1
|
El Nouiri A, El Kassem S, Al Maaz Z, Alhajj Y, Al Moussawi A, El Yaman A, El Hajjar H, Abdallah M, Assi G, Houri M, Azakir B. Prevalence and Characteristics of Medical Student Mistreatment in Lebanon. Int J Public Health 2024; 69:1606710. [PMID: 39027015 PMCID: PMC11254615 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2024.1606710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine the prevalence of medical student mistreatment in Lebanon, the framework of the incidents, and the extent of students' knowledge on mistreatment characteristics. Methods This is a cross-sectional study conducted using an online-based survey among medical students who have performed clinical rotations in Lebanon. Results Out of 300 respondents, 48.7% reported being subjected to mistreatment during clinical practice, which was significantly associated with gender, type of university, and family income. The two most common sources of mistreatment were patients and their families/friends (77.4%), and attending physicians (52.7%), followed by residents (49.3%). Students mostly chose to be passive and pacifying. Additionally, 64.7% of students stated they were not trained about the ideal way to handle these incidents. Conclusion This study showed that medical student mistreatment is highly prevalent in Lebanon. It also highlighted the lack of proper education on mistreatment characteristics and the necessity for investigating its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad El Nouiri
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sarah El Kassem
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Al Maaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yasser Alhajj
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Ahmad El Yaman
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Gaith Assi
- Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Houri
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bilal Azakir
- Faculty of Medicine, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ibrahim FM, Rashad Dabou EA, AbdelSamad S, Abuijlan IA. Prevalence of bullying and its impact on self-esteem, anxiety and depression among medical and health sciences university students in RAS Al Khaimah, UAE. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25063. [PMID: 38322961 PMCID: PMC10845683 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bullying and peer victimization among medical and health sciences students is a public health issue. This is owing to its detrimental impact and greater risk of psychiatric diseases and psychopathology in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. As a result, a descriptive cross-sectional research study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bullying and its influence on self-esteem, anxiety, and depression among medical and health sciences university students in RAS Al- Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. Approximately 369 students from MBBS, BDS, B Pharm, and BSN colleges were selected. The instruments included sociodemographic questions, bullying queries, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Primary Care Anxiety and Depression Scale. Participants averaged 21.49 ± 2.95. 34.1 % of medical students were bullied. 44.4 % of individuals were called insulting names, making verbal bullying the most common method. The linear regression analysis of bullying data shows that girls (53.2 %) are bullied more than boys (46.8 %). Bullied individuals had a mean score of 43.30 ± 19.74, indicating a higher rate of depression and anxiety. Bullied students had a mean score of 44.62 ± 9.94, indicating lower self-esteem. Significant differences were observed in relation to bullying when considering the variables of the university year, mother's education, and previous experience of bullying (P = 0.002, 0.038, 0.001). It is imperative that universities establish comprehensive protocols to identify instances of such behaviour and provide necessary assistance to victims and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Ibrahim
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Nursing Mansoura University, Egypt
- Medical-Surgical Nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Eman Abdelaziz Rashad Dabou
- RAK College of Nursing, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
- Medical-Surgical Nursing department, Faculty of Nursing, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa AbdelSamad
- College of Nursing, RAK Medical and health Sciences University, Ras Alkhaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Israa A.M. Abuijlan
- College of Nursing, RAK Medical and health Sciences University, Ras Alkhaimah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crombie KE, Crombie KD, Salie M, Seedat S. Medical Students' Experiences of Mistreatment by Clinicians and Academics at a South African University. TEACHING AND LEARNING IN MEDICINE 2024; 36:13-22. [PMID: 36647677 DOI: 10.1080/10401334.2023.2167207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phenomenon: Tertiary education in post-apartheid South Africa has faced many challenges regarding class, language, and race. Even though previously white Afrikaans-rooted universities now have a diverse student population, recent student protests have highlighted the ongoing need for decolonization in higher education. In addition, the majority of public hospitals in the country function under significant staffing, infrastructure, and equipment shortages. Although the mistreatment of medical students has been well described internationally, to date no South African data exists. The aim of this study was to identify experiences of mistreatment of medical students by clinicians and academics at a South African university and to describe the type of mistreatment experienced, the perceived mental health effects, and the influence on academic performance, resilience, and students' knowledge of current reporting systems. Approach: A cross-sectional study was conducted through a locally developed online survey of 443 medical students at a South African university in May to June 2018, comprising of both open and closed ended questions. Levels of psychological distress (K10) and resilience (CD-RISC -10) were measured. Chi-square and student t-tests were used for the analysis of associations, and linear regressions were used to assess predictors of psychological distress. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using the approach described by Braun and Clarke. Findings: Of 800 eligible medical students at Stellenbosch University, 443 students (55.4%) completed the survey. Mistreatment, comprising of being ignored/excluded (83.4%), offensive gestures (75.0%), verbal abuse (65.1%) and discrimination (64.4%), was prevalent and pervasive, and was perpetrated mainly by registrars (46.7%) and other medical staff (43.8%). Mistreatment was associated with psychological distress, which was generally high and more severe for females. Resilience, which was higher for males, moderated the effects of gender and perpetrator type on distress. Only 15% of students who had experienced mistreatment, either directly or indirectly, reported it, of which more than half (52.8%) were not happy with the outcome. Most students (80.9%) were not aware of the systems in place to report mistreatment. Insights: Student mistreatment is more highly prevalent among medical students at a South African university compared with studies conducted internationally. Despite over 20 years of democracy in South Africa, high rates of racial and gender discrimination were reported and descriptions of racial, language and gender discrimination were particularly concerning. Since the findings of this study, an anti-bullying poster-campaign has been initiated at the university as well as an online reporting system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Crombie
