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Pan L, Mulaw MA, Gout J, Guo M, Zarrin H, Schwarz P, Baumann B, Seufferlein T, Wagner M, Oswald F. RBPJ Deficiency Sensitizes Pancreatic Acinar Cells to KRAS-Mediated Pancreatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia Initiation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:783-807. [PMID: 37543088 PMCID: PMC10520364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a multistep process intensively studied; however, precocious diagnosis and effective therapy still remain unsatisfactory. The role for Notch signaling in PDAC has been discussed controversially, as both cancer-promoting and cancer-antagonizing functions have been described. Thus, an improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is necessary. Here, we focused on RBPJ, the receiving transcription factor in the Notch pathway, examined its expression pattern in PDAC, and characterized its function in mouse models of pancreatic cancer development and in the regeneration process after acute pancreatitis. METHODS Conditional transgenic mouse models were used for functional analysis of RBPJ in the adult pancreas, initiation of PDAC precursor lesions, and pancreatic regeneration. Pancreata and primary acinar cells were tested for acinar-to-ductal metaplasia together with immunohistology and comprehensive transcriptional profiling by RNA sequencing. RESULTS We identified reduced RBPJ expression in a subset of human PDAC specimens. Ptf1α-CreERT-driven depletion of RBPJ in transgenic mice revealed that its function is dispensable for the homeostasis and maintenance of adult acinar cells. However, primary RBPJ-deficient acinar cells underwent acinar-to-ductal differentiation in ex vivo. Importantly, oncogenic KRAS expression in the context of RBPJ deficiency facilitated the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions with massive fibrotic stroma formation. Interestingly, RNA-sequencing data revealed a transcriptional profile associated with the cytokine/chemokine and extracellular matrix changes. In addition, lack of RBPJ delays the course of acute pancreatitis and critically impairs it in the context of KRASG12D expression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that downregulation of RBPJ in PDAC patients derepresses Notch targets and promotes KRAS-mediated pancreatic acinar cells transformation and desmoplasia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiling Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie A Mulaw
- Unit for Single-cell Genomics, Medical Faculty, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann Gout
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Min Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hina Zarrin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peggy Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Baumann
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Franz Oswald
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Lou Y, Jiang Y, Liang Z, Liu B, Li T, Zhang D. Role of RhoC in cancer cell migration. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:527. [PMID: 34627249 PMCID: PMC8502390 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is one of the five major behaviors of cells. Although RhoC-a classic member of the Rho gene family-was first identified in 1985, functional RhoC data have only been widely reported in recent years. Cell migration involves highly complex signaling mechanisms, in which RhoC plays an essential role. Cell migration regulated by RhoC-of which the most well-known function is its role in cancer metastasis-has been widely reported in breast, gastric, colon, bladder, prostate, lung, pancreatic, liver, and other cancers. Our review describes the role of RhoC in various types of cell migration. The classic two-dimensional cell migration cycle constitutes cell polarization, adhesion regulation, cell contraction and tail retraction, most of which are modulated by RhoC. In the three-dimensional cell migration model, amoeboid migration is the most classic and well-studied model. Here, RhoC modulates the formation of membrane vesicles by regulating myosin II, thereby affecting the rate and persistence of amoeba-like migration. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first to describe the role of RhoC in all cell migration processes. We believe that understanding the detail of RhoC-regulated migration processes will help us better comprehend the mechanism of cancer metastasis. This will contribute to the study of anti-metastatic treatment approaches, aiding in the identification of new intervention targets for therapeutic or genetic transformational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Lou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuhan Jiang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhen Liang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingzhang Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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Zhang D, Jiang Q, Ge X, Shi Y, Ye T, Mi Y, Xie T, Li Q, Ye Q. RHOV promotes lung adenocarcinoma cell growth and metastasis through JNK/c-Jun pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:2622-2632. [PMID: 34326698 PMCID: PMC8315012 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.59939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a common type of lung cancer with high frequent metastasis and a high death rate. However, genes responsible for LUAD metastasis