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Geurten M, Lemaire P. Influence of emotional stimuli on metacognition: A study in arithmetic. Conscious Cogn 2022; 106:103430. [PMID: 36283195 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the role of negative emotional stimuli on direct and indirect metacognition, and document age-related differences in this role during adulthood. Participants were presented with negative or neutral pictures while asked to select which of two available strategies was the better strategy to find approximate estimates of two-digit multiplication problems. Following each strategy selection, participants provided either a direct (confidence judgment; Expt. 1) or an indirect (opt-out judgment; Expt. 2) evaluation of their strategy choice. Negative emotional stimuli decreased metacognitive accuracy for arithmetic strategy selection, but only when indirect metacognitive measures were collected. No differences were found when direct metacognitive judgments were requested. The effects of emotional stimuli on indirect metacognition and lack of effects on direct metacognition were found in both young and older adults. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of emotion on metacognition in young and older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Geurten
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S - FNRS), Belgium.
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Filippi R, Ceccolini A, Periche-Tomas E, Bright P. Developmental trajectories of metacognitive processing and executive function from childhood to older age. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:1757-1773. [PMID: 32419614 PMCID: PMC7715991 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820931096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The modern understanding of the term metacognition encompasses two levels of processing: a lower level awareness or knowledge of one’s own thoughts and a higher level regulation or control of our thinking. Metacognition, therefore, bears conceptual similarity with executive function: both are concerned with top-down monitoring and control of cognition in the service of ongoing goal-directed behaviour. Previous studies have shown a possible executive function advantage in multilingual speakers but also a possible disadvantage in metacognitive processing. To progress theory on metacognitive processing and the relationship with executive function and linguistic experience across the lifespan, we conducted a study testing 330 healthy individuals in four age groups from 7 to 80 years old. All participants performed a metacognition task and two measures of executive function, which included the Simon task and the Tower of London task. Half the participants were multilingual speakers since birth. We built developmental trajectories of metacognitive and executive function across the lifespan. The best metacognitive efficiency was observed in mid-adulthood, whereas the best executive function processing reached its peak in young adulthood. A steep cognitive decline was observed in older age, while metacognitive efficiency was preserved. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that metacognition and executive function are served by different factors across all ages. Contrary to previous findings in the bilingual literature, a multilinguistic experience conferred neither any significant advantage nor disadvantage in both executive function and metacognitive processing across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Filippi
- Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Multilanguage and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Andrea Ceccolini
- Multilanguage and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Eva Periche-Tomas
- Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Multilanguage and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Peter Bright
- Multilanguage and Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London (UCL), London, UK.,Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Soleimani H, Rahmanian M. The Effect of Bilingualism and Trilingualism on Metacognitive Processing: Detrimental or Beneficial? JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2018; 47:803-815. [PMID: 29368141 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-018-9563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research in multilingualism has shown that bilinguals have enhanced executive function (e.g., Donnelly et al. in Proceedings of the 37th annual conference of the cognitive science society 2015; Green in Bilingualism Lang Cognit 1(02):67-81, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133 ); however, this with many other areas in multilingualism have been questioned like their non-verbal reasoning or their metacognitive ability. This study attempts to explore learning more than one languages in the field of metacognitive abilities. Three groups of monolinguals, bilinguals, and trilinguals were explored to examine the effect of language learning on enhancing or weakening accuracy and response time in metacognitive processing. Conducting dot discrimination task, we found that multilingualism might have some advantages in this field. As cognition and metacognitive abilities demonstrated no positive correlation in this study, we might conclude that executive functioning can not bring about higher order functioning for the individuals. Nevertheless, monolinguals did the task in the least period of time with the least accuracy. Trilinguals, on the contrary, could respond more accurately with an average speed. Accuracy, difficulty, and response time choice in metacognitive processing were discussed for each group. It is concluded that multilingualism might have different effects on higher-order decision making abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Soleimani
- Department of Applied Linguistics, Payame Noor University, PO box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rahmanian
- Department of Applied Linguistics, Payame Noor University, PO box 19395-3697, Tehran, Iran.
