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Pyne N, Ray R, Paul S. Computational and experimental approaches manifest the leishmanicidal potential of α-mangostin resourced from Garcinia cowa. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107291. [PMID: 38889863 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Owing to the persistent number of parasitic deaths, Visceral leishmaniasis continues to haunt several economically weaker sections of India. The disease causes over 30,000 deaths and threatens millions annually on a global scale. The standard pentavalent antimonials, on the other hand, are associated with health adversities and disease relapse. The current study is focused on the search for the most potential natural bioactive phytocompound from the bark extract of the Northeastern Indian plant, Garcinia cowa, that shows potent anti-leishmanial properties. The High Resonance Liquid Chromatography followed by Mass Spectrometry (HR-LCMS) study followed by an in silico molecular docking using computational tools revealed that α-mangostin might potentially possess antiparasitic activity. To validate the anti-leishmanial efficacy of the compound, a cell viability assay was performed, which demonstrated the parasite-specific inhibitory activity of α-mangostin; with IC50 values ranging from 4.95 - 7.37 µM against the different forms of Leishmania donovani parasite. The flow cytometric analysis of the phytocompound treated parasites indicated an oxidative and nitrosative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in the parasites, by the suggestive surge in nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Simultaneously, a cytokine profiling study suggested approximate two-to-three-fold upregulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines post-compound treatment, which is predicted to actively contribute to parasite-killing. α-mangostin was also found to reduce the chances of parasite survival by inhibiting arginase enzyme activity, which in favorable conditions facilitates its sustenance. This study thereby substantiates that α-mangostin significantly possesses anti-leishmanial potentiality that can be developed into a cure for this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nibedita Pyne
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Ribhu Ray
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India
| | - Santanu Paul
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700019, India.
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Soto-Sánchez J. Bioactivity of Natural Polyphenols as Antiparasitic Agents and their Biochemical Targets. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2661-2677. [PMID: 35379147 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220404090429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are diseases that affect public health worldwide due to their high incidence, morbidity, and mortality. Available treatments are costly, prolonged, and toxic, not to mention the problem of parasite resistance. The development of alternative treatments is justified and polyphenols show promising activity. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this mini-review was to analyze the most promising phenolic compounds with reported antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activity as well as their mechanisms of action. RESULTS We found that the mode of action of these natural compounds mainly lignans, neolignans, and flavonoids depends on the organism they act on and includes, macrophage activation, induction of morphological changes such as chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, accumulation of acidocalcisomes, and glycosomes, Golgi damage and mitochondrial dysfunction as well as negative regulation of mitochondrial enzymes and other essential enzymes for parasite survival such as arginase. This gives a wide scope for future research towards the rational development of anti-kinetoplastid drugs. CONCLUSION Although the specific molecular targets, bioavailability, route of administration, and dosages of some of these natural compounds need to be determined, polyphenols and their combinations represent a very promising and safe strategy to be considered for use against Leishmania spp and Trypanosoma spp. In addition, these compounds may provide a scaffold for developing new, more potent, and more selective antiprotozoal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Soto-Sánchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Feline Leishmaniosis: An Emerging Public Health Problem. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8090173. [PMID: 34564567 PMCID: PMC8473070 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is the third most important vector-borne disease in humans, preceded by malaria and lymphatic filariasis, and it is considered endemic in tropical and subtropical areas, where higher temperatures favor development of its vector, sandflies. This zoonotic disease is caused by infection of protozoa Leishmania spp. and the most serious mucocutaneous and visceral form is produced by Leishmania infantum, which predominates in the Mediterranean region. The usual hosts for this parasite are dogs and humans, but an increment in cases of L. infantum infection has been observed in cats in the last years. This increase could be due to the use of sandflies repellents in dogs, obligating the parasite to looking for other hosts. The role of cats in the epidemiology of this disease is unknown, although increase of prevalence of feline leishmaniosis has been observed in endemic areas in the last years. Diagnostic techniques and treatments in cats are not standardized, which makes it difficult to establish prevalence and epidemiology of feline leishmaniosis. Furthermore, the clinical signs and immune response against Leishmania in cats are different to those in dogs, with an observed increment of drug resistance. It is necessary to increase our knowledge about L. infantum infection in cats, including clinical signs, transmission, treatments, and the role of cats in the increasing of zoonoses. Finally, new alternative treatments are required for controlling the spread of this disease in all species of mammals.