are still largely unknown. Here, we identify an important role of ras homolog family member V (RHOV) in LUAD metastasis using a combination of bioinformatic analysis and functional experiments. Bioinformatic analysis shows five hub LUAD metastasis driver genes (RHOV, ZIC5, CYP4B1, GPR18 and TCP10L2), among which RHOV is the most significant gene associated with LUAD metastasis. High RHOV expression predicted shorter overall survival in LUAD patients. RHOV overexpression promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells, whereas RHOV knockdown inhibits these biological behaviors. Moreover, knockdown of RHOV suppresses LUAD tumor growth and metastasis in nude mice. Mechanistically, RHOV activates Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK)/c-Jun signalling pathway, an important pathway in lung cancer development and progression, and regulates the expression of markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a process involved in cancer cell migration, invasion and metastasis. RHOV-induced malignant biological behaviors are inhibited by pyrazolanthrone, a JNK inhibitor. Our findings indicate a critical role of RHOV in LUAD metastasis and may provide a biomarker for prognostic prediction and a target for LUAD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwei Ge
- Department of Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhu Shi
- Medical College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China
| | - Tianxing Ye
- College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, P.R. China
| | - Yue Mi
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Qihong Li
- Department of Stomatology, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Qinong Ye
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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Jamin SP, Hikmet F, Mathieu R, Jégou B, Lindskog C, Chalmel F, Primig M. Combined RNA/tissue profiling identifies novel Cancer/testis genes. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3003-3023. [PMID: 33426787 PMCID: PMC8564638 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer/Testis (CT) genes are induced in germ cells, repressed in somatic cells, and derepressed in somatic tumors, where these genes can contribute to cancer progression. CT gene identification requires data obtained using standardized protocols and technologies. This is a challenge because data for germ cells, gonads, normal somatic tissues, and a wide range of cancer samples stem from multiple sources and were generated over substantial periods of time. We carried out a GeneChip‐based RNA profiling analysis using our own data for testis and enriched germ cells, data for somatic cancers from the Expression Project for Oncology, and data for normal somatic tissues from the Gene Omnibus Repository. We identified 478 candidate loci that include known CT genes, numerous genes associated with oncogenic processes, and novel candidates that are not referenced in the Cancer/Testis Database (www.cta.lncc.br). We complemented RNA expression data at the protein level for SPESP1, GALNTL5, PDCL2, and C11orf42 using cancer tissue microarrays covering malignant tumors of breast, uterus, thyroid, and kidney, as well as published RNA profiling and immunohistochemical data provided by the Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org). We report that combined RNA/tissue profiling identifies novel CT genes that may be of clinical interest as therapeutical targets or biomarkers. Our findings also highlight the challenges of detecting truly germ cell‐specific mRNAs and the proteins they encode in highly heterogenous testicular, somatic, and tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazik P Jamin
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S, Univ Rennes, France
| | - Feria Hikmet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S, Univ Rennes, France.,Department of Urology, University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S, Univ Rennes, France
| | - Cecilia Lindskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S, Univ Rennes, France
| | - Michael Primig
- Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S, Univ Rennes, France
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5
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Yu S, Wang XS, Cao KC, Bao XJ, Yu J. Identification of CDK6 and RHOU in Serum Exosome as Biomarkers for the Invasiveness of Non-functioning Pituitary Adenoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 34:168-176. [PMID: 31601299 DOI: 10.24920/003585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore circulating biomarkers for screening the invasiveness of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NF-PAs). Methods The exosomal RNAs were extracted from serum of patients with invasive NF-PA (INF-PA) or noninvasive NF-PA (NNF-PA). Droplet digital PCR was adapted to detect the mRNA expression of candidate genes related to tumor progression or invasion, such as cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), ras homolog family member U (RHOU), and spire type actin nucleation factor 2 (SPIRE2). Student's t-test was used to analyze the statistical difference in the mRNA expression of candidate genes between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to establish a model for predicting the invasiveness of NF-PAs. