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Mishra RK, Prasad S. Parallel Interactions Between Linguistic and Contextual Factors in Bilinguals. Top Cogn Sci 2024. [PMID: 38923214 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The necessity for introducing interactionist and parallelism approaches in different branches of cognitive science emerged as a reaction to classical sequential stage-based models. Functional psychological models that emphasized and explained how different components interact, dynamically producing cognitive and perceptual states, influenced multiple disciplines. Chiefly among them were experimental psycholinguistics and the many applied areas that dealt with humans' ability to process different types of information in different contexts. Understanding how bilinguals represent and process verbal and visual input, how their neural and psychological states facilitate such interactions, and how linguistic and nonlinguistic processing overlap, has now emerged as an important area of multidisciplinary research. In this article, we will review available evidence from different language-speaking groups of bilinguals in India with a focus on situational context. In the discussion, we will address models of language processing in bilinguals within a cognitive psychological approach with a focus on existent models of inhibitory control. The paper's stated goal will be to show that the parallel architecture framework can serve as a theoretical foundation for examining bilingual language processing and its interface with external factors such as social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh K Mishra
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad
| | - Seema Prasad
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden
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2
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Hao Y, Luo Y, Lin-Hong KHY, Yan M. Shared translation in second language activates unrelated words in first language. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:1245-1255. [PMID: 37932581 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study explored bilingual coactivation during natural monolingual sentence-reading comprehension. Native Chinese readers who had learned Japanese as a second language and those who had not learned it at all were tested. The results showed that unrelated Chinese word pairs that shared a common Japanese translation could parafoveally prime each other. Critically, this translation-related preview effect was modulated by the readers' language-learning experiences. It was found only among the late Chinese-Japanese bilinguals, but not among the monolingual Chinese readers. By setting a novel step, which was testing bilingual coactivation of semantic knowledge in a natural reading scenario without an explicit presentation of L2 words, our results suggest that bilingual word processing can be automatic, unconscious and nonselective. The study reveals an L2-to-L1 influence on readers' lexical activation during natural sentence reading in an exclusively native context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hao
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yingyi Luo
- Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kenneth Han-Yang Lin-Hong
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China
- Institute of Linguistics, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macau, China.
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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3
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Wang P, Huang X, Chang X. The effect of inhibitory control and language proficiency on intra-sentential switching costs in reading comprehension. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 241:104063. [PMID: 37976919 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the inhibition account and activation account, inhibitory control and language proficiency play big roles on language control mechanisms underlying language switching respectively. But it is still debatable whether inhibitory control and language proficiency play roles in sentential context during bilingual language comprehension, and how and when they work if they both do. The present study examined the specific roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on modulating intra-sentential switching costs in Chinese-English bilinguals using self-paced reading task. Results indicated that language proficiency and switching direction modulated intra-sentential switching costs significantly. Switching costs were larger when switching into L1 than into L2 for the first two code-switched words due to inhibitory effect, but more costly switching into L2 than into L1 since the third code-switched words owing to the effect of relative language proficiency. During bilingual language processing, inhibition and activation of languages shaped a dynamic interplay of complementary language control processes. Specifically, inhibitory control and language proficiency work as a dynamic continuum in language switching at sentence level. Switching into L1 requires the release of inhibition to L1, but switching into L2 asks the activation and access of L2. The interaction effects of language proficiency and inhibitory control influenced the exertion and components of inhibition. This study reconciled the independent roles of language proficiency and inhibitory control on language switching and constructed a new continuum based on language proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijuan Wang
- School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xueyi Huang
- School of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200400, China
| | - Xin Chang
- School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Fernandez-Duque M, Hayakawa S, Marian V. Speakers of different languages remember visual scenes differently. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh0064. [PMID: 37585537 PMCID: PMC10431704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Language can have a powerful effect on how people experience events. Here, we examine how the languages people speak guide attention and influence what they remember from a visual scene. When hearing a word, listeners activate other similar-sounding words before settling on the correct target. We tested whether this linguistic coactivation during a visual search task changes memory for objects. Bilinguals and monolinguals remembered English competitor words that overlapped phonologically with a spoken English target better than control objects without name overlap. High Spanish proficiency also enhanced memory for Spanish competitors that overlapped across languages. We conclude that linguistic diversity partly accounts for differences in higher cognitive functions such as memory, with multilinguals providing a fertile ground for studying the interaction between language and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Fernandez-Duque
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sayuri Hayakawa
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Viorica Marian
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Freeman MR, Marian V. Visual word recognition in bilinguals: Eye-tracking evidence that L2 proficiency impacts access of L1 phonotactics. STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 2022; 44:759-787. [PMID: 36081612 PMCID: PMC9450561 DOI: 10.1017/s027226312100053x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A bilingual's language system is highly interactive. When hearing a second language (L2), bilinguals access native-language (L1) words that share sounds across languages. In the present study, we examine whether input modality and L2 proficiency moderate the extent to which bilinguals activate L1 phonotactic constraints (i.e., rules for combining speech sounds) during L2 processing. Eye-movements of English monolinguals and Spanish-English bilinguals were tracked as they searched for a target English word in a visual display. On critical trials, displays included a target that conflicted with the Spanish vowel-onset rule (e.g., sp a), as well as a competitor containing the potentially-activated 'e' onset (e.g., e gg). The rule violation was processed either in the visual modality (Experiment 1) or audio-visually (Experiment 2). In both experiments, bilinguals with lower L2 proficiency made more eye movements to competitors than fillers. Findings suggest that bilinguals who have lower L2 proficiency access L1 phonotactic constraints during L2 visual word processing with and without auditory input of the constraint-conflicting structure (e.g., spa). We conclude that the interactivity between a bilingual's two languages is not limited to words that share form across languages, but also extends to sub-lexical, rule-based structures.