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Executive function and metacognition: Towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Folke T, Ouzia J, Bright P, De Martino B, Filippi R. A bilingual disadvantage in metacognitive processing. Cognition 2016; 150:119-32. [PMID: 26896725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicating that bilingualism is associated with enhanced executive function suggests that this enhancement may operate within a broader spectrum of cognitive abilities than previously thought (e.g., Stocco & Prat, 2014). In this study, we focus on metacognition or the ability to evaluate one's own cognitive performance (Flavell, 1979). Over the course of two experiments, we presented young healthy adult monolinguals and bilinguals with a perceptual two-alternative-forced-choice task followed by confidence judgements. Results from both experiments indicated that bilingual participants showed a disadvantage in metacognitive efficiency, determined through the calculation of Mratio (Maniscalco & Lau, 2014). Our findings provide novel insight into the potential differences in bilingual and monolingual cognition, which may indicate a bilingual disadvantage. Results are discussed with reference to the balance of advantages versus disadvantages associated with multilanguage learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Folke
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom.
| | - Julia Ouzia
- Anglia Ruskin University, Department of Psychology, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter Bright
- Anglia Ruskin University, Department of Psychology, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom
| | - Benedetto De Martino
- University of Cambridge, Department of Psychology, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Filippi
- Anglia Ruskin University, Department of Psychology, East Road, Cambridge CB1 1PT, United Kingdom; Developmental Neurocognition Lab, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
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Schwartz BL, Pillot M, Bacon E. Contextual information influences the feeling of knowing in episodic memory. Conscious Cogn 2014; 29:96-104. [PMID: 25282301 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The feeling of knowing (FOK) predicts the likelihood of eventually recognizing currently unrecalled items. Koriat (1993, 1995) showed that retrieval of partial target information influences FOK ratings. Building on Koriat's view, the noncriterial-recollection hypothesis contends that contextual information influences FOKs (Brewer, Marsh, Clark-Foos, & Meeks, 2010). Our study assessed the validity of the noncriterial-recollection hypothesis by controlling the amount of potentially-retrievable contextual information presented to participants. We varied the amount of contextual information accompanying the name and image of imaginary animals. There were three information conditions: minimum (name and image), medium (name, image, and country), and maximum (name, image, country, diet and weight). Information condition did not affect recall accuracy. The minimum condition resulted in greater response output (recall and commission errors together). FOKs for unrecalled items were lower in the minimum condition than the other conditions. Consistent with the noncriterial-recollection hypothesis, FOKs were positively correlated with the retrieval of contextual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett L Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL 33199, USA.
| | - Mathieu Pillot
- Inserm u1114, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France
| | - Elisabeth Bacon
- Inserm u1114, Federation of Translational Medicine of Strasbourg (FMTS), University of Strasbourg, France.
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Boduroglu A, Pehlivanoglu D, Tekcan AI, Kapucu A. Effects of self-referencing on feeling-of-knowing accuracy and recollective experience. Memory 2014; 23:736-47. [PMID: 24936954 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.925927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current research investigated the impact of self-referencing (SR) on feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgements to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these metamemory judgements and specifically test the relationship between recollective experiences and FOK accuracy within the accessibility framework FOK judgements are thought to be by-products of the retrieval process and are therefore closely related to memory performance. Because relating information to one's self is one of the factors enhancing memory performance, we investigated the effect of self-related encoding on FOK accuracy and recollective experience. We compared performance on this condition to a separate deep processing condition in which participants reported the frequency of occurrence of pairs of words. Participants encoded pairs of words incidentally, and following a delay interval, they attempted at retrieving each target prompted by its cue. Then, they were re-presented with all cues and asked to provide FOK ratings regarding their likelihood of recognising the targets amongst distractors. Finally, they were given a surprise recognition task in which following each response they identified whether the response was remembered, known or just guessed. Our results showed that only SR at encoding resulted in better memory, higher FOK accuracy and increased recollective experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysecan Boduroglu
- a Department of Psychology , Bogazici University , Bebek , Istanbul , Turkey
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