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision of the model were then obtained to evaluate the diagnostic performance. Results CDK6 (0.2600±0.0912 vs. 0.1789±0.0628, t=3.431, P=0.0013) and RHOU mRNA expressions (0.2696±0.1118 vs. 0.1788±0.0857, t=2.946, P=0.0052) were upregulated in INF-PAs patients' serum exosomes as compared to NNF-PAs. For CDK6, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.772 (95% CI: 0.600-0.943, P=0.005), the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 77.27%, 83.33%, 75.00% and 55.56% to predict the invasiveness of NF-PAs. For RHOU, the AUC was 0.757 (95% CI: 0.599-0.915, P=0.007), the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 72.73%, 83.33%, 68.75% and 50.00%. In addition, the mRNA levels of CDK6 and RHOU in serum exosomes were significantly positively correlated (r=0.935, P<0.001). After combination of the cut-off scores of the two genes, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision were 81.82%, 83.33%, 81.25% and 62.50%. Conclusions CDK6 and RHOU mRNA in serum exosomes can be used as markers for predicting invasiveness of NF-PAs. Combination of the two genes performs better in distinguishing INF-PAs from NNF-PAs. These results indicate CDK6 and RHOU play important roles in the invasiveness of NF-PAs, and the established diagnostic method is valuable for directing the clinical screening and postoperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Kai-Can Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin-Jie Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Key Laboratory of RNA and Hematopoietic Regulation & Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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Hodge RG, Ridley AJ. Regulation and functions of RhoU and RhoV. Small GTPases 2020; 11:8-15. [PMID: 29189096 PMCID: PMC6959303 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1362495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases play central roles in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell adhesion and cell polarity. RhoU and RhoV are Rho GTPases that have some atypical properties compared with classical Rho family members, such as the presence of N- and C-terminal extension regions, unusual GDP/GTP cycling and post-translational modification by palmitoylation but not prenylation. Their activity and localization is regulated by the N-terminal and C-terminal regions, and so far no GEFs or GAPs have been identified for them. Similar to Rac and Cdc42, they interact with PAK serine/threonine kinases, and in the case of PAK4, this interaction leads to RhoU protein stabilization. In cells, RhoU and RhoV alter cell shape and cell adhesion, which probably underlies some of the phenotypes reported for these proteins in vivo, for example in heart development and epithelial morphogenesis. However, the molecular basis for these functions of RhoU and RhoV remains to be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Hodge
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, UK
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7
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Laurin M, Gomez NC, Levorse J, Sendoel A, Sribour M, Fuchs E. An RNAi screen unravels the complexities of Rho GTPase networks in skin morphogenesis. eLife 2019; 8:e50226. [PMID: 31556874 PMCID: PMC6768663 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian embryogenesis, extensive cellular remodeling is needed for tissue morphogenesis. As effectors of cytoskeletal dynamics, Rho GTPases and their regulators are likely involved, but their daunting complexity has hindered progress in dissecting their functions. We overcome this hurdle by employing high throughput in utero RNAi-mediated screening to identify key Rho regulators of skin morphogenesis. Our screen unveiled hitherto unrecognized roles for Rho-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling events that impact hair follicle specification, differentiation, downgrowth and planar cell polarity. Coupling our top hit with gain/loss-of-function genetics, interactome proteomics and tissue imaging, we show that RHOU, an atypical Rho, governs the cytoskeletal-junction dynamics that establish columnar shape and planar cell polarity in epidermal progenitors. Conversely, RHOU downregulation is required to remodel to a conical cellular shape that enables hair bud invagination and downgrowth. Our findings underscore the power of coupling screens with proteomics to unravel the physiological significance of complex gene families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Laurin
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicholas C Gomez
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Levorse
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ataman Sendoel
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Megan Sribour
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Elaine Fuchs