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Yang S, Zhang X, Jiang M. Bilingual Brains Learn to Use L2 Alliterations Covertly like Poets: Brain ERP Evidence. Front Psychol 2021; 12:691846. [PMID: 34621210 PMCID: PMC8491624 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilinguals were documented to access their native or first language (L1) during comprehension of their second languages (L2). However, it is uncertain whether they can access L2 when reading their first language. This study used the event-related potential (ERP) technique to demonstrate the implicit and unconscious access to English words when Chinese–English bilinguals read words in Chinese, their native language. The participants were asked to judge whether the Chinese words presented in pairs were semantically related or not, meanwhile unconscious of the occasional alliteration (repetition of the first phoneme) if the Chinese words were translated into English. While the concealed prime in English translations failed to affect the reaction time, the alliteration significantly modulated N400 among advanced English learners, especially for semantically unrelated word pairs. Critically, this modulation effect was discrepant between bilinguals with high-level and normal-level English proficiency. These results indicate that L2 activation is an unconscious correlate of native-language processing depending on L2 proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqin Yang
- Center for Psychology and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghu Jiang
- Center for Psychology and Cognitive Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Different inhibitory control components predict different levels of language control in bilinguals. Mem Cognit 2021; 49:758-770. [PMID: 33398787 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-020-01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some studies have started to explore the impact of individual general executive functions (EFs) on bilingual language control. To our knowledge, few studies have systematically examined various components of EFs on different levels of language control in bilinguals. In two experiments, we investigated the effects of two components of IC on different levels of bilingual language control. The language-switching task was used to tap into language control at different levels. The Simon task was used to measure interference suppression in Experiment 1, and a go/no-go task was used to measure response inhibition in Experiment 2. Experiment 1 found that the smaller the Simon effect was, the larger the asymmetry of switch costs was. Experiment 2 found that the shorter the go response time was, the larger the global slowing effect was. Taken together, these findings suggest that the interference suppression component of domain-general IC facilitates local level language control, while response inhibition impacts global level language control in bilinguals.
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Chen J, Zhao Y, Zhaxi C, Liu X. How does parallel language activation affect switch costs during trilingual language comprehension? JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1788036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- The English Department, School of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Lanzhou No. 33 Middle School, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cairang Zhaxi
- The Tibetan Middle School of Hezuo, Hezuo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- College of Languages and Culture, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People’s Republic of China
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Tarighat S, Rashtchi M, Khoii R. The Bilingual Advantage in Thinking Critically: The Roles of Age of Onset and L2 Proficiency. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.3.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bilingual advantage and its effect on executive function (EF) are among the major concerns of researchers in the field of bilingualism. Nevertheless, the bilingual effect on critical thinking has not yet received the attention it truly deserves. The present study aimed to investigate the bilingual effect on critical thinking disposition (CTD) and its relationship to age, age of onset (AoO), and L2 proficiency. An experimental design was adopted to study the impact of bilingualism on CTD. Correlational designs were then used to investigate the association between L2 proficiency and age of bilinguals with their CTD scores. The sample included 286 participants, consisting of 143 bilinguals, carefully matched with 143 monolinguals based on age and socioeconomic status. The bilinguals were then divided into two groups of early bilinguals (AoO = 10 years or less) and late bilinguals (AoO = 11 years or more). Their L2 proficiency and performance on the University of Florida Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory were measured and compared. The results indicate an advantage in CTD in favor of the bilinguals, with no significant difference between early and late bilinguals. A larger effect size was observed with an elevation in the age of the bilinguals. A positive association was found between L2 proficiency and the bilinguals’ CTD, with a weak correlation between education and CTD scores. The results are also compared with those of the bilingual effect on EF.
