1
|
Yin G, Huang J, Petela J, Jiang H, Zhang Y, Gong S, Wu J, Liu B, Shi J, Gao Y. Targeting small GTPases: emerging grasps on previously untamable targets, pioneered by KRAS. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:212. [PMID: 37221195 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases including Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran are omnipresent molecular switches in regulating key cellular functions. Their dysregulation is a therapeutic target for tumors, neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathies, and infection. However, small GTPases have been historically recognized as "undruggable". Targeting KRAS, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, has only come into reality in the last decade due to the development of breakthrough strategies such as fragment-based screening, covalent ligands, macromolecule inhibitors, and PROTACs. Two KRASG12C covalent inhibitors have obtained accelerated approval for treating KRASG12C mutant lung cancer, and allele-specific hotspot mutations on G12D/S/R have been demonstrated as viable targets. New methods of targeting KRAS are quickly evolving, including transcription, immunogenic neoepitopes, and combinatory targeting with immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the vast majority of small GTPases and hotspot mutations remain elusive, and clinical resistance to G12C inhibitors poses new challenges. In this article, we summarize diversified biological functions, shared structural properties, and complex regulatory mechanisms of small GTPases and their relationships with human diseases. Furthermore, we review the status of drug discovery for targeting small GTPases and the most recent strategic progress focused on targeting KRAS. The discovery of new regulatory mechanisms and development of targeting approaches will together promote drug discovery for small GTPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Yin
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Johnny Petela
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Hongmei Jiang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yuetong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Siqi Gong
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, School of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang DN, Ni JJ, Li JH, Gao YQ, Ni FJ, Zhang ZZ, Fang JY, Lu J, Yao YF. Bacterial infection promotes tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer via regulating CDC42 acetylation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011189. [PMID: 36812247 PMCID: PMC9987831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the role of bacteria in promoting tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanisms may be diverse and remain poorly understood. Here, we report that Salmonella infection leads to extensive de/acetylation changes in host cell proteins. The acetylation of mammalian cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), a member of the Rho family of GTPases involved in many crucial signaling pathways in cancer cells, is drastically reduced after bacterial infection. CDC42 is deacetylated by SIRT2 and acetylated by p300/CBP. Non-acetylated CDC42 at lysine 153 shows an impaired binding of its downstream effector PAK4 and an attenuated phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, consequently reduces cell apoptosis. The reduction in K153 acetylation also enhances the migration and invasion ability of colon cancer cells. The low level of K153 acetylation in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) predicts a poor prognosis. Taken together, our findings suggest a new mechanism of bacterial infection-induced promotion of colorectal tumorigenesis by modulation of the CDC42-PAK axis through manipulation of CDC42 acetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Jing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (Y-FY)
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (Y-FY)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu X, Chen J, Long X, Lan J, Liu X, Zhou M, Zhang S, Zhou J. RSL1D1 promotes the progression of colorectal cancer through RAN-mediated autophagy suppression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:43. [PMID: 35013134 PMCID: PMC8748816 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RSL1D1 (ribosomal L1 domain containing 1), a member of the universal ribosomal protein uL1 family, was suggested to be a new candidate target for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of RSL1D1 in cancer, including CRC, remains largely elusive. Here, we demonstrated that RSL1D1 expression was significantly elevated in tumors from CRC patients and that high expression of RSL1D1 was correlated with poorer survival of CRC patients. Functionally, RSL1D1 promoted the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of CRC cells by suppressing autophagy. Interestingly, RSL1D1 interacted with RAN and inhibited its deacetylation by competitively binding with Sirt7. By affecting the acetylation of RAN, RSL1D1 inhibited the accumulation of nuclear STAT3 and the STAT3-regulated autophagic program. Taken together, our study uncovered the key role of the RSL1D1/RAN/STAT3 regulatory axis in autophagy and tumor progression in CRC, providing a new candidate target for CRC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xunhua Liu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jianxiong Chen
