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Zhang LZ, Yang JG, Chen GL, Xie QH, Fu QY, Xia HF, Li YC, Huang J, Li Y, Wu M, Liu HM, Wang FB, Yi KZ, Jiang HG, Zhou FX, Wang W, Yu ZL, Zhang W, Zhong YH, Bian Z, Yang HY, Liu B, Chen G. PD-1/CD80 + small extracellular vesicles from immunocytes induce cold tumours featured with enhanced adaptive immunosuppression. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3884. [PMID: 38719909 PMCID: PMC11079016 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Only a minority of cancer patients benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Sophisticated cross-talk among different immune checkpoint pathways as well as interaction pattern of immune checkpoint molecules carried on circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEV) might contribute to the low response rate. Here we demonstrate that PD-1 and CD80 carried on immunocyte-derived sEVs (I-sEV) induce an adaptive redistribution of PD-L1 in tumour cells. The resulting decreased cell membrane PD-L1 expression and increased sEV PD-L1 secretion into the circulation contribute to systemic immunosuppression. PD-1/CD80+ I-sEVs also induce downregulation of adhesion- and antigen presentation-related molecules on tumour cells and impaired immune cell infiltration, thereby converting tumours to an immunologically cold phenotype. Moreover, synchronous analysis of multiple checkpoint molecules, including PD-1, CD80 and PD-L1, on circulating sEVs distinguishes clinical responders from those patients who poorly respond to anti-PD-1 treatment. Altogether, our study shows that sEVs carry multiple inhibitory immune checkpoints proteins, which form a potentially targetable adaptive loop to suppress antitumour immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jie-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gai-Li Chen
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qi-Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hou-Fu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yi-Cun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hai-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Fu-Bing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Center for Single-Cell Omics and Tumour Liquid Biopsy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke-Zhen Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huan-Gang Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fu-Xiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of thoracic surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zi-Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ya-Hua Zhong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Yang J, Qiu L, Wang X, Chen X, Cao P, Yang Z, Wen Q. Liquid biopsy biomarkers to guide immunotherapy in breast cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1303491. [PMID: 38077355 PMCID: PMC10701691 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1303491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy for breast cancer (BC). However, current reliance on immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of PD-L1 expression alone has limited predictive capability, resulting in suboptimal efficacy of ICIs for some BC patients. Hence, developing novel predictive biomarkers is indispensable to enhance patient selection for immunotherapy. In this context, utilizing liquid biopsy (LB) can provide supplementary or alternative value to PD-L1 IHC testing for identifying patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy and exhibit favorable responses. This review discusses the predictive and prognostic value of LB in breast cancer immunotherapy, as well as its limitations and future directions. We aim to promote the individualization and precision of immunotherapy in BC by elucidating the role of LB in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Yang
- Department of Biological Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Liang Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Human Resource, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Pingdong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Asleh K, Dery V, Taylor C, Davey M, Djeungoue-Petga MA, Ouellette RJ. Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy biomarkers and their application in precision immuno-oncology. Biomark Res 2023; 11:99. [PMID: 37978566 PMCID: PMC10655470 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While the field of precision oncology is rapidly expanding and more targeted options are revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, therapeutic resistance particularly to immunotherapy remains a pressing challenge. This can be largely attributed to the dynamic tumor-stroma interactions that continuously alter the microenvironment. While to date most advancements have been made through examining the clinical utility of tissue-based biomarkers, their invasive nature and lack of a holistic representation of the evolving disease in a real-time manner could result in suboptimal treatment decisions. Thus, using minimally-invasive approaches to identify biomarkers that predict and monitor treatment response as well as alert to the emergence of recurrences is of a critical need. Currently, research efforts are shifting towards developing liquid biopsy-based biomarkers obtained from patients over the course of disease. Liquid biopsy represents a unique opportunity to monitor intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment which could occur through the exchange of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are lipid bilayer membrane nanoscale vesicles which transfer a plethora of biomolecules that mediate intercellular crosstalk, shape the tumor microenvironment, and modify drug response. The capture of EVs using innovative approaches, such as microfluidics, magnetic beads, and aptamers, allow their analysis via high throughput multi-omics techniques and facilitate their use for biomarker discovery. Artificial intelligence, using machine and deep learning algorithms, is advancing multi-omics analyses to uncover candidate biomarkers and predictive signatures that are key for translation into clinical trials. With the increasing recognition of the role of EVs in mediating immune evasion and as a valuable biomarker source, these real-time snapshots of cellular communication are promising to become an important tool in the field of precision oncology and spur the recognition of strategies to block resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the emerging role of EVs in biomarker research describing current advances in their isolation and analysis techniques as well as their function as mediators in the tumor microenvironment. We also highlight recent lung cancer and melanoma studies that point towards their application as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy and their potential clinical use in precision immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karama Asleh