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ÇELİKÇİ B, UĞAN RA, TOKTAY E. Sıçanlarda letrozolün indüklediği polikistik over sendromunda fisetinin etkileri. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.850380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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García-Bustos MF, Moya Álvarez A, Pérez Brandan C, Parodi C, Sosa AM, Buttazzoni Zuñiga VC, Pastrana OM, Manghera P, Peñalva PA, Marco JD, Barroso PA. Development of a Fluorescent Assay to Search New Drugs Using Stable tdTomato- Leishmania, and the Selection of Galangin as a Candidate With Anti-Leishmanial Activity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:666746. [PMID: 34150675 PMCID: PMC8213385 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.666746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimonials continue to be considered the first-line treatment for leishmaniases, but its use entails a wide range of side effects and serious reactions. The search of new drugs requires the development of methods more sensitive and faster than the conventional ones. We developed and validated a fluorescence assay based in the expression of tdTomato protein by Leishmania, and we applied this method to evaluate the activity in vitro of flavonoids and reference drugs. The pIR1SAT/tdTomato was constructed and integrated into the genome of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Parasites were selected with nourseothricin (NTC). The relation of L. amaz/tc3 fluorescence and the number of parasites was determined; then the growth in vitro and infectivity in BALB/c mice was characterized. To validate the fluorescence assay, the efficacy of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate was compared with the conventional methods. After that, the method was used to assess in vitro the activity of flavonoids; and the mechanism of action of the most active compound was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy and ELISA. A linear correlation was observed between the emission of fluorescence of L. amaz/tc3 and the number of parasites (r2 = 0.98), and the fluorescence was stable in the absence of NTC. No differences were observed in terms of infectivity between L. amaz/tc3 and wild strain. The efficacy of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate determined by the fluorescence assay and the microscopic test showed no differences, however, in vivo the fluorescence assay was more sensitive than limiting dilution assay. Screening assay revealed that the flavonoid galangin (GAL) was the most active compound with IC50 values of 53.09 µM and 20.59 µM in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Furthermore, GAL induced mitochondrial swelling, lipid inclusion bodies and vacuolization in promastigotes; and up-modulated the production of IL-12 p70 in infected macrophages. The fluorescence assay is a useful tool to assess the anti-leishmanial activity of new compounds. However, the assay has some limitations in the macrophage-amastigote model that might be related with an interfere of flavanol aglycones with the fluorescence readout of tdTomato. Finally, GAL is a promising candidate for the development of new treatment against the leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda García-Bustos
- Escuela Universitaria en Ciencias de la Salud y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Agustín Moya Álvarez
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandan
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Andrea Mabel Sosa
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Valeria Carolina Buttazzoni Zuñiga
- Escuela Universitaria en Ciencias de la Salud y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Oscar Marcelo Pastrana
- Escuela Universitaria en Ciencias de la Salud y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paula Manghera
- Escuela Universitaria en Ciencias de la Salud y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Pablo Alejandro Peñalva
- Escuela Universitaria en Ciencias de la Salud y Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Católica de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) - Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
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Natural Products That Target the Arginase in Leishmania Parasites Hold Therapeutic Promise. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020267. [PMID: 33525448 PMCID: PMC7911663 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites of the genus Leishmania cause a variety of devastating and often fatal diseases in humans worldwide. Because a vaccine is not available and the currently small number of existing drugs are less than ideal due to lack of specificity and emerging drug resistance, the need for new therapeutic strategies is urgent. Natural products and their derivatives are being used and explored as therapeutics and interest in developing such products as antileishmanials is high. The enzyme arginase, the first enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway in Leishmania, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. The flavonols quercetin and fisetin, green tea flavanols such as catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and cinnamic acid derivates such as caffeic acid inhibit the leishmanial enzyme and modulate the host’s immune response toward parasite defense while showing little toxicity to the host. Quercetin, EGCG, gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid have proven to be effective against Leishmania in rodent infectivity studies. Here, we review research on these natural products with a focus on their promise for the development of treatment strategies as well as unique structural and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic features of the most promising agents.
