Al-Sisi
- Central Laboratory of Residue Analysis of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Food (QCAP), Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12311, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ghanem
- Environment and Bio-agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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Wittig M, Biller J, Nitsopoulos A, Friedle A. De novo formation of phthalimide from ubiquitous phthalic acid derivatives during the drying process of tea (Camellia sinensis) and selected herbal infusions. Food Chem 2021; 374:131544. [PMID: 34915368 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is well documented that under some circumstances phthalimide, a known degradation product of the fungicide folpet, can be formed as an artifact during gas chromatographic analysis. This fact explains one phthalimide source, but does not explain a great number of positive findings in the group of dried plant commodities obtained with an artifact-free analysis. Therefore, in the framework of this study, herbal and tea plants were grown in a glasshouse under the best possible protection against external environmental influences and ensuring the exclusion of the use of folpet. It was demonstrated that relevant amounts of phthalimide are formed during the drying process as part of the routine production of tea and herbals and in the absence of folpet. In this context, the presence of the widespread environmental chemical phthalic anhydride and its impact was investigated. We conclude that phthalimide is no reliable indicator for the active use of folpet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wittig
- Tea & Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE), Sonninstraße 28, 20097 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Biller
- Tea & Herbal Infusions Europe (THIE), Sonninstraße 28, 20097 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Albrecht Friedle
- Labor Friedle GmbH, Von-Heyden-Straße 11, 93105 Tegernheim, Germany.
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Menzio J, Tagliapietra S, Calegari E, Serito B, Binello A, Cravotto G. Phthalimide Residue in Coffee: Does It Solely Derive from Folpet? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4858-4864. [PMID: 33852320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Folpet, a fungicide used on several crops, easily degrades into phthalimide (PAI) at high temperatures and basic pH. The maximum admitted limit for Folpet in foodstuffs as coffee is defined by the sum of its amount and that of PAI. Noteworthy, PAI can also arise from the reaction between ubiquitous phthalate derivatives and NH3. This work aims to demonstrate that the detection of PAI in roasted coffee is not necessarily diagnostic for Folpet as it can also originate from the reaction between phthalic anhydride (PAA), derived from phthalates, and amino acids (AAs), as a NH3 source. Thermal treatment of AAs with PAA confirmed that PAI generation follows a temperature-dependent path. Experiments with diethyl phthalate (DEP) and AAs have shown that maximum PAI generation via heating occurs at 200 °C for 60 min. PAI generation has also been proven for Folpet-free green coffee beans that were heated under laboratory and industrial roasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Menzio
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Tagliapietra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Calegari
- Luigi Lavazza SpA R&D, Str. di Settimo 410, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - Bianca Serito
- Luigi Lavazza SpA R&D, Str. di Settimo 410, 10156 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Binello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Balekundri A, Mannur V. Quality control of the traditional herbs and herbal products: a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Herbal medicinal material and product need is increasing, and with this increase in the need, it is very much an essential requirement to maintain the quality of them.
Main body
The quality of the herbals is altered by various physical, chemical, and geographical aspects which contribute to the quality of these materials. Apart from that, adulteration is also an increasing concern when it comes to herbal material quality. Various chemical and phytochemical test, analytical techniques, and hyphenated analytical techniques are used for determining the quality aspects of the herbal materials in the herbal pharmaceuticals.
Conclusion
These techniques can be used as quality control tool in assessing the quality of herbal materials and herbal pharmaceuticals.
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Adnan M, Oh KK, Azad MOK, Shin MH, Wang MH, Cho DH. Kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Leaves and Seed as a Potential Source of the Bioactive Compounds: Effects of Various Extraction Solvents on Biological Properties. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100223. [PMID: 32998223 PMCID: PMC7601236 DOI: 10.3390/life10100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hibiscus cannabinus (Kenaf) is a potential source of bioactive constituents and natural antioxidant. The current study determined the impact of various solvents on extraction yield, recovery of polyphenol and flavonoid, antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties of Kenaf leaves and seed. The powder of leaves and seed was separately extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water solvent. Among them, the ethanol extract of leaves and seed showed the highest extraction yield, and their GC-MS analysis revealed a total of 55 and 14 bioactive compounds, respectively. The total polyphenols (TP) and flavonoids (TF) content were quantified by a spectrophotometric technique where water extracts displayed a noteworthy amount of TP and TF content compared to other extracts. A similar demonstration was noticed in antioxidant activity, evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging capacity. In addition, cytotoxicity and anti-lung cancer activity were identified against mouse embryonic fibroblast (NIH3T3) and human lung cancer (A549) cells. All extracts of leaves and seed were observed as non-toxic to the NIH3T3 cells, but slight toxicity was expressed by n-hexane extracts at the optimum dose (1000 µg/mL) of treatment. In parallel, n-hexane and ethanol extracts (leaves and seed) exposed promising anti-lung cancer activity at the same concentration. Furthermore, antibacterial activity was assessed using disc diffusion assay, and seed extracts exhibited a significant inhibition zone against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Overall, Kenaf seed extracted with polar solvents was found very potent in terms of important bioactive compounds and pharmacological aspects, which can be an excellent biological matrix of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Adnan
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (K.K.O.); (M.O.K.A.)