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
| | - Valerie Dery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Catherine Taylor
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Michelle Davey
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | | | - Rodney J Ouellette
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Dr Georges L. Dumont University Hospital, Vitalite Health Network, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Hoeijmakers LL, Reijers ILM, Blank CU. Biomarker-Driven Personalization of Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:2319-2338. [PMID: 37668337 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of immunotherapy has ushered in a new era of anticancer therapy for many cancer types including melanoma. Given the increasing development of novel compounds and combinations and the investigation in earlier disease stages, the need grows for biomarker-based treatment personalization. Stage III melanoma is one of the front-runners in the neoadjuvant immunotherapy field, facilitating quick biomarker identification by its immunogenic capacity, homogeneous patient population, and reliable efficacy readout. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers for response prediction to neoadjuvant immunotherapy, and how the neoadjuvant melanoma platform could pave the way for biomarker identification in other tumor types. SIGNIFICANCE In accordance with the increasing rate of therapy development, the need for biomarker-driven personalized treatments grows. The current landscape of neoadjuvant treatment and biomarker development in stage III melanoma can function as a poster child for these personalized treatments in other tumors, assisting in the development of new biomarker-based neoadjuvant trials. This will contribute to personalized benefit-risk predictions to identify the most beneficial treatment for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte L Hoeijmakers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Irene L M Reijers
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, the Netherlands
- Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Tsunedomi R, Shindo Y, Nakajima M, Yoshimura K, Nagano H. The tumor immune microenvironment in pancreatic cancer and its potential in the identification of immunotherapy biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1121-1134. [PMID: 37947389 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2281482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer (PC) has an extremely poor prognosis, even with surgical resection and triplet chemotherapy treatment. Cancer immunotherapy has been recently approved for tumor-agnostic treatment with genome analysis, including in PC. However, it has limited efficacy. AREAS COVERED In addition to the low tumor mutation burden, one of the difficulties of immunotherapy in PC is the presence of abundant stromal cells in its microenvironment. Among stromal cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a major role in immunotherapy resistance, and CAF-targeted therapies are currently under development, including those in combination with immunotherapies. Meanwhile, microbiomes and tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have been shown to alter the behavior of distant receptor cells in PC. This review discusses the role of CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs in PC tumor immunity. EXPERT OPINION Elucidating the mechanisms by which CAFs, microbiomes, and TDEs are involved in the tumorigenesis of PC will be helpful for developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies and identifying companion biomarkers for immunotherapy. Spatial single-cell analysis of the tumor microenvironment will be useful for identifying biomarkers of PC immunity. Furthermore, given the complexity of immune mechanisms, artificial intelligence models will be beneficial for predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Clinical Immuno-Oncology, Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Showa University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Zhao Y, Qu Y, Hao C, Yao W. PD-1/PD-L1 axis in organ fibrosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145682. [PMID: 37275876 PMCID: PMC10235450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological tissue repair activity in which many myofibroblasts are activated and extracellular matrix are excessively accumulated, leading to the formation of permanent scars and finally organ failure. A variety of organs, including the lung, liver, kidney, heart, and skin, can undergo fibrosis under the stimulation of various exogenous or endogenous pathogenic factors. At present, the pathogenesis of fibrosis is still not fully elucidated, but it is known that the immune system plays a key role in the initiation and progression of fibrosis. Immune checkpoint molecules are key regulators to maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis, among which the programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has attracted much attention. The exciting achievements of tumor immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 provide new insights into its use as a therapeutic target for other diseases. In recent years, the role of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in fibrosis has been preliminarily explored, further confirming the close relationship among PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, immune regulation, and fibrosis. This review discusses the structure, expression, function, and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1, and summarizes the research progress of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wu Yao
