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Fu F, Shao Q, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Bat STING drives IFN-beta production in anti-RNA virus innate immune response. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1232314. [PMID: 37744905 PMCID: PMC10514486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1232314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate interferon (IFN) responses during RNA virus infection has been demonstrated in different mammalian cells. Despite being the host of numerous RNA viruses, the role of STING in bats during RNA virus infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we identified and cloned the STING gene of the Brazilian free-tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis (T. brasiliensis) and tested its ability to induce IFN-β by overexpressing and knocking down bat STING (BatSTING) in T. brasiliensis 1 lung (TB1 Lu) cells. In addition, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) VSV-GFP as a model to detect the antiviral activity of BatSTING. The results showed that overexpression of STING in TB1 Lu cells stimulated by cGAS significantly inhibited RNA virus replication, and the antiviral activities were associated with its ability to regulate basal expression of IFN-β and some IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). We also found that BatSTING was able to be activated after stimulation by diverse RNA viruses. The results of TB1 Lu cells with STING deficiency showed that knockdown of BatSTING severely hindered the IFN-β response triggered by VSV-GFP. Based on this, we confirm that BatSTING is required to induce IFN-β expression during RNA virus infection. In conclusion, our experimental data clearly show that STING in bat hosts plays an irreplaceable role in mediating IFN-β responses and anti-RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Vonderhaar EP, Dwinell MB, Craig BT. Targeted immune activation in pediatric solid tumors: opportunities to complement local control approaches. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1202169. [PMID: 37426669 PMCID: PMC10325564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1202169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery or radiation therapy is nearly universally applied for pediatric solid tumors. In many cases, in diverse tumor types, distant metastatic disease is present and evades surgery or radiation. The systemic host response to these local control modalities may lead to a suppression of antitumor immunity, with potential negative impact on the clinical outcomes for patients in this scenario. Emerging evidence suggests that the perioperative immune responses to surgery or radiation can be modulated therapeutically to preserve anti-tumor immunity, with the added benefit of preventing these local control approaches from serving as pro-tumorigenic stimuli. To realize the potential benefit of therapeutic modulation of the systemic response to surgery or radiation on distant disease that evades these modalities, a detailed knowledge of the tumor-specific immunology as well as the immune responses to surgery and radiation is imperative. In this Review we highlight the current understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment for the most common peripheral pediatric solid tumors, the immune responses to surgery and radiation, and current evidence that supports the potential use of immune activating agents in the perioperative window. Finally, we define existing knowledge gaps that limit the current translational potential of modulating perioperative immunity to achieve effective anti-tumor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P. Vonderhaar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Michael B. Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Brian T. Craig
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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3
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Zhao G, Jones MK. Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Manipulating Infection. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043922. [PMID: 37097158 PMCID: PMC10187128 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00439-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian-cell-derived extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, have been a key focal point for investigating host-pathogen interactions and are major facilitators in modulating both bacterial and viral infection. However, in recent years, increasing attention has been given to extracellular vesicles produced by bacteria and the role they play in regulating infection and disease. Extracellular vesicles produced by pathogenic bacteria employ a myriad of strategies to assist in bacterial virulence or divert antibacterial responses away from the parental bacterium to promote infection by and survival of the parental bacterium. Commensal bacteria also produce extracellular vesicles. These vesicles can play a variety of roles during infection, depending on the bacterium, but have been primarily shown to aid the host by stimulating innate immune responses to control infection by both bacteria and viruses. This article will review the activities of bacterial extracellular vesicles known to modulate infection by bacterial and viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqi Zhao
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Melissa K. Jones
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Amurri L, Horvat B, Iampietro M. Interplay between RNA viruses and cGAS/STING axis in innate immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1172739. [PMID: 37077526 PMCID: PMC10106766 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1172739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the function of cGAS/STING signalling axis in the innate immune response to DNA viruses is well deciphered, increasing evidence demonstrates its significant contribution in the control of RNA virus infections. After the first evidence of cGAS/STING antagonism by flaviviruses, STING activation has been detected following infection by various enveloped RNA viruses. It has been discovered that numerous viral families have implemented advanced strategies to antagonize STING pathway through their evolutionary path. This review summarizes the characterized cGAS/STING escape strategies to date, together with the proposed mechanisms of STING signalling activation perpetrated by RNA viruses and discusses possible therapeutic approaches. Further studies regarding the interaction between RNA viruses and cGAS/STING-mediated immunity could lead to major discoveries important for the understanding of immunopathogenesis and for the treatment of RNA viral infections.
