Maturation of the gut metabolome during the first year of life in humans

Changes in the intestinal microbiota of Japanese children during the first 3.5 years of life

Human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in health and disease. Infancy is a critical period for gut microbiota maturation and immune system development and has the potential to affect long-term health. Understanding the development of gut microbiota in Japanese children is essential because of regional differences and the long-term health effects of the early gut microbiota. However, while several longitudinal studies in Japan have explored the development of the gut microbiota after birth, more extended follow-up periods are still needed. In this study, we aimed to analyze the gut microbiota of 106 Japanese mother-child pairs from the Chiba Study of Mother and Child Health, Japan, over 3.5 years. The results showed that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in children increased with age, and its composition began to resemble that of adults. We identified four distinct clusters of gut microbiota that reflected different maturation stages. The similarity between the maternal and child gut microbiota appeared to follow a bimodal-like distribution, suggesting that the presence of older siblings may enhance this similarity. This study highlights the dynamic nature of gut microbiota development in Japanese children and deepens our understanding of the similarities between maternal and child gut microbiota.

The influence of pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollution and green spaces on infant's gut microbiota: Results from the MAMI birth cohort study

BACKGROUND

Animal and human studies indicate that exposure to air pollution and natural environments might modulate the gut microbiota, but epidemiological evidence is very scarce.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the potential impact of pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollution and green spaces on infant gut microbiota assembly and trajectories during the first year of life.

METHODS

MAMI ("MAternal MIcrobes") birth cohort (Valencia, Spain, N = 162) was used to study the impact of environmental exposure (acute and chronic) on infant gut microbiota during the first year of life (amplicon-based 16S rRNA sequencing). At 7 days and at 1, 6 and 12 months, residential pre- and postnatal exposure to air pollutants (NO2, black carbon -BC-, PM2.5 and O3) and green spaces indicators (NDVI and area of green spaces at 300, 500 and 1000 m buffers) were obtained. For the association between exposures and alpha diversity indicators linear regression models (cross-sectional analyses) and mixed models, including individual as a random effect (longitudinal analyses), were applied. For the differential taxon analysis, the ANCOM-BC package with a log count transformation and multiple-testing corrections were used.

RESULTS

Acute exposure in the first week of life and chronic postnatal exposure to NO2 were associated with a reduction in microbial alpha diversity, while the effects of green space exposure were not evident. Acute and chronic (prenatal or postnatal) exposure to NO2 resulted in increased abundance of Haemophilus, Akkermansia, Alistipes, Eggerthella, and Tyzerella populations, while increasing green space exposure associated with increased Negativicoccus, Senegalimassilia and Anaerococcus and decreased Tyzzerella and Lachnoclostridium populations.

DISCUSSION

We observed a decrease in the diversity of the gut microbiota and signs of alteration in its composition among infants exposed to higher levels of NO2. Increasing green space exposure was also associated with changes in gut microbial composition. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Effect of β-lactam antibiotics on the gut microbiota of term neonates

β-Lactam antibiotics are a class of antibiotics commonly used to treat bacterial infections. However, the effects of β-lactam antibiotics on term neonatal intestinal flora have not been fully elucidated. Hospitalized full-term newborns receiving β-lactam antibiotics formed the antibiotic group (n = 67), while those without antibiotic treatment comprised the non-antibiotic group (n = 47). A healthy group included healthy full-term newborns (n = 16). Stool samples were collected for 16 S rDNA sequencing to analyze gut microbiota variations. Further investigation was carried out within the β-lactam antibiotic group, exploring the effects of antibiotic use on the newborns' gut microbiota in relation to the duration and type of antibiotic administration, delivery method, and feeding practices. The antibiotic group exhibited significant difference of microbial community composition compared to the other groups. Genera like Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Alistipes, and Aeromonas were enriched, while Escherichia-Shigella, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Bifidobacterium, and Parabacteroides were reduced. Klebsiella negatively correlated with Escherichia-Shigella, positively with Enterobacter, while Escherichia-Shigella negatively correlated with Enterococcus and Streptococcus. Regardless of neonatal age, β-lactam antibiotics induced an elevated abundance of Klebsiella and Enterococcus. The impact on gut microbiota varied with the duration and type of antibiotic (cefotaxime or ampicillin/sulbactam). Compared to vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery after β-lactam treatment heightened the abundance of Klebsiella, Enterobacteriaceae_Unclassified, Lactobacillales_Unclassified, and Pectobacterium. Feeding patterns minimally influenced β-lactam-induced alterations. In conclusion, β-lactam antibiotic treatment for neonatal pneumonia and sepsis markedly disrupted intestinal microbiota, favoring Klebsiella, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Alistipes, and Aeromonas. The impact of β-lactam varied by duration, type, and delivery method, emphasizing heightened disruptions post-cesarean delivery.