- *Correspondence: Wu Yao, ; Changfu Hao,
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Johnson J, Kim SY, Sam PK, Asokan R, Cari EL, Bales ES, Luu TH, Perez L, Kallen AN, Nel-Themaat L, Polotsky AJ, Post MD, Orlicky DJ, Jordan KR, Bitler BG. Expression and T cell regulatory action of the PD-1 immune checkpoint in the ovary and fallopian tube. Am J Reprod Immunol 2023; 89:e13649. [PMID: 36394352 PMCID: PMC10559227 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Immune cell trafficking and surveillance within the ovary and fallopian tube are thought to impact fertility and also tumorigenesis in those organs. However, little is known of how native cells of the ovary and fallopian tube interact with resident immune cells. Interaction of the Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1/PDCD-1/CD279) checkpoint with PD-L1 is associated with downregulated immune response. We have begun to address the question of whether PD-1 ligand or its receptors (PD-L1/-L2) can regulate immune cell function in these tissues of the female reproductive tract. METHOD OF STUDY PD-1 and ligand protein expression was evaluated in human ovary and fallopian tube specimens, the latter of which included stages of tubal cell transformation and early tumorigenesis. Ovarian expression analysis included the determination of the proteins in human follicular fluid (HFF) specimens collected during in vitro fertilization procedures. Finally, checkpoint bioactivity of HFF was determined by treatment of separately-isolated human T cells and the measurement of interferon gamma (IFNγ). RESULTS We show that membrane bound and soluble variants of PD-1 and ligands are expressed by permanent constituent cell types of the human ovary and fallopian tube, including granulosa cells and oocytes. PD-1 and soluble ligands were present in HFF at bioactive levels that control T cell PD-1 activation and IFNγ production; full-length checkpoint proteins were found to be highly enriched in HFF exosome fractions. CONCLUSION The detection of PD-1 checkpoint proteins in the human ovary and fallopian tube suggests that the pathway is involved in immunomodulation during folliculogenesis, the window of ovulation, and subsequent egg and embryo immune-privilege. Immunomodulatory action of receptor and ligands in HFF exosomes is suggestive of an acute checkpoint role during ovulation. This is the first study in the role of PD-1 checkpoint proteins in human tubo-ovarian specimens and the first examination of its potential regulatory action in the contexts of normal and assisted reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Johnson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 4409, B198-3 Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - So-Youn Kim
- Olson Center for Women’s Health, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985860 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | | | - Rengasamy Asokan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Evelyn Llerena Cari
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 4409, B198-3 Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Elise S. Bales
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Thanh-Ha Luu
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 4409, B198-3 Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | | | | | - Liesl Nel-Themaat
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 4409, B198-3 Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Shady Grove Fertility – Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Alex J. Polotsky
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, 12631 East 17th Avenue, Room 4409, B198-3 Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Shady Grove Fertility – Colorado, Denver, CO
| | - Miriam D. Post
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pathology, Mailstop F768, 12605 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - David J. Orlicky
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pathology, Mailstop F768, 12605 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Kimberly R. Jordan
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Initiative, Human Immune Monitoring Shared Resource, RC1-North, 8113, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Building RC2, Room P15 3103, Mail Stop 8613, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Drug Resistance: Implications on Melanoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041074. [PMID: 36831417 PMCID: PMC9954626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in the pathogenesis of neoplastic diseases. Their role in mediating drug resistance has been widely described in several types of cancers, including melanoma. EVs can mediate drug resistance through several different mechanisms, such as drug-sequestration, transfer of pro-survival proteins and RNA, induction of cancer stem cell-like features and interaction with cells of the tumor microenvironment and immune-system. Melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumor originating from the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Several therapeutic strategies currently used in the treatment of melanoma and the combination of BRAF and MEK-inhibitors, as well as immune check-point inhibitors (ICI), have consistently improved the overall survival time of melanoma patients. However, the development of resistance is one of the biggest problems leading to a poor clinical outcome, and EVs can contribute to this. EVs isolated from melanoma cells can contain "sequestered" chemotherapeutic drugs in order to eliminate them, or bioactive molecules (such as miRNA or proteins) that have been proven to play a crucial role in the transmission of resistance to sensitive neoplastic cells. This leads to the hypothesis that EVs could be considered as resistance-mediators in sensitive melanoma cells. These findings are a pivotal starting point for further investigations to better understand EVs' role in drug resistance mechanisms and how to target them. The purpose of this review is to summarize knowledge about EVs in order to develop a deeper understanding of their underlying mechanisms. This could lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies able to bypass EV-mediated drug-resistance in melanoma, such as by the use of combination therapy, including EV release inhibitors.