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5
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Jahun AS, Sorgeloos F, Chaudhry Y, Arthur SE, Hosmillo M, Georgana I, Izuagbe R, Goodfellow IG. Leaked genomic and mitochondrial DNA contribute to the host response to noroviruses in a STING-dependent manner. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112179. [PMID: 36943868 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING pathway is central to the interferon response against DNA viruses. However, recent studies are increasingly demonstrating its role in the restriction of some RNA viruses. Here, we show that the cGAS-STING pathway also contributes to the interferon response against noroviruses, currently the commonest causes of infectious gastroenteritis worldwide. We show a significant reduction in interferon-β induction and a corresponding increase in viral replication in norovirus-infected cells after deletion of STING, cGAS, or IFI16. Further, we find that immunostimulatory host genome-derived DNA and mitochondrial DNA accumulate in the cytosol of norovirus-infected cells. Lastly, overexpression of the viral NS4 protein is sufficient to drive the accumulation of cytosolic DNA. Together, our data find a role for cGAS, IFI16, and STING in the restriction of noroviruses and show the utility of host genomic DNA as a damage-associated molecular pattern in cells infected with an RNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminu S Jahun
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, MIPA-VIRO 74-49, 74 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sabastine E Arthur
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Iliana Georgana
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rhys Izuagbe
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ian G Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital Level 5, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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6
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Sun S, Xu Y, Qiu M, Jiang S, Cao Q, Luo J, Zhang T, Chen N, Zheng W, Meurens F, Liu Z, Zhu J. Manganese Mediates Its Antiviral Functions in a cGAS-STING Pathway Independent Manner. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030646. [PMID: 36992355 PMCID: PMC10058264 DOI: 10.3390/v15030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense sensing viral infection. Manganese (Mn) has recently been found to be involved in the activation of the innate immune DNA-sensing cGAS-STING pathway and subsequent anti-DNA virus function. However, it is still unclear whether Mn2+ mediates host defense against RNA viruses. In this study, we demonstrate that Mn2+ exhibited antiviral effects against various animal and human viruses, including RNA viruses such as PRRSVs and VSV, as well as DNA viruses such as HSV1, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, cGAS and STING were both investigated in the Mn2+ mediated antiviral roles using the knockout cells made by the CRISPR-Cas9 approach. Unexpectedly, the results revealed that neither cGAS knockout nor STING knockout had any effect on Mn2+-mediated antiviral functions. Nevertheless, we verified that Mn2+ promoted the activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. These findings suggest that Mn2+ has broad-spectrum antiviral activities in a cGAS-STING pathway independent manner. This study also provides significant insights into redundant mechanisms participating in the Mn2+ antiviral functions, and also indicates a new target for Mn2+ antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Sun
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sen Jiang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Cao
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jia Luo
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Nanhua Chen
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wanglong Zheng
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Francois Meurens
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Zongping Liu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Comparative Medicine Research Institute, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (J.Z.)