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaoli Long
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jiawen Lan
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China ,grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Miao Zhou
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Sijing Zhang
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neumann-Staubitz P, Lammers M, Neumann H. Genetic Code Expansion Tools to Study Lysine Acylation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100926. [PMID: 34713630 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acylation is a ubiquitous protein modification that controls various aspects of protein function, such as the activity, localization, and stability of enzymes. Mass spectrometric identification of lysine acylations has witnessed tremendous improvements in sensitivity over the last decade, facilitating the discovery of thousands of lysine acylation sites in proteins involved in all essential cellular functions across organisms of all domains of life. However, the vast majority of currently known acylation sites are of unknown function. Semi-synthetic methods for installing lysine derivatives are ideally suited for in vitro experiments, while genetic code expansion (GCE) allows the installation and study of such lysine modifications, especially their dynamic properties, in vivo. An overview of the current state of the art is provided, and its potential is illustrated with case studies from recent literature. These include the application of engineered enzymes and GCE to install lysine modifications or photoactivatable crosslinker amino acids. Their use in the context of central metabolism, bacterial and viral pathogenicity, the cytoskeleton and chromatin dynamics, is investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Neumann-Staubitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Institute for Biochemistry, Department Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Heinz Neumann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Darmstadt, Stephanstrasse 7, 64295, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mosaddeghzadeh N, Ahmadian MR. The RHO Family GTPases: Mechanisms of Regulation and Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1831. [PMID: 34359999 PMCID: PMC8305018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward deciphering RHO GTPase functions, and many studies have convincingly demonstrated that altered signal transduction through RHO GTPases is a recurring theme in the progression of human malignancies. It seems that 20 canonical RHO GTPases are likely regulated by three GDIs, 85 GEFs, and 66 GAPs, and eventually interact with >70 downstream effectors. A recurring theme is the challenge in understanding the molecular determinants of the specificity of these four classes of interacting proteins that, irrespective of their functions, bind to common sites on the surface of RHO GTPases. Identified and structurally verified hotspots as functional determinants specific to RHO GTPase regulation by GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs as well as signaling through effectors are presented, and challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rasha F, Mims BM, Castro-Piedras I, Barnes BJ, Grisham MB, Rahman RL, Pruitt K. The Versatility of Sirtuin-1 in Endocrinology and Immunology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:589016. [PMID: 33330467 PMCID: PMC7717970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.589016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins belong to the class III family of NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (HDAC) and are involved in diverse physiological processes that range from regulation of metabolism and endocrine function to coordination of immunity and cellular responses to stress. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is the most well-studied family member and has been shown to be critically involved in epigenetics, immunology, and endocrinology. The versatile roles of SIRT1 include regulation of energy sensing metabolic homeostasis, deacetylation of histone and non-histone proteins in numerous tissues, neuro-endocrine regulation via stimulation of hypothalamus-pituitary axes, synthesis and maintenance of reproductive hormones via steroidogenesis, maintenance of innate and adaptive immune system via regulation of T- and B-cell maturation, chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Moreover, SIRT1 is an appealing target in various disease contexts due to the promise of pharmacological and/or natural modulators of SIRT1 activity within the context of endocrine and immune-related disease models. In this review we aim to provide a broad overview on the role of SIRT1 particularly within the context of endocrinology and immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Brianyell McDaniel Mims
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Isabel Castro-Piedras
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Betsy J. Barnes
- Laboratory of Autoimmune and Cancer Research, Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Matthew B. Grisham
