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Zhao Y, Tang T, Zhao W, Fu W, Li T. Inhibition of PEDV viral entry upon blocking N-glycan elaboration. Virology 2024; 594:110039. [PMID: 38492520 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry, demanding a thorough understanding of its cellular invasion mechanism for effective interventions. This study meticulously investigates the impact of O- and N-linked glycans on PEDV proteins and host cell interaction, shedding light on their influence on the virus's invasion process. Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to inhibit cell surface O- and N-linked glycan synthesis demonstrated no discernible impact on virus infection. However, progeny PEDV strains lacking these glycans exhibited a minor effect of O-linked glycans on virus infection. Conversely, a notable 40% reduction in infectivity was observed when the virus surface lacked N-linked glycans, emphasizing their pivotal role in facilitating virus recognition and binding to host cells. Additionally, inhibition studies utilizing kifunensine, a natural glycosidase I inhibitor, reaffirmed the significant role of N-linked glycans in virus infection. Inhibiting N-linked glycan synthesis with kifunensine substantially decreased virus entry into cells and potentially influenced spike protein expression. Assessment of the stability and recovery potential of N-linked glycan-deficient strains underscored the critical importance of N-glycans at various stages of the virus lifecycle. In vivo experiments infecting piglets with N-glycan-deficient strains exhibited milder clinical symptoms, reduced virus excretion, and less severe pathological lesions compared to conventional strains. These findings offer promising translational applications, proposing N-glycosylation inhibitors as potential therapeutic interventions against PEDV. The utilization of these inhibitors might mitigate virus invasion and disease transmission, providing avenues for effective antiviral strategies and vaccine development. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of N-linked glycans in PEDV infection for comprehensive clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Tang
- Cangzhou Hospital Of Integrated TCM-WM Hebei, No.31, Huanghe Road, Cangzhou City, Hebei Province, 061013, China.
| | - Wenchang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Weiguang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
| | - Tao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China, No.1, Mingxian South Road, Taigu District, Shanxi Province, 030801.
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2
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Hou W, Wu H, Wang S, Wang W, Wang B, Wang H. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine to control porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection using immunoinformatics approaches. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1264612. [PMID: 37779715 PMCID: PMC10538973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1264612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a continuously evolving pathogen, causes severe diarrhea in piglets with high mortality rates. However, current vaccines cannot provide complete protection against PEDV, so vaccine development is still necessary and urgent. Here, with the help of immunoinformatics approaches, we attempted to design a multi-epitope vaccine named rPMEV to prevent and control PEDV infection. The epitopes of rPMEV were constructed by 9 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes (CTLs), 11 helper T lymphocyte epitopes (HTLs), 6 linear B cell epitopes (LBEs), and 4 conformational B cell epitopes (CBEs) based on the S proteins from the four representative PEDV G2 strains. To enhance immunogenicity, porcine β-defensin-2 (PBD-2) was adjoined to the N-terminal of the vaccine as an adjuvant. All of the epitopes and PBD-2 were joined by corresponding linkers and recombined into the multivalent vaccine, which is stable, antigenic, and non-allergenic. Furthermore, we adopted molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods to analyze the interaction of rPMEV with the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4): a stable interaction between them created by 13 hydrogen bonds. In addition, the results of the immune simulation showed that rPMEV could stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses. Finally, to raise the expression efficiency, the sequence of the vaccine protein was cloned into the pET28a (+) vector after the codon optimization. These studies indicate that the designed multi-epitope vaccine has a potential protective effect, providing a theoretical basis for further confirmation of its protective effect against PEDV infection in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Heqiong Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Sibei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Single Molecule Nanometry Laboratory (Sinmolab), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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3
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Shen X, Yin L, Xu S, Wang J, Yin D, Zhao R, Pan X, Dai Y, Hou H, Zhou X, Hu X. Altered Proteomic Profile of Exosomes Secreted from Vero Cells Infected with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1640. [PMID: 37631983 PMCID: PMC10459195 DOI: 10.3390/v15081640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe diarrhea in pigs and can be fatal in newborn piglets. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells that transfer biologically active proteins, lipids, and RNA to neighboring or distant cells. Herein, the morphology, particle size, and secretion of exosomes derived from a control and PEDV-infected group are examined, followed by a proteomic analysis of the exosomes. The results show that the exosomes secreted from the Vero cells had a typical cup-shaped structure. The average particle size of the exosomes from the PEDV-infected group was 112.4 nm, whereas that from the control group was 150.8 nm. The exosome density analysis and characteristic protein determination revealed that the content of exosomes in the PEDV-infected group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The quantitative proteomics assays revealed 544 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the PEDV-infected group's exosomes compared with those in the controls, with 236 upregulated and 308 downregulated proteins. The DEPs were closely associated with cellular regulatory pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cytoskeletal regulation. These findings provide the basis for further investigation of the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV and the discovery of novel antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehuai Shen