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Himawan A, Vora LK, Permana AD, Sudir S, Nurdin AR, Nislawati R, Hasyim R, Scott CJ, Donnelly RF. Where Microneedle Meets Biomarkers: Futuristic Application for Diagnosing and Monitoring Localized External Organ Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202066. [PMID: 36414019 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular tissue fluids are interesting biomatrices that have recently attracted scientists' interest. Many significant biomarkers for localized external organ diseases have been isolated from this biofluid. In the diagnostic and disease monitoring context, measuring biochemical entities from the fluids surrounding the diseased tissues may give more important clinical value than measuring them at a systemic level. Despite all these facts, pushing tissue fluid-based diagnosis and monitoring forward to clinical settings faces one major problem: its accessibility. Most extracellular tissue fluid, such as interstitial fluid (ISF), is abundant but hard to collect, and the currently available technologies are invasive and expensive. This is where novel microneedle technology can help tackle this significant obstacle. The ability of microneedle technology to minimally invasively access tissue fluid-containing biomarkers will enable ISF and other tissue fluid utilization in the clinical diagnosis and monitoring of localized diseases. This review attempts to present the current pursuit of the application of microneedle systems as a diagnostic and monitoring platform, along with the recent progress of biomarker detection in diagnosing and monitoring localized external organ diseases. Then, the potential use of various microneedles in future clinical diagnostics and monitoring of localized diseases is discussed by presenting the currently studied cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Himawan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Andi Dian Permana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sumarheni Sudir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Airin R Nurdin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Hasanuddin University Hospital, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ririn Nislawati
- Hasanuddin University Hospital, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rafikah Hasyim
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Patrick G Johnson Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK
| | - Ryan F Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT97BL, UK
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10
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Whiteside TL. Evaluating tumor cell- and T cell-derived extracellular vesicles as potential biomarkers of cancer and immune cell competence. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:109-122. [PMID: 36787282 PMCID: PMC9998373 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by tumors, also called tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), have been implicated in inducing immune cell suppression in vitro and in vivo. The development of a novel category of noninvasive biomarkers for precision oncology remains an unmet need, and TEX emerge as a promising liquid tumor biopsy component. AREAS COVERED TEX play a critical role in monitoring cancer presence/progression and in reprograming of anti-tumor effector T cells to producers of EVs with pro-tumor activity. TEX are a subset of circulating EVs. Their separation by immune capture from EVs derived from nonmalignant cells allows for TEX phenotypic/functional assessments. TEX cross-talking with CD3(+) T cells induce the release of CD3(+) small EV (sEV), whose cargo of suppressor proteins resembles that of TEX and further contributes to cancer-induced immune suppression. While TEX recapitulate the genetic/molecular phenotype of tumor cells, CD3(+) sEV might serve as 'T cell liquid biopsy.' EXPERT OPINION Preclinical explorations of the role in cancer body fluids of TEX and CD3(+) sEV as cancer biomarkers suggest that these EV subsets may qualify as liquid tumor biopsy noninvasive components in the near future. Their potential to simultaneously serve as noninvasive liquid tumor biopsy and T cell biopsy remains to be validated in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Medhin LB, Beasley AB, Warburton L, Amanuel B, Gray ES. Extracellular vesicles as a liquid biopsy for melanoma: Are we there yet? Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 89:92-98. [PMID: 36706847 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer owing to its high propensity to metastasise in distant organs and develop resistance to treatment. The scarce treatment options available for melanoma underscore the need for biomarkers to guide treatment decisions. In this context, an attractive alternative to overcome the limitations of repeated tissue sampling is the analysis of peripheral blood samples, referred to as 'liquid biopsy'. In particular, the analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as a promising candidate due to their role in orchestrating cancer dissemination, immune modulation, and drug resistance. As we gain insights into the role of EVs in cancer and melanoma their potential for clinical use is becoming apparent. Herein, we critically summarise the current evidence supporting EVs as biomarkers for melanoma diagnosis, prognostication, therapy response prediction, and drug resistance. EVs are proposed as a candidate biomarker for predicting therapeutic response to immune checkpoint inhibition. However, to realise the potential of EV analysis for clinical decision-making strong clinical validation is required, underscoring the need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia B Medhin
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Aaron B Beasley
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia
| | - Lydia Warburton
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Benhur Amanuel
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; Department of Anatomical Pathology PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands WA 6009, Australia
| | - Elin S Gray
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup WA 6027, Australia.