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Raj S, Sasidharan S, Balaji SN, Dubey VK, Saudagar P. Review on natural products as an alternative to contemporary anti-leishmanial therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-020-00035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Sosa AM, Moya Álvarez A, Bracamonte E, Korenaga M, Marco JD, Barroso PA. Efficacy of Topical Treatment with (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate, A Green Tea Catechin, in Mice with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071741. [PMID: 32290128 PMCID: PMC7180842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of leishmaniasis includes pentavalent antimony drugs but, because of the side effects, toxicity and cases of treatment failure or resistance, the search of new antileishmanial compounds are necessary. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the in vitro antileishmanial activity of four green tea catechins, and to assess the efficacy of topical (−)-epigallocatechin gallate in a cutaneous leishmaniasis model. The antileishmanial activity of green tea catechins was evaluated against intracellular amastigotes, and cytotoxicity was performed with human monocytic cell line. BALB/c mice were infected in the ear dermis with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and treated with topical 15% (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, intraperitoneal Glucantime, and control group. The efficacy of treatments was evaluated by quantifying the parasite burden and by measuring the lesions size. (−)-Epigallocatechin gallate and (−)-epigallocatechin were the most active compounds with IC50 values <59.6 µg/mL and with a selectivity index >1. Topical treatment with (−)-epigallocatechin gallate decreased significantly both lesion size and parasite burden (80.4% inhibition) compared to control group (p < 0.05), and moreover (−)-epigallocatechin gallate showed a similar efficacy to Glucantime (85.1% inhibition), the reference drug for leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Sosa
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina; (A.M.S.); (A.M.Á.); (E.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Agustín Moya Álvarez
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina; (A.M.S.); (A.M.Á.); (E.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Estefanía Bracamonte
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina; (A.M.S.); (A.M.Á.); (E.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan;
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Kochi Gakuen University, Asahi-Tenjincho, Kochi, Kochi Prefecture 780-0955, Japan
| | - Jorge D. Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina; (A.M.S.); (A.M.Á.); (E.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Paola A. Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Salta 4400, Argentina; (A.M.S.); (A.M.Á.); (E.B.); (J.D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Scotti MT, Monteiro AFM, de Oliveira Viana J, Bezerra Mendonça Junior FJ, Ishiki HM, Tchouboun EN, De Araújo RSA, Scotti L. Recent Theoretical Studies Concerning Important Tropical Infections. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:795-834. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190711121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) form a group of diseases that are strongly associated
with poverty, flourish in impoverished environments, and thrive best in tropical areas,
where they tend to present overlap. They comprise several diseases, and the symptoms
vary dramatically from disease to disease, often causing from extreme pain, and untold misery
that anchors populations to poverty, permanent disability, and death. They affect more than 1
billion people worldwide; mostly in poor populations living in tropical and subtropical climates.
In this review, several complementary in silico approaches are presented; including
identification of new therapeutic targets, novel mechanisms of activity, high-throughput
screening of small-molecule libraries, as well as in silico quantitative structure-activity relationship
and recent molecular docking studies. Current and active research against Sleeping
Sickness, American trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis and Schistosomiasis infections will hopefully
lead to safer, more effective, less costly and more widely available treatments against
these parasitic forms of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Alex France Messias Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | - Jéssika de Oliveira Viana
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
| | | | - Hamilton M. Ishiki
- University of Western Sao Paulo (Unoeste), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Santos A. De Araújo
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Drug Delivery, Department of Biological Science, State University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, Joao Pessoa - PB, Brazil
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Adinehbeigi K, Shaddel M, Khalili S, Zakeri A. Suramin could block the activity of Arabinono-1, 4-lactone oxidase enzyme from Leishmania donovani: structure-based screening and molecular dynamics analyses. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 114:162-172. [PMID: 31667504 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania donovani, a parasitic protozoan causing visceral leishmaniasis, can lead to a dangerous and often fatal disease in humans. Current treatment for leishmaniasis may have severe side effects, low efficacy and high cost, hence an immediate need for new efficient drugs is essential. Arabinono-1, 4-lactone oxidase enzyme from Leishmania donovani (LdALO), which catalyzes the last step of the ascorbate biosynthesis pathway, has been considered as a potential target for antileishmanial drugs design. METHODS The current study was performed with an in silico approach to predict novel inhibitory molecules against the LdALO enzyme. Various modeling and refinement processes were employed to obtain a reliable 3D structure. RESULTS The best LdALO model with the highest qualitative model energy analysis score was predicted by the Robetta server and subsequently refined by 3D refine and ModLoop servers. The high quality of the final LdALO model was confirmed using model assessment software. Based on docking analysis results, we predicted 10 inhibitory molecules of a US Food and Drug Administration-approved library, with appropriate criteria regarding energy binding and interaction with the main functionally active sites of LdALO, indicating that they could be significant targets for further drug design investigations against L. donovani. CONCLUSION Suramin is used to treat the first stage of African sleeping sickness and its mechanism of action is unknown. Our results showed that suramin was the best-predicted inhibitor compound for LdALO enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Adinehbeigi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad Zadeh Street, Fatemi Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Shaddel
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Etemad Zadeh Street, Fatemi Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Science, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Zakeri
- Department of Biology Science, Shahid Rajaee University, Tehran, Iran