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lei Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shuangshuang Xu
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ruihong Zhao
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaocheng Pan
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yin Dai
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongyan Hou
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xueli Zhou
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiaomiao Hu
- Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei 230031, China; (X.S.); (L.Y.); (S.X.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (R.Z.); (Y.D.); (H.H.); (X.Z.); (X.H.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
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Kinesin-1 Regulates Endocytic Trafficking of Classical Swine Fever Virus along Acetylated Microtubules. J Virol 2023; 97:e0192922. [PMID: 36602362 PMCID: PMC9888263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01929-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an important and highly infectious pig disease worldwide. Kinesin-1, a molecular motor responsible for transporting cargo along the microtubule, has been demonstrated to be involved in the infections of diverse viruses. However, the role of kinesin-1 in the CSFV life cycle remains unknown. Here, we first found that Kif5B played a positive role in CSFV entry by knockdown or overexpression of Kif5B. Subsequently, we showed that Kif5B was associated with the endosomal and lysosomal trafficking of CSFV in the early stage of CSFV infection, which was reflected by the colocalization of Kif5B and Rab7, Rab11, or Lamp1. Interestingly, trichostatin A (TSA) treatment promoted CSFV proliferation, suggesting that microtubule acetylation facilitated CSFV endocytosis. The results of chemical inhibitors and RNA interference showed that Rac1 and Cdc42 induced microtubule acetylation after CSFV infection. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed that cooperation between Kif5B and dynein help CSFV particles move in both directions along microtubules. Collectively, our study shed light on the role of kinesin motor Kif5B in CSFV endocytic trafficking, indicating the dynein/kinesin-mediated bidirectional CSFV movement. The elucidation of this study provides the foundation for developing CSFV antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE The minus end-directed cytoplasmic dynein and the plus end-directed kinesin-1 are the molecular motors that transport cargo on microtubules in intracellular trafficking, which plays a notable role in the life cycles of diverse viruses. Our previous studies have reported that the CSFV entry host cell is dependent on the microtubule-based motor dynein. However, little is known about the involvement of kinesin-1 in CSFV infection. Here, we revealed the critical role of kinesin-1 that regulated the viral endocytosis along acetylated microtubules induced by Cdc42 and Rac1 after CSFV entry. Mechanistically, once CSFV transported by dynein met an obstacle, it recruited kinesin-1 to move in reverse to the anchor position. This study extends the theoretical basis of intracellular transport of CSFV and provides a potential target for the control and treatment of CSFV infection.
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Xing Y, Zhang Q, Jiu Y. Coronavirus and the Cytoskeleton of Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:333-364. [PMID: 38159233 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton, which includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, is one of the most important networks in the cell and undertakes many fundamental life activities. Among them, actin filaments are mainly responsible for maintaining cell shape and mediating cell movement, microtubules are in charge of coordinating all cargo transport within the cell, and intermediate filaments are mainly thought to guard against external mechanical pressure. In addition to this, cytoskeleton networks are also found to play an essential role in multiple viral infections. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, including SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, so many variants have caused wide public concern, that any virus infection can potentially bring great harm to human beings and society. Therefore, it is of great importance to study coronavirus infection and develop antiviral drugs and vaccines. In this chapter, we summarize in detail how the cytoskeleton responds and participates in coronavirus infection by analyzing the possibility of the cytoskeleton and its related proteins as antiviral targets, thereby providing ideas for finding more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection (Formerly Institut Pasteur of Shanghai), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Trim69 is a microtubule regulator that acts as a pantropic viral inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211467119. [PMID: 36251989 PMCID: PMC9618055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a screen that combines functional and evolutionary analyses, we identified tripartite motif protein (Trim69), a poorly studied member of the Trim family, as a negative regulator of HIV-1 infection in interferon (IFN)-stimulated myeloid cells. Trim69 inhibits the early phases of infection of HIV-1, but also of HIV-2 and SIVMAC in addition to the negative and positive-strand RNA viruses vesicular stomatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with magnitudes that depend on the combination between cell type and virus. Mechanistically, Trim69 associates directly to microtubules and its antiviral activity is linked to its ability to promote the accumulation of stable microtubules, a program that we uncover to be an integral part of antiviral IFN-I responses in myeloid cells. Overall, our study identifies Trim69 as the antiviral innate defense factor that regulates the properties of microtubules to limit viral spread and highlights the cytoskeleton as an unappreciated battleground in the host-pathogen interactions that underlie viral infections.