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7
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Zhang X, Liu J, Wang H. The cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway: Novel perspectives in neurotoxicity induced by manganese exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120412. [PMID: 36240967 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-level heavy metal exposure increases the risk of developing different neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic excessive manganese (Mn) exposure is known to lead to neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, some evidence suggests that autophagy dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decade, the DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream signal-efficient interferon gene stimulator (STING), as well as the molecular composition and regulatory mechanisms of this pathway have been well understood. The cGAS-STING pathway has emerged as a crucial mechanism to induce effective innate immune responses by inducing type I interferons in mammalian cells. Moreover, recent studies have found that Mn2+ is the second activator of the cGAS-STING pathway besides dsDNA, and inducing autophagy is a primitive function for the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. However, overactivation of the immune response can lead to tissue damage. This review discusses the mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by Mn exposure from the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway. Future work exploiting the cGAS-STING-autophagy pathway may provide a novel perspective for manganese neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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8
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Post-Translational Modifications of cGAS-STING: A Critical Switch for Immune Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193043. [PMID: 36231006 PMCID: PMC9563579 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune mechanisms initiate immune responses via pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a member of the PRRs, senses diverse pathogenic or endogenous DNA and activates innate immune signaling pathways, including the expression of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), type I interferon, and other inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, instructs the adaptive immune response development. This groundbreaking discovery has rapidly advanced research on host defense, cancer biology, and autoimmune disorders. Since cGAS/STING has enormous potential in eliciting an innate immune response, understanding its functional regulation is critical. As the most widespread and efficient regulatory mode of the cGAS-STING pathway, post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as the covalent linkage of functional groups to amino acid chains, are generally considered a regulatory mechanism for protein destruction or renewal. In this review, we discuss cGAS-STING signaling transduction and its mechanism in related diseases and focus on the current different regulatory modalities of PTMs in the control of the cGAS-STING-triggered innate immune and inflammatory responses.
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9
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Bhar S, Zhao G, Bartel JD, Sterchele H, Del Mazo A, Emerson LE, Edelmann MJ, Jones MK. Bacterial extracellular vesicles control murine norovirus infection through modulation of antiviral immune responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909949. [PMID: 35990695 PMCID: PMC9386532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the primary cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis globally and is the second leading cause of diarrheal deaths in children in developing countries. However, effective therapeutics which prevent or clear norovirus infection are not yet available due to a lack of understanding regarding norovirus pathogenesis. Evidence shows that noroviruses can bind to the surface of commensal bacteria, and the presence of these bacteria alters both acute and persistent murine norovirus infection through the modulation of host immune responses. Interestingly, norovirus-bacterial interactions also affect the bacteria by inducing bacterial stress responses and increasing the production of bacterial extracellular vesicles. Given the established ability of these vesicles to easily cross the intestinal barriers, enter the lamina propria, and modulate host responses, we hypothesized that bacterial extracellular vesicles influence murine norovirus infection through modulation of the antiviral immune response. In this study, we show that murine norovirus can attach to purified bacterial vesicles, facilitating co-inoculation of target cells with both virus and vesicle. Furthermore, we have found that when murine noroviruses and vesicles are used to co-inoculate macrophages, viral infection is reduced compared to virus infection alone. Specifically, co-inoculation with bacterial vesicles results in higher production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to viral infection. Ultimately, given that murine norovirus infection increases bacterial vesicle production in vivo, these data indicate that bacterial vesicles may serve as a mechanism by which murine norovirus infection is ultimately controlled and limited to a short-term disease.
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10
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Abstract
Rotaviruses represent one of the most successful pathogens in the world, with high infectivity and efficient transmission between the young of many animal species, including humans. To overcome host defenses, rotaviruses have evolved a plethora of strategies to effectively evade the innate immune response, establish initial infection in the small intestine, produce progeny, and shed into the environment. Previously, studying the roles and relative contributions of specific rotaviral factors in innate immune evasion had been challenging without a plasmid-only reverse genetics system. Although still in its infancy, current reverse genetics technology will help address important research questions regarding rotavirus innate immune evasion, host range restriction, and viral pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the antiviral host innate immune defense mechanisms, countermeasures of rotavirus-encoded factors, and strategies to better understand these interactions using the rotavirus reverse genetics system.
