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Williams SE, Fergus TA, Ginty AT. Development and Validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire. Assessment 2024:10731911241260233. [PMID: 39054848 DOI: 10.1177/10731911241260233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The present series of studies aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Ease of Imagery Questionnaire (EIQ)-a measure assessing ease of imaging different positive and negative imagery content reflective of valence and engaging or disengaging in adverse situations. Five studies were conducted to collectively examine the questionnaire's factor structure and concurrent validity. Study 1 (N = 336) and Study 2 (N = 207) informed the development of 16 items of the EIQ, with a four-factor structure supported in Studies 3 (N = 219), 4 (N = 135), and 5 (N = 184) using confirmatory factor analysis. Study 3 also supported concurrent validity with significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) with the similar Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire subscales, while studies 4 and 5 demonstrated criterion validity in the EIQ's prediction of challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress, stress mindset, and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Overall, the EIQ demonstrates a replicable four-factor structure and appears to assess ability to image content associated with positive and negative emotions as well as demanding stress-evoking situations.
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Lindsay RS, Komar J, Chow JY, Larkin P, Spittle M. Different pedagogical approaches to motor imagery both demonstrate individualized movement patterns to achieve improved performance outcomes when learning a complex motor skill. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282647. [PMID: 38019823 PMCID: PMC10686457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive training techniques such as motor imagery (MI)-cognitive simulation of movement, has been found to successfully facilitate skill acquisition. The MI literature emphasizes the need to accurately imitate key elements of motor execution to facilitate improved performance outcomes. However, there is a scarcity of MI research investigating how contemporary approaches to motor learning, such as nonlinear pedagogy (NLP), can be integrated into MI practice. Grounded in an ecological dynamics approach to human movement, NLP proposes that skilled action is an emergent process that results from continuous interactions between perceptual information of the environment and movement. This emergent process can be facilitated by the manipulation of key task constraints that aim to encourage learners to explore movement solutions that satisfy individual constraints (e.g., height and weight) and achieve successful performance outcomes. The aim of the present study was to explore the application of a NLP approach to MI approach for skill acquisition. Fourteen weightlifting beginners (two female and 12 male) participated in a 4-week intervention involving either NLP (i.e. analogy-based instructions and manipulation of task constraints) or a linear pedagogy (LP; prescriptive instructions of optimal technique, repetition of same movement form) to learn a complex weightlifting derivative. Performance accuracy, movement criterion (barbell trajectory type), kinematic data, and quantity of exploration/exploitation were measured pre-mid-post intervention. No significant differences (p = .438) were observed in the amount of exploration between LP (EER = 0.41) and NLP (EER = 0.26) conditions. Equivalent changes in rearward displacement (R×D) were observed with no significant differences between conditions for technique assessments 1, 2, or 3 (p = .13 - .67). Both NLP and LP conditions were found to primarily demonstrate 'sub-optimal' type 3 barbell trajectories (NLP = 72%; LP = 54%). These results suggest that MI instructions prescribing a specific movement form (i.e., LP condition) are ineffective in restricting available movements to a prescribed technique but rather the inherent task constraints appear to 'force' learners to explore alternative movement solutions to achieve successful performance outcomes. Although MI instructions prescribing specific techniques have previously supported improved skill development, the current findings indicate that learners may self-organise their movements regardless of MI instructions to satisfy individual and task constraints while achieving improved performance. Therefore, it may be beneficial to consider scripts that are more outcome focused and incorporate task constraints to facilitate learners' inherent exploration of individual task solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riki S. Lindsay
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John Komar
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Yi Chow
- National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Larkin
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Spittle
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Anuar N, Bahar N. Imagery training for Malaysian paralympics athletes - an important step towards sports equity. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:613-614. [PMID: 36914222 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurwina Anuar
- Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Nurhidayah Bahar
- Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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Ely FO, O. J, Munroe-Chandler KJ. How Intervention Research Designs May Broaden the Research-to-Practice Gap in Sport Psychology. JOURNAL OF SPORT PSYCHOLOGY IN ACTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21520704.2020.1798573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenny O.