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Teixeira BVF, Teles ALB, da Silva SG, Brito CCB, de Freitas HF, Pires ABL, Froes TQ, Castilho MS. Dual and selective inhibitors of pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) from Leishmania chagasi. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1439-1450. [PMID: 31409157 PMCID: PMC6713189 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1651311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a tropical disease found in more than 90 countries. The drugs available to treat this disease have nonspecific action and high toxicity. In order to develop novel therapeutic alternatives to fight this ailment, pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) and dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHF-TS) have been targeted, once Leishmania is auxotrophic for folates. Although PTR1 and DHFR-TS from other protozoan parasites have been studied, their homologs in Leishmania chagasi have been poorly characterized. Hence, this work describes the optimal conditions to express the recombinant LcPTR1 and LcDHFR-TS enzymes, as well as balanced assay conditions for screening. Last but not the least, we show that 2,4 diaminopyrimidine derivatives are low-micromolar competitive inhibitors of both enzymes (LcPTR1 Ki = 1.50-2.30 µM and LcDHFR Ki = 0.28-3.00 µM) with poor selectivity index. On the other hand, compound 5 (2,4-diaminoquinazoline derivative) is a selective LcPTR1 inhibitor (Ki = 0.47 µM, selectivity index = 20).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Lacerda Braga Teles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Fonseca de Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Thamires Quadros Froes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Santos Castilho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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Boniface PK, Ferreira EI. Flavonoids as efficient scaffolds: Recent trends for malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2473-2517. [PMID: 31441148 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually with over 500,000 deaths. Among the NTDs, some of the most severe consist of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria. According to the World Health Organization, 216 million cases of malaria were reported in 2016 with 445,000 deaths. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Flavonoids are a class of compounds that has been the subject of considerable scientific interest. New developments of flavonoids have made promising advances for the potential treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue, with less toxicity, high efficacy, and improved bioavailability. This review summarizes the current standings of the use of flavonoids to treat malaria and neglected diseases such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. Natural and synthetic flavonoids are leading compounds that can be used for developing antiprotozoal and antiviral agents. However, detailed studies on toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and mechanisms of action of these compounds are required to confirm the in vitro pharmacological claims of flavonoids for pharmaceutical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: In the current review, we have tried to compile recent discoveries on natural and synthetic flavonoids as well as their implication in the treatment of malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and dengue. A total of 373 (220 natural and 153 synthetic) flavonoids have been evaluated for antimalarial, antileishmanial, antichagasic, and antidengue activities. Most of these flavonoids showed promising results against the above diseases. Reports on molecular modeling of flavonoid compounds to the disease target indicated encouraging results. Flavonoids can be prospected as potential leads for drug development; however, more rigorously designed studies on toxicity and pharmacokinetics, as well as the quantitative structure-activity relationship studies of these compounds, need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ramos ITL, Silva TMS, Camara CA. Synthesis of new 6- and 8-Alkenyl-3,7,3’,4’-Tetramethoxyquercetin derivatives by microwave-assisted Heck coupling. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1636398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid T. L. Ramos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Tania M. S. Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Celso A. Camara
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
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14
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Garcia AR, Oliveira DMP, Claudia F Amaral A, Jesus JB, Rennó Sodero AC, Souza AMT, Supuran CT, Vermelho AB, Rodrigues IA, Pinheiro AS. Leishmania infantum arginase: biochemical characterization and inhibition by naturally occurring phenolic substances. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1100-1109. [PMID: 31124384 PMCID: PMC6534257 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1616182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Leishmania arginase leads to a decrease in parasite growth and infectivity and thus represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of selected naturally occurring phenolic substances on Leishmania infantum arginase (ARGLi) and investigated their antileishmanial activity in vivo. ARGLi exhibited a Vmax of 0.28 ± 0.016 mM/min and a Km of 5.1 ± 1.1 mM for L-arginine. The phenylpropanoids rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid (100 µM) showed percentages of inhibition of 71.48 ± 0.85% and 56.98 ± 5.51%, respectively. Moreover, rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid displayed the greatest effects against L. infantum with IC50 values of 57.3 ± 2.65 and 60.8 ± 11 μM for promastigotes, and 7.9 ± 1.7 and 21.9 ± 5.0 µM for intracellular amastigotes, respectively. Only caffeic acid significantly increased nitric oxide production by infected macrophages. Altogether, our results broaden the current spectrum of known arginase inhibitors and revealed promising drug candidates for the therapy of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreza R Garcia
- a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Danielle M P Oliveira
- b Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia F Amaral
- c Department of Natural Products , Farmanguinhos, FIOCRUZ , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Jéssica B Jesus
- d Department of Drugs and Medicines , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rennó Sodero
- d Department of Drugs and Medicines , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Alessandra M T Souza
- d Department of Drugs and Medicines , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- e Neurofarba Department , Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche , Florence , Italy
| | - Alane B Vermelho
- f Department of General Microbiology , Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Goes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Igor A Rodrigues
- a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,g Department of Natural Products and Food , School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Anderson S Pinheiro
- b Department of Biochemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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15
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Ahmad B, Islam A, Khan A, Khan MA, ul Haq I, Jafri L, Ahmad M, Mehwish S, Khan A, Ullah N. Comprehensive investigations on anti-leishmanial potentials of Euphorbia wallichii root extract and its effects on membrane permeability and apoptosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 64:138-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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