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boudhraa Z, Carmona E, Provencher D, Mes-Masson AM. Ran GTPase: A Key Player in Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:345. [PMID: 32528950 PMCID: PMC7264121 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ran (Ras-related nuclear protein) GTPase is a member of the Ras superfamily. Like all the GTPases, Ran cycles between an active (GTP-bound) and inactive (GDP-bound) state. However, Ran lacks the CAAX motif at its C-terminus, a feature of other small GTPases that ensures a plasma membrane localization, and largely traffics between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Ran regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of molecules through the nuclear pore complex and controls cell cycle progression through the regulation of microtubule polymerization and mitotic spindle formation. The disruption of Ran expression has been linked to cancer at different levels - from cancer initiation to metastasis. In the present review, we discuss the contribution of Ran in the acquisition of three hallmarks of cancer, namely, proliferative signaling, resistance to apoptosis, and invasion/metastasis, and highlight its prognostic value in cancer patients. In addition, we discuss the use of this GTPase as a therapeutic target in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zied Boudhraa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal (ICM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Euridice Carmona
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal (ICM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Diane Provencher
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal (ICM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal (ICM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sobuz SU, Sato Y, Yoshizawa T, Karim F, Ono K, Sawa T, Miyamoto Y, Oka M, Yamagata K. SIRT7 regulates the nuclear export of NF-κB p65 by deacetylating Ran. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1355-1367. [PMID: 31075303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) is an NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase that regulates diverse biological processes. We recently observed that SIRT7 deficiency suppresses the nuclear accumulation of p65, which is a component of nuclear factor kappa B. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that SIRT7 interacts with a small GTPase, Ras-related nuclear antigen (Ran), and deacetylates Ran at K37. The nuclear export of p65 was facilitated in SIRT7-deficient fibroblast cells, while the nuclear export was inhibited in SIRT7-deficient cells expressing K37R-Ran (deacetylation-mimicking mutant). Additionally, the nuclear export of p65 in wild-type fibroblast cells was promoted by K37Q-Ran (acetylation-mimicking mutant). K37Q-Ran exhibited an increased ability to bind to chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), which is a major nuclear receptor that mediates the export of cargo proteins, and enhanced the binding between p65 and CRM1. These data suggest that SIRT7 is a lysine deacetylase that targets the K37 residue of Ran to suppress the nuclear export of p65.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihab U Sobuz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yoshizawa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Fazlul Karim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Masahiro Oka
- Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamagata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lammers M. Expression and Purification of Site-Specifically Lysine-Acetylated and Natively-Folded Proteins for Biophysical Investigations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1728:169-190. [PMID: 29404998 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7574-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
N-(ε)-lysine-acetylation (short: lysine-acetylation) is a dynamic and powerful posttranslational modification to regulate protein function. Mutational approaches are often poor to access the real mechanistic impact of lysine-acetylation at the molecular level. Therefore, the ability to site-specifically incorporate N-(ε)-acetyl-L-lysine (short: AcK) into proteins dramatically increased our understanding how lysine-acetylation regulates protein function by using diverse molecular mechanisms going far beyond neutralizing a positive charge at the lysine-side chain. Genetically encoding AcK is a powerful way to introduce AcK into proteins, resulting in homogenously, quantitatively, and site-specifically lysine-acetylated proteins. Thereby, lysine-acetylated proteins can be produced in their natively-folded state in a high quality and in a yield sufficient to perform biophysical studies, including X-ray crystallography. This protocol describes the expression and purification of site-specifically lysine-acetylated proteins in Escherichia coli using the genetic-code expansion concept (GCEC) and subsequent steps to assess the successful incorporation of AcK by immunoblotting and mass-spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lammers