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kenneth D Crombie
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muneeb Salie
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Unit on the Genomics of Brain Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation and National Research Foundation South African Research Chair in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AbuAlula NA, Almarwani AM, Mamanao DM, Altarawneh NS, Alharbi MR, Ebeid IA. The Relationship between Bullying and Emotional State among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Correlation Study. Nurs Res Pract 2023; 2023:2397229. [PMID: 37576160 PMCID: PMC10423087 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2397229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bullying behavior by nursing students is a serious problem that has contributed to the drop in numbers in the nursing profession. Aim The study investigated the relationship between bullying and the emotional state of undergraduate nursing students. Methods The study used a cross-sectional correlation design with a sample of 286 undergraduate nursing students from multiple nursing colleges located in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used to measure the study outcomes. A revised version of the Bullying Assessment Questionnaire was used to assess bullying experiences. Statistical analyses, including a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA, determined the significance of the relationship between study variables. Results There was a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Saudi nursing students. Most of the respondents reported mild to extremely severe symptoms of depression (58.7%), anxiety (58%), and stress (44.8%). Around 90.1% of the nursing students reported exposure to a form of bullying over the previous 12 months. The most common items reported as part of this behavior included continually being assigned tasks beyond their capacity. Family members were the most frequently reported source of bullying (29.8%), followed by nursing faculties (20.9%). Bullying behavior was positively correlated with students' scores for depression, r (284) = 0.49, n = 286, p < 0.01; anxiety, r (284) = 0.54, p < 0.01; and stress, r (284) = 0.56, p < 0.01. Conclusion The study's findings raise concerns and highlight the importance of decreasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse educators must ensure that students receive psychological support to decrease these psychological outcomes. Regularly monitoring bullying behavior is essential to maintain students' psychological stability, which could eventually reduce professional dropout rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada A. AbuAlula
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Daniel Mon Mamanao
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Salem Altarawneh
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed R. Alharbi
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inas A. Ebeid
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
- Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Department, Port Said University, Port Fuad, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang X, Zhou Y, Yang R, Li D, Hu J, Xue Y, Wan Y, Fang J, Zhang S. Moderating role of mental health literacy on the relationship between bullying victimization during the life course and symptoms of anxiety and depression in Chinese college students. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1459. [PMID: 37525159 PMCID: PMC10388468 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to persistent bullying victimization across multiple periods results in a high risk of worse consequences. Although amples studies support the association between bullying victimization and symptoms of anxiety and depression, whether mental health literacy can serve as a moderator on this relationship remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the patterns of bullying victimization across the life course, and disentangle the moderating effect of mental health literacy between bullying victimization patterns and symptoms of anxiety and depression in Chinese college students. METHODS A total of 4036 college students were enrolled by cluster sampling from November 2020 to January 2021. Bullying victimization, mental health literacy, and symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured by self-report validated questionnaires. A latent class analysis was applied to identify bullying patterns. The PROCESS program was conducted to analyze whether mental health literacy moderates the link between bullying victimization patterns and symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS Three latent patterns of bullying victimization were identified as follows: persistent bullying pattern (6.2%), moderate bullying pattern (10.5%), and low bullying pattern (83.3%). Logisitic regression analysis of anxiety and depressive symptoms indicated that compared with low bullying pattern, persistent bullying pattern had the highest risk. Specifically, mental health literacy moderated the association between bullying victimization pattern and anxiety symptoms (B = -0.039, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is important for practitioners to examine bullying victimization across the life course concurrently rather than a single period in isolation. Interventions and research should enhance mental health literacy to improve the mental health in college students with a history of bullying victimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuexue Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Anhui Medical College, 632Th Furong Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Danlin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Xue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81Th Meishan Road, Hefei, 230601, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Sojo University, Ikeda 4-22-1, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Anhui Medical College, 632Th Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shichen Zhang