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11
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Fan YM, Zhang YL, Luo H, Mohamud Y. Crosstalk between RNA viruses and DNA sensors: Role of the cGAS‐STING signalling pathway. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2343. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyun Michelle Fan
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yizhuo Lyanne Zhang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation St. Paul's Hospital University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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12
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Tong J, Zhang W, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Qin NN, Qu G. The Emerging Role of RNA Modifications in the Regulation of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845625. [PMID: 35185855 PMCID: PMC8851159 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional modifications have been implicated in regulation of nearly all biological aspects of cellular RNAs, from stability, translation, splicing, nuclear export to localization. Chemical modifications also have been revealed for virus derived RNAs several decades before, along with the potential of their regulatory roles in virus infection. Due to the dynamic changes of RNA modifications during virus infection, illustrating the mechanisms of RNA epigenetic regulations remains a challenge. Nevertheless, many studies have indicated that these RNA epigenetic marks may directly regulate virus infection through antiviral innate immune responses. The present review summarizes the impacts of important epigenetic marks on viral RNAs, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 2ʹ-O-methylation (2ʹ-O-Methyl), and a few uncanonical nucleotides (A-to-I editing, pseudouridine), on antiviral innate immunity and relevant signaling pathways, while highlighting the significance of antiviral innate immune responses during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yuran Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Qiaoling Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Ning-Ning Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Guosheng Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China.,Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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13
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Hu T, Pan M, Yin Y, Wang C, Cui Y, Wang Q. The Regulatory Network of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Stimulator of Interferon Genes Pathway in Viral Evasion. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:790714. [PMID: 34966372 PMCID: PMC8711784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.790714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection has been consistently threatening public health. The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway is a critical defender to sense various pathogens and trigger innate immunity of mammalian cells. cGAS recognizes the pathogenic DNA in the cytosol and then synthesizes 2'3'-cyclic GMP-AMP (2'3'cGAMP). As the second messenger, cGAMP activates STING and induces the following cascade to produce type I interferon (IFN-I) to protect against infections. However, viruses have evolved numerous strategies to hinder the cGAS-STING signal transduction, promoting their immune evasion. Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cui
- Division of Immunology, The Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Quanyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Ma Y, Wang X, Luo W, Xiao J, Song X, Wang Y, Shuai H, Ren Z, Wang Y. Roles of Emerging RNA-Binding Activity of cGAS in Innate Antiviral Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741599. [PMID: 34899698 PMCID: PMC8660693 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
cGAS, a DNA sensor in mammalian cells, catalyzes the generation of 2'-3'-cyclic AMP-GMP (cGAMP) once activated by the binding of free DNA. cGAMP can bind to STING, activating downstream TBK1-IRF-3 signaling to initiate the expression of type I interferons. Although cGAS has been considered a traditional DNA-binding protein, several lines of evidence suggest that cGAS is a potential RNA-binding protein (RBP), which is mainly supported by its interactions with RNAs, RBP partners, RNA/cGAS-phase-separations as well as its structural similarity with the dsRNA recognition receptor 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthase. Moreover, two influential studies reported that the cGAS-like receptors (cGLRs) of fly Drosophila melanogaster sense RNA and control 3'-2'-cGAMP signaling. In this review, we summarize and discuss in depth recent studies that identified or implied cGAS as an RBP. We also comprehensively summarized current experimental methods and computational tools that can identify or predict RNAs that bind to cGAS. Based on these discussions, we appeal that the RNA-binding activity of cGAS cannot be ignored in the cGAS-mediated innate antiviral response. It will be important to identify RNAs that can bind and regulate the activity of cGAS in cells with or without virus infection. Our review provides novel insight into the regulation of cGAS by its RNA-binding activity and extends beyond its DNA-binding activity. Our review would be significant for understanding the precise modulation of cGAS activity, providing the foundation for the future development of drugs against cGAS-triggering autoimmune diseases such as Aicardi-Gourtières syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weisheng Luo
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ji Xiao
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanlin Shuai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Zhe Ren
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Virology of Guangdong Province, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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The Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway Mediates Anti-PRRSV Function. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091829. [PMID: 34578409 PMCID: PMC8473166 DOI: 10.3390/v13091829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modulates host innate immunity which plays a key role against PRRSV infection. As a RNA virus, PRRSV is mainly sensed by innate immune RNA receptors, whereas the role of innate immune DNA sensors in the PRRSV infection has not been elucidated. Here, we investigated the roles of DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway in both PRRSV infected Marc-145 cells and porcine macrophages. The results show that in Marc-145 cells, the stable expression of STING with or without stimulations exhibited anti-PRRSV activity, and STING knockout heightened PRRSV infection. In CD163-3D4/21 porcine macrophages, either expression of STING or stimulation of cGAS-STING signaling obviously suppressed PRRSV infection, whereas in STING knockdown macrophages, the PRRSV infection was upregulated. Our results clearly demonstrate that the host cGAS-STING signal exerts an important antiviral role in PRRSV infection.
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