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Knoedler L, Knoedler S, Alfertshofer M, Hansen FJ, Schenck T, Sofo G, Obed D, Hollmann K, Siegwart LC, Vollbach FH, Bigdeli AK, Kauke-Navarro M, Pomahac B. Gynecomastia Surgery in 4996 Male Patients Over 14 Years: A Retrospective Analysis of Surgical Trends, Predictive Risk Factors, and Short-Term Outcomes. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024:10.1007/s00266-024-03927-0. [PMID: 38528130 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-024-03927-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of benign male breast tissue enlargement (gynecomastia) has resulted in a marked increase of gynecomastia cases. While about one third of male adults experience some form of gynecomastia, gynecomastia surgery (GS) outcome research is limited to small study populations and single-center/-surgeon databases. In this study, we aimed to access the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database to identify preoperative risk factors for complications and investigate postoperative outcomes of GS. METHODS In this retrospective study, we queried the ACS-NSQIP database from 2008 to 2021 to identify male adult patients who underwent GS. Postoperative outcomes involved the occurrence of any, surgical and medical complications, as well as reoperation, readmission, and mortality within a 30-day postoperative time period. Univariable and multivariable assessment were performed to identify risk factors for complications while adjusting for possible confounders. RESULTS The study included 4,996 GS patients with a mean age of 33.7 ± 15 years and BMI of 28.2 ± 5.1 kg/m2. White patients constituted 54% (n = 2713) of the cohort, and 27% (n = 1346) were obese. Except for 2020, there was a steady increase in GS cases over the study period. Outpatient surgeries were most common at 95% (n = 4730), while general surgeons performed the majority of GS (n = 3580; 72%). Postoperatively, 91% (n = 4538) of patients were discharged home; 4.4% (n = 222) experienced any complications. Multivariable analysis identified inpatient setting (p < 0.001), BMI (p = 0.023), prior sepsis (p = 0.018), and bleeding disorders (p = 0.047) as independent risk factors for complications. CONCLUSION In this study, we analyzed 4996 male adult GS patients from the ACS-NSQIP database, revealing an increased caseload and significant general surgeon involvement. Risk factors like bleeding disorders, inpatient status, and prior sepsis were linked to postoperative complications, while BMI was crucial for predicting adverse events. Overall, our findings may aid in enhancing patient care through advanced preoperative screening and closer perioperative management. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Knoedler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel Knoedler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Instituto Ivo Pitanguy, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia Rio de Janeiro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeriro, Brazil
| | - Michael Alfertshofer
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frederik J Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Giuseppe Sofo
- Instituto Ivo Pitanguy, Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia Rio de Janeiro, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeriro, Brazil
| | - Doha Obed
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Hollmann
- Department of Hand-, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Laura C Siegwart
- Department of Hand-, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Felix H Vollbach
- Department of Hand-, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Amir K Bigdeli
- Department of Hand-, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Kauke-Navarro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Bohdan Pomahac
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Xia ZN, Kang YB, Yang YY, Guan A, Ma XD, Zhang YW, Liu ZF, Yu NZ, Zhang MZ, Zhu L. Comprehensive aesthetic corrections of gynecomastia using the reproducible safe and minimally invasive surgical strategy. Asian J Surg 2024; 47:222-228. [PMID: 37596215 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.07.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive access and fast recovery are trends of gynecomastia surgery. We placed great importance on liposuction and modified original pull-through technique. The purpose of this study was to present a refined surgical strategy for gynecomastia in grade I and II. METHODS The refined strategy embraced enhanced liposuction to remove the intraglandular fat sufficiently, followed by open resection of gland using the pull-through and bottom-up technique with adjuvant liposuction in the end. Surgical data were recorded and satisfactory questionnaires with 5-point scales were administered during follow-up. RESULTS Between January 2017 and May 2022, 165 patients underwent enhanced liposuction combined with the pull-through and bottom-up technique for gland excision. Age ranged from 12 to 56 years. The median length of surgery was 100 min. A median of 300 ml of fat was aspirated and a median of 20.8 g of gland was excised. Seventy-seven patients (46.7%) responded the questionnaires at least 6 months postoperatively, and the average overall satisfaction was 4.68 ± 0.52 points. Thirteen sides of breasts developed complications with a rate of 4.0%. CONCLUSION Enhanced liposuction combined with pull-through and bottom-up technique proved effective to treat grade I and II gynecomastia with minimal scarring and high satisfaction. The refined strategy was simple and safe, and would obtain optimal outcomes even for inexperienced surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Nan Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Yuan-Bo Kang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Yu-Yan Yang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Ai Guan
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Xu-Da Ma
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Yu-Wei Zhang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Nan-Ze Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Ming-Zi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, PR China.