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Chen YM, Burrough E. The Effects of Swine Coronaviruses on ER Stress, Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Alterations in Cell Morphology. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080940. [PMID: 36015060 PMCID: PMC9416022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine coronaviruses include the following six members, namely porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Clinically, PEDV, TGEV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV cause enteritis, whereas PHEV induces encephalomyelitis, and PRCV causes respiratory disease. Years of studies reveal that swine coronaviruses replicate in the cellular cytoplasm exerting a wide variety of effects on cells. Some of these effects are particularly pertinent to cell pathology, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis. In addition, swine coronaviruses are able to induce cellular changes, such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, alterations of junctional complexes, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), that render enterocytes unable to absorb nutrients normally, resulting in the loss of water, ions, and protein into the intestinal lumen. This review aims to describe the cellular changes in swine coronavirus-infected cells and to aid in understanding the pathogenesis of swine coronavirus infections. This review also explores how the virus exerted subcellular and molecular changes culminating in the clinical and pathological findings observed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Mei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
| | - Eric Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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8
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Selective motor activation in organelle transport along axons. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:699-714. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tassinari R, Cavallini C, Olivi E, Facchin F, Taglioli V, Zannini C, Marcuzzi M, Ventura C. Cell Responsiveness to Physical Energies: Paving the Way to Decipher a Morphogenetic Code. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063157. [PMID: 35328576 PMCID: PMC8949133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss emerging views on the complexity of signals controlling the onset of biological shapes and functions, from the nanoarchitectonics arising from supramolecular interactions, to the cellular/multicellular tissue level, and up to the unfolding of complex anatomy. We highlight the fundamental role of physical forces in cellular decisions, stressing the intriguing similarities in early morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and oncogenic drift. Compelling evidence is presented, showing that biological patterns are strongly embedded in the vibrational nature of the physical energies that permeate the entire universe. We describe biological dynamics as informational processes at which physics and chemistry converge, with nanomechanical motions, and electromagnetic waves, including light, forming an ensemble of vibrations, acting as a sort of control software for molecular patterning. Biomolecular recognition is approached within the establishment of coherent synchronizations among signaling players, whose physical nature can be equated to oscillators tending to the coherent synchronization of their vibrational modes. Cytoskeletal elements are now emerging as senders and receivers of physical signals, "shaping" biological identity from the cellular to the tissue/organ levels. We finally discuss the perspective of exploiting the diffusive features of physical energies to afford in situ stem/somatic cell reprogramming, and tissue regeneration, without stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Tassinari
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Claudia Cavallini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Elena Olivi
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Federica Facchin
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Valentina Taglioli
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chiara Zannini
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
| | - Martina Marcuzzi
- INBB, Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Viale Medaglie d’Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Ventura
- ELDOR LAB, National Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (R.T.); (C.C.); (E.O.); (V.T.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-920-6992
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Norris V, Ovádi J. Role of Multifunctional Cytoskeletal Filaments in Coronaviridae Infections: Therapeutic Opportunities for COVID-19 in a Nutshell. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071818. [PMID: 34359986 PMCID: PMC8307953 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus discovered in 2019 is a new strain of the Coronaviridae family (CoVs) that had not been previously identified in humans. It is known as SARS-CoV-2 for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, whilst COVID-19 is the name of the disease associated with the virus. SARS-CoV-2 emerged over one year ago and still haunts the human community throughout the world, causing both healthcare and socioeconomic problems. SARS-CoV-2 is spreading with many uncertainties about treatment and prevention: the data available are limited and there are few randomized controlled trial data on the efficacy of antiviral or immunomodulatory agents. SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants are considered as unique within the Coronaviridae family insofar as they spread rapidly and can have severe effects on health. Although the scientific world has been succeeding in developing vaccines and medicines to combat COVID-19, the appearance and the spread of new, more aggressive mutants are posing extra problems for treatment. Nevertheless, our understanding of pandemics is increasing significantly due to this outbreak and is leading to the development of many different pharmacological, immunological and other treatments. This Review focuses on a subset of COVID-19 research, primarily the cytoskeleton-related physiological and pathological processes in which coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are intimately involved. The discovery of the exact mechanisms of the subversion of host cells by SARS-CoV-2 is critical to the validation of specific drug targets and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Norris
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, University of Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France;
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, ELKH 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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