Diversity Analysis of Intestinal Bifidobacteria in the Hohhot Population

(1) Background: Bifidobacterium plays a pivotal role within the gut microbiota, significantly affecting host health through its abundance and composition in the intestine. Factors such as age, gender, and living environment exert considerable influence on the gut microbiota, yet scant attention has been directed towards understanding the specific effects of these factors on the Bifidobacterium population. Therefore, this study focused on 98 adult fecal samples to conduct absolute and relative quantitative analyses of bifidobacteria. (2) Methods: Using droplet digital PCR and the PacBio Sequel II sequencing platform, this study sought to determine the influence of various factors, including living environment, age, and BMI, on the absolute content and biodiversity of intestinal bifidobacteria. (3) Results: Quantitative results indicated that the bifidobacteria content in the intestinal tract ranged from 106 to 109 CFU/g. Notably, the number of bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of the school population surpassed that of the off-campus population significantly (p = 0.003). Additionally, the group of young people exhibited a significantly higher count of bifidobacteria than the middle-aged and elderly groups (p = 0.041). The normal-weight group displayed a significantly higher bifidobacteria count than the obese group (p = 0.027). Further analysis of the relative abundance of bifidobacteria under different influencing factors revealed that the living environment emerged as the primary factor affecting the intestinal bifidobacteria structure (p = 0.046, R2 = 2.411). Moreover, the diversity of bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of college students surpassed that in the out-of-school population (p = 0.034). This was characterized by a notable increase in 11 strains, including B. longum, B. bifidum, and B. pseudolongum, in the intestinal tract of college students, forming a more intricate intestinal bifidobacteria interaction network. (4) Conclusions: In summary, this study elucidated the principal factors affecting intestinal bifidobacteria and delineated their characteristics of intestinal bifidobacteria in diverse populations. By enriching the theory surrounding gut microbiota and health, this study provides essential data support for further investigations into the intricate dynamics of the gut microbiota.

Inferior social hierarchy is vulnerable to anxiety-like behavior in chronic pain mice: Potential role of gut microbiota and metabolites

Social dominance is a universal phenomenon among grouped animals that profoundly affects survival, health, and reproductive success by determining access to resources, and exerting a powerful influence on subsequent behavior. However, the understanding of pain and anxiety comorbidities in dominant or subordinate animals suffering from chronic pain is not well-defined. Here, we provide evidence that subordinate mice are more susceptible to pain-induced anxiety compared to dominant mice. We propose that the gut microbiota may play a mediating role in this mechanism. Our findings demonstrate that transplantation of fecal microbiota from subordinate mice with chronic inflammatory pain, but not dominant mice, into antibiotics-treated pseudo-germ-free mice significantly amplifies anxiety-like phenotypes, highlighting the critical involvement of gut microbiota in this behavioral response. Using chronic inflammatory pain model, we carried out 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomic analyses to explore the relationship between microbiota and metabolites in a stable social hierarchy of mice. Interestingly, anxiety-like behaviors were directly associated with some microbial genera and metabolites, especially bile acid metabolism. Overall, we have demonstrated a close relationship between social status and anxiety susceptibility, highlighting the contributions of gut microbiota and the associated metabolites in the high-anxiety state of subordinate mice with chronic inflammatory pain.