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Xia Z, Ding N, Kang Y, Guan A, Wen J, Ma X, Liu Z, Yu N, Kong L, Zhu L. Is Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Superior to Sonography in Gynecomastia Evaluation and Surgery Planning. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2023; 47:1759-1770. [PMID: 37500904 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the preoperative evaluation and surgery planning of gynecomastia are limited. The purpose of this study is to reveal MRI features and categories of gynecomastia and compare surgical outcomes following MRI and sonography as well as their diagnostic accuracy. METHODS The area of the gland and the whole breast on the transverse plane via nipple of MRI were measured to calculate the ratio between them. Areola, mass and branch patterns were categorized to represent three different gynecomastia type on MRI. 183 patients were included, with 38 in MRI group and 145 in sonography group. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by the level of agreement between preoperative imaging findings and intraoperative observations. Surgical data, patients' satisfaction and complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS MRI in 75 gynecomastic breasts demonstrated the average ratio of the gland to the whole breast was 10.6%±13.3%. The most common MRI categories were branch patterns (45.3%). The diagnostic concordance rate of MRI was higher than sonography (100% vs. 86.8%, p = 0.001). Among those junior surgeons, the length of surgery was reduced in MRI group (100 min vs. 115 min, p = 0.048). There was no difference in terms of patient's satisfaction and complication rate between MRI and sonography. CONCLUSION MRI was superior to sonography in diagnostic accuracy to assess the tissue components of gynecomastia and provided informative guidance especially for junior surgeons. Surgical outcomes were comparable regardless of the use of MRI or sonography for evaluation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV IThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Xia
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanbo Kang
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai Guan
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxian Wen
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuda Ma
- Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Dongdan Santiao 9#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanze Yu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Kong
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan 1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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Innocenti A, Melita D, Dreassi E. Incidence of Complications for Different Approaches in Gynecomastia Correction: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2022; 46:1025-1041. [PMID: 35138423 PMCID: PMC9411245 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-022-02782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Gynecomastia is nowadays a very common disease, affecting a large cohort of patients with different ages. The aim of this literature review is to assess the incidence of complications with all proposed techniques and for combined procedures versus single approach procedures in gynecomastia correction. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify all reported techniques for gynecomastia correction covering a period from January 1, 1987 to November 1, 2020. For all selected papers, demographic data, proposed technique, and complications’ incidence have been recorded. Results A total number of 3970 results was obtained from database analysis. A final total number of 94 articles was obtained for 7294 patients analyzed. Patients have been divided into three groups: aspiration techniques, consisting in 874 patients (11,98%), surgical excision techniques, consisting in 2764 patients (37,90%), and combined techniques, consisting in 3656 patients (50,12%). Complications have been recorded for all groups, for a total number of 1407, of which 130 among “Aspiration techniques” group (14,87%), 847 among “Surgical excision techniques” group (30,64%), and 430 in “Combined techniques” group (11,76%). Conclusions Several techniques have been proposed in the literature to address gynecomastia, with the potential to greatly improve self-confidence and overall appearance of affected patients. The combined use of surgical excision and aspiration techniques seems to reduce the rate of complications compared to surgical excision alone, but the lack of unique classification and the presence of several surgical techniques still represents a bias in the literature review. Level of Evidence III This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Approach to gynecomastia and pseudogynecomastia surgical techniques and its outcome: a systematic review. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2022; 75:1704-1728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Savas SA. The Effect of Suction-Assisted Liposuction on Reduction of Diameter of Nipple-Areola Complex Among Patients with Simon Grade IIb and III Gynecomastia. Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Innocenti A, Melita D, Innocenti M. Gynecomastia and Chest Masculinization: An Updated Comprehensive Reconstructive Algorithm. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2118-2126. [PMID: 33939025 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02275-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gynecomastia is a common finding in males. Clinical aspect varies widely in world populations showing peculiar hallmarks according to different body shapes reflecting personal expectations; therefore, a surgical plan must be tailored on individual basis to all type of patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD A total of 522 patients, treated for bilateral gynecomastia from January 2007 to January 2019, were included and reviewed in this retrospective study. Considering physical status BMI, muscular trophism, hypertrophy of the mammary region, nipple-areola disorder, gland and skin cover consistency, a four-tier classification system has been used to classify the deformity and to assess a surgical plan. In all cases, a subcutaneous mastectomy was performed under direct vision. RESULTS No recurrence of the deformity was observed as well as major complications such as necrosis, and high level of satisfaction was observed in all groups. No breast cancer was found at the histological examinations Operative time ranged from 25 minutes up to 120 minutes and hospitalization time ranged from 1 to 3 days. CONCLUSION Since the physical status is strictly related to the clinical features of the disorder, a comprehensive classification system and a reconstructive algorithm are proposed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Giacomo Matteotti 42, 50132, Florence, Italy.
| | - Dario Melita
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Giacomo Matteotti 42, 50132, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Innocenti
- Plastic and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Careggi University Hospital, Viale Giacomo Matteotti 42, 50132, Florence, Italy
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