- Cal State East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
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Lifshitz M, Brahinsky J, Luhrmann TM. The Understudied Side of Contemplation: Words, Images, and Intentions in a Syncretic Spiritual Practice. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2020; 68:183-199. [PMID: 32223616 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2020.1726180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The science of contemplation has focused on mindfulness in a manner quite disproportionate to its use in contemplative traditions. Mindfulness, as understood within the scientific community, is a practice that invites practitioners to disattend to words and images. The practitioner is meant to experience things as they "really are," unfolding here and now in the flux of embodied sensations. Yet the use of words and images, together with intentions, is a far more common contemplative practice. The authors present ethnographic research with a syncretic contemplative tradition, Integral Transformative practice (ITP), which grew out of the Human Potential Movement of the 1960s. The authors focus on the practice of "affirmations," in which practitioners seek to actualize spiritual goals by imagining future possibilities. Our ethnographic account invites new avenues for psychological research to illuminate the role of words and images in contemplation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lifshitz
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Joshua Brahinsky
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - T M Luhrmann
- Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, California, USA
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Quinton ML, Veldhuijzen van Zanten J, Trotman GP, Cumming J, Williams SE. Investigating the Protective Role of Mastery Imagery Ability in Buffering Debilitative Stress Responses. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1657. [PMID: 31396128 PMCID: PMC6668598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastery imagery has been shown to be associated with more positive cognitive and emotional responses to stress, but research is yet to investigate the influence of mastery imagery ability on imagery's effectiveness in regulating responses to acute stress, such as competition. Furthermore, little research has examined imagery's effectiveness in response to actual competition. This study examined (a) whether mastery imagery ability was associated with stress response changes to a competitive stress task, a car racing computer game, following an imagery intervention, and (b) the effects of different guided imagery content on pre-task cognitive and emotional responses. In Session 1, 78 participants (M age = 20.03 years, SD = 1.28) completed ratings of pre-task anxiety intensity and direction, confidence, and perceived control. Imagery ability was also assessed before completing the task. In Session 2, participants were randomly allocated to an imagery condition (positive mastery, negative mastery, relaxation) or control group (no imagery) before completing the task and outcome measures again. For the negative mastery group, greater positive mastery imagery ability was associated with greater perceived control and perceiving anxiety as more facilitative. Furthermore, mastery imagery ability moderated the relationship between anxiety intensity and direction. Altogether, results suggest that positive mastery imagery ability may act as a potential buffer against the effects of negative images.
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Emerson JR, Binks JA, Scott MW, Kenny RPW, Eaves DL. Combined action observation and motor imagery therapy: a novel method for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. AIMS Neurosci 2018; 5:236-252. [PMID: 32341964 PMCID: PMC7179337 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2018.4.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes) are a leading cause of motor deficiency in millions of people worldwide. While a complex range of biological systems is affected following a stroke, in this paper we focus primarily on impairments of the motor system and the recovery of motor skills. We briefly review research that has assessed two types of mental practice, which are currently recommended in stroke rehabilitation. Namely, action observation (AO) therapy and motor imagery (MI) training. We highlight the strengths and limitations in both techniques, before making the case for combined action observation and motor imagery (AO + MI) therapy as a potentially more effective method. This is based on a growing body of multimodal brain imaging research showing advantages for combined AO + MI instructions over the two separate methods of AO and MI. Finally, we offer a series of suggestions and considerations for how combined AO + MI therapy could be employed in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Eaves
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cumming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel L. Eaves
- School of Social Sciences, Humanities & Law, Teesside University, UK
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van de Ruit M, Grey MJ. The TMS Motor Map Does Not Change Following a Single Session of Mirror Training Either with Or without Motor Imagery. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:601. [PMID: 29311869 PMCID: PMC5732933 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both motor imagery and mirror training have been used in motor rehabilitation settings to promote skill learning and plasticity. As motor imagery and mirror training are suggested to be closely linked, it was hypothesized that mirror training augmented by motor imagery would increase corticospinal excitability (CSE) significantly compared to mirror training alone. Forty-four participants were split over two experimental groups. Each participant visited the laboratory once to receive either mirror training alone or mirror training augmented with layered stimulus response training (LSRT), a type of motor imagery training. Participants performed 16 min of mirror training, making repetitive grasping movements paced by a metronome. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping was performed before and after the mirror training to test for changes in CSE of the untrained hand. Self-reports suggested that the imagery training was effective in helping the participant to perform the mirror training task as instructed. Nonetheless, neither training type resulted in a significant change of TMS map area, nor was there an interaction between the groups. The results from the study revealed no effect of a single session of 16 min of either mirror training or mirror training enhanced by imagery on TMS map area. Despite the negative result of the present experiment, this does not suggest that either motor imagery or mirror training might be ineffective as a rehabilitation therapy. Further study is required to allow disentangling the role of imagery and action observation in mirror training so that mirror training can be further tailored to the individual according to their abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van de Ruit
- Neuromuscular Control Laboratory, Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Michael J Grey
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Eaves DL, Riach M, Holmes PS, Wright DJ. Motor Imagery during Action Observation: A Brief Review of Evidence, Theory and Future Research Opportunities. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:514. [PMID: 27917103 PMCID: PMC5116576 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) and action observation (AO) have traditionally been viewed as two separate techniques, which can both be used alongside physical practice to enhance motor learning and rehabilitation. Their independent use has largely been shown to be effective, and there is clear evidence that the two processes can elicit similar activity in the motor system. Building on these well-established findings, research has now turned to investigate the effects of their combined use. In this article, we first review the available neurophysiological and behavioral evidence for the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery (AO+MI) on motor processes. We next describe a conceptual framework for their combined use, and then discuss several areas for future research into AO+MI processes. In this review, we advocate a more integrated approach to AO+MI techniques than has previously been adopted by movement scientists and practitioners alike. We hope that this early review of an emergent body of research, along with a related set of research questions, can inspire new work in this area. We are optimistic that future research will further confirm if, how, and when this combined approach to AO+MI can be more effective in motor learning and rehabilitation settings, relative to the more traditional application of MI or AO independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Eaves
- Sport and Exercise Science Section, Teesside UniversityMiddlesbrough, UK
| | - Martin Riach
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - Paul S. Holmes
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - David J. Wright
- Research Centre for Health, Exercise and Active Living, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
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