- Robin Neustein Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Biology and DevelopmentHoward Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Santos HP, Bhattacharya A, Martin EM, Addo K, Psioda M, Smeester L, Joseph RM, Hooper SR, Frazier JA, Kuban KC, O’Shea T, Fry RC. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in placentas from preterm infants: association with maternal socioeconomic status. Epigenetics 2019; 14:751-765. [PMID: 31062658 PMCID: PMC6615526 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2019.1614743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the hypothesis that prenatal maternal socioeconomic status (SES) adversity is associated with DNA methylation in the placenta. SES adversity was defined by the presence of, as well as a summative count of, four factors: less than college education, single marital status, food and nutritional service assistance, and public health insurance. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was assessed using the Illumina EPIC array in 426 placentas from a sample of infants born < 28 weeks of gestation from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn cohort. Associations between SES adversity and DNA methylation were assessed with robust linear regressions adjusted for covariates and controlled the false discovery rate at < 10%. We also examined whether such associations were sex specific. Indicators of SES adversity were associated with differential methylation at 33 CpG sites. Of the 33 identified CpG sites, 19 (57.6%) displayed increased methylation, and 14 (42.4%) displayed decreased methylation in association with at least one of the SES adversity factors. Sex differences were observed in DNA methylation associated with summative SES score; in which placentas derived from female pregnancies showed more robust differential CpG methylation than placentas from male pregnancies. Maternal SES adversity was associated with differential methylation of genes with key role in gene transcription and placental function, potentially altering immunity and stress response. Further investigation is needed to evaluate the role of epigenetic differences in mediating the association between maternal socioeconomic status during pregnancy and later life health outcomes in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson P. Santos
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kezia Addo
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matt Psioda
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa Smeester
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert M. Joseph
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen R. Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jean A. Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School/University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Karl C. Kuban
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T.Michael O’Shea
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca C. Fry
- Institute for Environmental Health Solutions, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Barlow HR, Cleaver O. Building Blood Vessels-One Rho GTPase at a Time. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060545. [PMID: 31174284 PMCID: PMC6627795 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are required for the survival of any organism larger than the oxygen diffusion limit. Blood vessel formation is a tightly regulated event and vessel growth or changes in permeability are linked to a number of diseases. Elucidating the cell biology of endothelial cells (ECs), which are the building blocks of blood vessels, is thus critical to our understanding of vascular biology and to the development of vascular-targeted disease treatments. Small GTPases of the Rho GTPase family are known to regulate several processes critical for EC growth and maintenance. In fact, many of the 21 Rho GTPases in mammals are known to regulate EC junctional remodeling, cell shape changes, and other processes. Rho GTPases are thus an attractive target for disease treatments, as they often have unique functions in specific vascular cell types. In fact, some Rho GTPases are even expressed with relative specificity in diseased vessels. Interestingly, many Rho GTPases are understudied in ECs, despite their known expression in either developing or mature vessels, suggesting an even greater wealth of knowledge yet to be gleaned from these complex signaling pathways. This review aims to provide an overview of Rho GTPase signaling contributions to EC vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and mature vessel barrier function. A particular emphasis is placed on so-called "alternative" Rho GTPases, as they are largely understudied despite their likely important contributions to EC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Rose Barlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Haga RB, Ridley AJ. Rho GTPases: Regulation and roles in cancer cell biology. Small GTPases 2016; 7:207-221. [PMID: 27628050 PMCID: PMC5129894 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2016.1232583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are well known for their roles in regulating cell migration, and also contribute to a variety of other cellular responses. They are subdivided into 2 groups: typical and atypical. The typical Rho family members, including RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, cycle between an active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformation, and are regulated by GEFs, GAPs and GDIs, whereas atypical Rho family members have amino acid substitutions that alter their ability to interact with GTP/GDP and hence are regulated by different mechanisms. Both typical and atypical Rho GTPases contribute to cancer progression. In a few cancers, RhoA or Rac1 are mutated, but in most cancers expression levels and/or activity of Rho GTPases is altered. Rho GTPase signaling could therefore be therapeutically targeted in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel B. Haga
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anne J. Ridley
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
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