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Neumann E, Nkrumah IK. Reversal of typical processing dynamics in positive and negative priming using a non-dominant to dominant cross-language lexical manipulation. Memory 2019; 27:829-840. [PMID: 30704345 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1573902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A bilingual primed lexical decision task was used to investigate priming effects produced by attended and ignored words. Participants were required to name prime target words in their weaker (L2) language and then make lexical decisions to probe target items in their dominant (L1) language. Accelerated lexical decisions to probe target words resulted when the word was a translation equivalent of the preceding prime target word, but they were not impaired when the word was a translation equivalent of the preceding ignored nontarget word. This novel finding of a positive priming effect coupled with the absence of a negative priming effect is the opposite pattern of earlier cross-language experiments wherein priming was assessed from L1 to L2 [i.e., Li, Neumann, & Chen, 2017. Identity and semantic negative priming in rapid serial visual presentation streams. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 79, 1755-1776; Neumann, McCloskey, & Felio, 1999. Cross-language positive priming disappears, negative priming does not: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition. Memory & Cognition, 27, 1051-1063; Nkrumah & Neumann, 2018. Cross-language negative priming remains intact, while positive priming disappears: evidence for two sources of selective inhibition. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 1-12]. The present results may be a reflection of altered excitatory and inhibitory dynamics when a weaker, non-dominant language is the source for potential positive and negative priming effects between languages in bilinguals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Neumann
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
| | - Ivy K Nkrumah
- b Department of Educational Foundation , University of Cape Coast , Cape Coast , Ghana, Africa
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Mishra RK, Padmanabhuni M, Bhandari P, Viswambharan S, Prasad SG. Language proficiency does not modulate executive control in older bilinguals. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:920-951. [PMID: 30596340 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1562029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined if language proficiency modulates performance in tasks that measure executive control in older Telugu-English bilinguals (n = 50, mean age = 57.15 years). We administered numerical Stroop task, Attention Network Task, Dimensional Change Card Sorting task, and stop-signal task that are known to tap into different aspects of executive functioning on healthy aging Telugu-English bilinguals. Second language (English) proficiency was calculated as a cumulative score that considered both subjective and objective measures of L2 fluency and use. Bilinguals were divided into two groups based on the cumulative score and compared on each task. We did not find any effect of language proficiency on any of the executive control measures. The additional Bayesian analysis also supported these findings. Therefore, the results do not support the claim that bilingual language proficiency modulates executive control, at least in the elderly population. We discuss the results with regard to the issue of bilingual advantage in executive control and the role of age and language use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Mishra
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Manasa Padmanabhuni
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Pratik Bhandari
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language , Sebastian , Spain
| | - Shiji Viswambharan
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Seema Gorur Prasad
- Centre for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
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Veivo O, Järvikivi J, Porretta V, Hyönä J. Orthographic Activation in L2 Spoken Word Recognition Depends on Proficiency: Evidence from Eye-Tracking. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1120. [PMID: 27512381 PMCID: PMC4961715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of orthographic and phonological information in spoken word recognition was studied in a visual world task where L1 Finnish learners of L2 French (n = 64) and L1 French native speakers (n = 24) were asked to match spoken word forms with printed words while their eye movements were recorded. In Experiment 1, French target words were contrasted with competitors having a longer ( vs. ) or a shorter word initial phonological overlap ( vs. ) and an identical orthographic overlap. In Experiment 2, target words were contrasted with competitors of either longer ( vs. ) or shorter word initial orthographic overlap ( vs. ) and of an identical phonological overlap. A general phonological effect was observed in the L2 listener group but not in the L1 control group. No general orthographic effects were observed in the L2 or L1 groups, but a significant effect of proficiency was observed for orthographic overlap over time: higher proficiency L2 listeners used also orthographic information in the matching task in a time-window from 400 to 700 ms, whereas no such effect was observed for lower proficiency listeners. These results suggest that the activation of orthographic information in L2 spoken word recognition depends on proficiency in L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Veivo
- Department of French, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Juhani Järvikivi
- Department of Linguistics, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vincent Porretta
- Department of Linguistics, University of AlbertaEdmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jukka Hyönä
- Department of Psychology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
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