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Members of the MYC family of proto-oncogenes are the most commonly deregulated genes in all human cancers. MYC proteins drive an increase in cellular proliferation and facilitate multiple aspects of tumor initiation and progression, thereby controlling all hallmarks of cancer. MYC's ability to drive metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells leading to biomass accumulation and cellular proliferation is the most studied function of these oncogenes. MYC also regulates tumor progression and is often implicated in resistance to chemotherapy and in metastasis. While most oncogenic functions of MYC are attributed to its role as a transcription factor, more recently, new roles of MYC as a pro-survival factor in the cytoplasm suggest a previously unappreciated diversity in MYC's roles in cancer progression. This review will focus on the role of MYC in invasion and will discuss the canonical functions of MYC in Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and the cytoplasmic functions of MYC-nick in collective migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The interplay between histone deacetylases and rho kinases is important for cancer and neurodegeneration. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 37:29-45. [PMID: 28606734 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rho associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCKs) respond to defined extra- and intracellular stimuli to control cell migration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic modifiers that regulate nuclear and cytoplasmic signaling through the deacetylation of histones and non-histone proteins. ROCK and HDAC functions are important compounds of basic and applied research interests. Recent evidence suggests a physiologically important interplay between HDACs and ROCKs in various cells and organisms. Here we summarize the crosstalk between these enzymatic families and its implications for cancer and neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Knyphausen P, Lang F, Baldus L, Extra A, Lammers M. Insights into K-Ras 4B regulation by post-translational lysine acetylation. Biol Chem 2016; 397:1071-85. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ras is a molecular switch cycling between an active, GTP-bound and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Mutations in Ras, mostly affecting the off-switch, are found in many human tumours. Recently, it has been shown that K-Ras 4B is targeted by lysine acetylation at K104. Based on results obtained for an acetylation mimetic Ras mutant (K104Q), it was hypothesised that K104-acetylation might interfere with its oncogenicity by impairing SOS-catalysed guanine-nucleotide exchange. We prepared site-specifically K104-acetylated K-Ras 4B and the corresponding oncogenic mutant protein G12V using the genetic-code expansion concept. We found that SOS-catalysed nucleotide exchange, also of allosterically activated SOS, was neither affected by acetylation of K104 in wildtype K-Ras 4B nor in the G12V mutant, suggesting that glutamine is a poor mimetic for acetylation at this site. In vitro, the lysine-acetyltransferases CBP and p300 were able to acetylate both, wildtype and G12V K-Ras 4B. In addition to K104 we identified further acetylation sites in K-Ras 4B, including K147, within the important G5/SAK-motif. However, the intrinsic and the SOS-catalysed nucleotide exchange was not affected by K147-acetylation of K-Ras 4B. Finally, we show that Sirt2 and HDAC6 do neither deacetylate K-Ras 4B if acetylated at K104 nor if acetylated at K147 in vitro.
Collapse
|
13
|
Knyphausen P, de Boor S, Kuhlmann N, Scislowski L, Extra A, Baldus L, Schacherl M, Baumann U, Neundorf I, Lammers M. Insights into Lysine Deacetylation of Natively Folded Substrate Proteins by Sirtuins. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:14677-94. [PMID: 27226597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.726307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent lysine deacylases, regulating a variety of cellular processes. The nuclear Sirt1, the cytosolic Sirt2, and the mitochondrial Sirt3 are robust deacetylases, whereas the other sirtuins have preferences for longer acyl chains. Most previous studies investigated sirtuin-catalyzed deacylation on peptide substrates only. We used the genetic code expansion concept to produce natively folded, site-specific, and lysine-acetylated Sirt1-3 substrate proteins, namely Ras-related nuclear, p53, PEPCK1, superoxide dismutase, cyclophilin D, and Hsp10, and analyzed the deacetylation reaction. Some acetylated proteins such as Ras-related nuclear, p53, and Hsp10 were robustly deacetylated by Sirt1-3. However, other reported sirtuin substrate proteins such as cyclophilin D, superoxide dismutase, and PEPCK1 were not deacetylated. Using a structural and functional approach, we describe the ability of Sirt1-3 to deacetylate two adjacent acetylated lysine residues. The dynamics of this process have implications for the lifetime of acetyl modifications on di-lysine acetylation sites and thus constitute a new mechanism for the regulation of proteins by acetylation. Our studies support that, besides the primary sequence context, the protein structure is a major determinant of sirtuin substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Knyphausen
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Susanne de Boor
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Nora Kuhlmann
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Lukas Scislowski
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Antje Extra
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Linda Baldus
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| | - Magdalena Schacherl
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrich Baumann
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ines Neundorf
- the Institute for Biochemistry, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- From the Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne and
| |
Collapse
|