- School of Public Health and Health Management, Anhui Medical College, 632Th Furong Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Naothavorn W, Puranitee P, Kaewpila W, Sumrithe S, Heeneman S, van Mook WNKA, Busari JO. An exploratory university-based cross-sectional study of the prevalence and reporting of mistreatment and student-related factors among Thai medical students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:473. [PMID: 37365553 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mistreatment is a behavior that reflects disrespect for the dignity of others. Mistreatment can be intentional or unintentional, and can interfere with the process of learning and perceived well-being. This study explored the prevalence and characteristics of mistreatment, mistreatment reporting, student-related factors, and consequences among medical students in Thai context. METHODS We first developed a Thai version of the Clinical Workplace Learning Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) using a forward-back translation process with quality analysis. The design was a cross-sectional survey study, using the Thai Clinical Workplace Learning NAQ-R, Thai Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, Thai Patient Health Questionnaire (to assess depression risk), demographic information, mistreatment characteristics, mistreatment reports, related factors, and consequences. Descriptive and correlational analyses using multivariate analysis of variance were conducted. RESULTS In total, 681 medical students (52.4% female, 54.6% in the clinical years) completed the surveys (79.1% response rate). The reliability of the Thai Clinical Workplace Learning NAQ-R was high (Cronbach's alpha 0.922), with a high degree of agreement (83.9%). Most participants (n = 510, 74.5%) reported that they had experienced mistreatment. The most common type of mistreatment was workplace learning-related bullying (67.7%), and the most common source was attending staff or teachers (31.6%). People who mistreated preclinical medical students were most often senior students or peers (25.9%). People who mistreated clinical students were most commonly attending staff (57.5%). Only 56 students (8.2%) reported these instances of mistreatment to others. Students' academic year was significantly related to workplace learning-related bullying (r = 0.261, p < 0.001). Depression and burnout risk were significantly associated with person-related bullying (depression: r = 0.20, p < 0.001, burnout: r = 0.20, p = 0.012). Students who experienced person-related bullying were more often the subject of filed unprofessional behavior reports, concerning conflict or arguments with colleagues, being absent from class or work without reasonable cause, and mistreatment of others. CONCLUSIONS Mistreatment of medical students was evident in medical school and was related to the risk for depression and burnout, as well as the risk of unprofessional behavior. TRIAL REGISTRATION TCTR20230107006(07/01/2023).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waravudh Naothavorn
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Pongtong Puranitee
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Winitra Kaewpila
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Sutida Sumrithe
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- Department of Pathology, School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Walther N K A van Mook
- Department of Intensive Care, and Academy for Postgraduate Medical Training, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, and School of Health Professions Education, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamiu O Busari
- Department of Educational Development & Research, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University (UM), Maastricht, The Netherlands and Department of Pediatrics and HOH Academy, Horacio Oduber Hospital, Oranjestad, Aruba
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Averbuch T, Eliya Y, Van Spall HGC. Systematic review of academic bullying in medical settings: dynamics and consequences. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043256. [PMID: 34253657 PMCID: PMC8311313 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterise the dynamics and consequences of bullying in academic medical settings, report factors that promote academic bullying and describe potential interventions. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES We searched EMBASE and PsycINFO for articles published between 1 January 1999 and 7 February 2021. STUDY SELECTION We included studies conducted in academic medical settings in which victims were consultants or trainees. Studies had to describe bullying behaviours; the perpetrators or victims; barriers or facilitators; impact or interventions. Data were assessed independently by two reviewers. RESULTS We included 68 studies representing 82 349 respondents. Studies described academic bullying as the abuse of authority that impeded the education or career of the victim through punishing behaviours that included overwork, destabilisation and isolation in academic settings. Among 35 779 individuals who responded about bullying patterns in 28 studies, the most commonly described (38.2% respondents) was overwork. Among 24 894 individuals in 33 studies who reported the impact, the most common was psychological distress (39.1% respondents). Consultants were the most common bullies identified (53.6% of 15 868 respondents in 31 studies). Among demographic groups, men were identified as the most common perpetrators (67.2% of 4722 respondents in 5 studies) and women the most common victims (56.2% of 15 246 respondents in 27 studies). Only a minority of victims (28.9% of 9410 victims in 25 studies) reported the bullying, and most (57.5%) did not perceive a positive outcome. Facilitators of bullying included lack of enforcement of institutional policies (reported in 13 studies), hierarchical power structures (7 studies) and normalisation of bullying (10 studies). Studies testing the effectiveness of anti-bullying interventions had a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS Academic bullying commonly involved overwork, had a negative impact on well-being and was not typically reported. Perpetrators were most commonly consultants and men across career stages, and victims were commonly women. Methodologically robust trials of anti-bullying interventions are needed. LIMITATIONS Most studies (40 of 68) had at least a moderate risk of bias. All interventions were tested in uncontrolled before-after studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yousif Eliya
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Harriette Gillian Christine Van Spall
- Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Cardiology, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|