| | - Ki Kwang Oh
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (K.K.O.); (M.O.K.A.)
| | - Md Obyedul Kalam Azad
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (K.K.O.); (M.O.K.A.)
| | | | - Myeong-Hyeon Wang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (D.H.C.); Tel.: +82-332-506-475 (D.H.C.)
| | - Dong Ha Cho
- Department of Bio-Health Technology, College of Biomedical Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (M.A.); (K.K.O.); (M.O.K.A.)
- Correspondence: (M.-H.W.); (D.H.C.); Tel.: +82-332-506-475 (D.H.C.)
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Song NE, Seo DH, Choi JY, Yoo M, Koo M, Nam TG. Dispersive Solid-Liquid Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS for the Determination of Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Strawberries. Foods 2019; 8:foods8070273. [PMID: 31336601 PMCID: PMC6678714 DOI: 10.3390/foods8070273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of food quality and safety requires a suitable analytical method with simultaneous detection in order to control pesticide and herbicide residues. In this study, a novel analytical method, referred to as “dispersive solid–liquid extraction”, was applied to monitor seven sulfonylurea herbicides in strawberries. This method was optimized in terms of the amount of C18 and the volume of added water, and it was validated through satisfactory linearities (R2 > 0.99), recoveries of 70% to 84% with acceptable precisions, and limits of quantification lower than the maximum residue limits for the seven sulfonylurea herbicides in strawberries. The cleanup efficiency of the dispersive solid–liquid extraction technique was compared to that of the QuEChERS- (“quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe”) based method with dispersive solid phase extraction. The recoveries of the former were found to be comparable to those involving QuEChERS C18 cleanup (recoveries of 74%–87%). The method was used to determine sulfonylurea herbicide residues in ten strawberry samples. None of the samples had herbicide residues higher than that of limit of quantifications (LOQs) or maximum residue limits (MRLs). The results suggest that the dispersive solid–liquid extraction method combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is effective for the analysis of sulfonylurea herbicide residues in strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nho-Eul Song
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Seo
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Choi
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Miyoung Yoo
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Minseon Koo
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Nam
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea.
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Investigation of the Biological Activities and Characterization of Bioactive Constituents of Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata (D.Don) & Mondal Leaves through In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071367. [PMID: 30965575 PMCID: PMC6480688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata is one of the most frequently used ethnomedicinal plants by the indigenous communities of Bangladesh. This study was designed to investigate the antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of O. rugosa leaves (EEOR). The leaves were extracted with ethanol and subjected to in vivo antidiarrheal screening using the castor oil-induced diarrhea, enteropooling, and gastrointestinal transit models. Anti-inflammatory efficacy was evaluated using the histamine-induced paw edema test. In parallel, in vitro anthelmintic and antibacterial activities were evaluated using the aquatic worm and disc diffusion assays respectively. In all three diarrheal models, EEOR (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) showed obvious inhibition of diarrheal stool frequency, reduction of the volume and weight of the intestinal contents, and significant inhibition of intestinal motility. Also, EEOR manifested dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. Anthelmintic action was deemed significant (P < 0.001) with respect to the onset of paralysis and helminth death. EEOR also resulted in strong zones of inhibition when tested against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. GC-MS analysis identified 30 compounds within EEOR, and of these, 13 compounds documented as bioactive showed good binding affinities to M3 muscarinic acetylcholine, 5-HT3, tubulin and GlcN-6-P synthase protein targets in molecular docking experiments. Additionally, ADME/T and PASS analyses revealed their drug-likeness, likely safety upon consumption and possible pharmacological activities. In conclusion, our findings scientifically support the ethnomedicinal use and value of this plant, which may provide a potential source for future development of medicines.
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