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12
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Clancy JW, D'Souza-Schorey C. Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Multifunctional Entities in the Tumor Microenvironment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:205-229. [PMID: 36202098 PMCID: PMC10410237 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-022116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as mediators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. EVs contain a host of bioactive cargo, including membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear proteins, in addition to noncoding RNAs, other RNA types, and double-stranded DNA fragments. These shed vesicles may deposit paracrine information and can also be taken up by stromal cells, causing the recipient cells to undergo phenotypic changes that profoundly impact diverse facets of cancer progression. For example, this unique form of cellular cross talk helps condition the premetastatic niche, facilitates evasion of the immune response, and promotes invasive and metastatic activity. These findings, coupled with those demonstrating that the number and content of EVs produced by tumors can vary depending on their tumor of origin, disease stage, or response to therapy, have raised the exciting possibility that EVs can be used for risk stratification, diagnostic, and even prognostic purposes. We summarize recent developments and the current knowledge of EV cargoes, their impact on disease progression, and implementation of EV-based liquid biopsies as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Clancy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA; ,
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13
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Yang F, Shay C, Abousaud M, Tang C, Li Y, Qin Z, Saba NF, Teng Y. Patterns of toxicity burden for FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors in the United States. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:4. [PMID: 36600271 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a common phenomenon in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Surprisingly, the toxicity burdens of these irAEs have not been illustrated clearly. In this study, we analyzed irAEs for seven FDA-approved ICIs in cancer treatment to show the pattern of toxicity burden among cancer patients. METHODS irAEs associated with seven FDA-approved ICIs, including three PD-1 inhibitors (cemiplimab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab), three PD-L1 inhibitors (atezolizumab, avelumab and durvalumab), and one CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab), were analyzed based on data from 149,303 reported cases (from January 1, 2015 to June 30, 2022) collected from the FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) public dashboard. Proportions of serious irAEs and correlations with tumor type, age and sex were assessed via R package and GraphPad software. RESULTS irAEs related to anti-PD-1 ICIs required less hospital care resources compared with anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 ICIs. Patients treated with pembrolizumab had relatively fewer serious cases. Treatment with ICIs led to the highest probability of serious irAEs in patients with lung cancer. 'Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders' and 'gastrointestinal disorders' were the two most common groups of disorders caused by the seven ICIs studied. 'Cardiac disorders' was the main type of disorders caused by these ICIs in cancer patients aged 65-85, while 'reproductive system and breast disease' was the main type of disorder in cancer patients aged 18-64. 'Respiratory, thoracic, mediastinal diseases' and 'reproductive system and breast diseases' were the main types of disorders associated with treatment with these ICIs in male and female patients, respectively. CONCLUSION Tissue and organ toxicities of ICIs are age and sex specific. There are risks of respiratory and urinary system toxicity in male patients and reproductive system toxicity in female patients treated with the ICIs studied. Future studies on the toxicity burden of ICIs should incorporate age and sex differences to better understand the relevance of ICI toxicity burden to human immune function to develop appropriate tumor immune and therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chloe Shay
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marin Abousaud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chris Tang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yamin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yong Teng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 201 Dowman Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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14
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Wu YH, Chen RJ, Chiu HW, Yang LX, Wang YL, Chen YY, Yeh YL, Liao MY, Wang YJ. Nanoparticles augment the therapeutic window of RT and immunotherapy for treating cancers: pivotal role of autophagy. Theranostics 2023; 13:40-58. [PMID: 36593951 PMCID: PMC9800737 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies are now emerging as an efficient anticancer therapeutic strategy. Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the host's immune system to fight against cancer cells and has gained increasing interest due to its durable efficacy and low toxicity compared to traditional antitumor treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT). Although the combination of RT and immunotherapy has drawn extensive attention in the clinical setting, the overall response rates are still low. Therefore, strategies for further improvement are urgently needed. Nanotechnology has been used in cancer immunotherapy and RT to target not only cancer cells but also the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby helping to generate a long-term immune response. Nanomaterials can be an effective delivery system and a strong autophagy inducer, with the ability to elevate autophagy to very high levels. Interestingly, autophagy could play a critical role in optimal immune function, mediating cell-extrinsic homeostatic effects through the regulation of danger signaling in neoplastic cells under immunogenic chemotherapy and/or RT. In this review, we summarize the preclinical and clinical development of the combination of immunotherapy and RT in cancer therapy and highlight the latest progress in nanotechnology for augmenting the anticancer effects of immunotherapy and RT. The underlying mechanisms of nanomaterial-triggered autophagy in tumor cells and the TME are discussed in depth. Finally, we suggest the implications of these three strategies combined together to achieve the goal of maximizing the therapeutic advantages of cancer therapy and show recent advances in biomarkers for tumor response in the evaluation of those therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 234, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Li-Xing Yang
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Li Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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15
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Alia Moosavian S, Hashemi M, Etemad L, Daneshmand S, Salmasi Z. Melanoma-derived exosomes: Versatile extracellular vesicles for diagnosis, metastasis, immune modulation, and treatment of melanoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Extracellular vesicle isolation, purification and evaluation in cancer diagnosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e41. [PMID: 36268744 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for non-invasive biomarker discovery in early detection of cancer are an urgent need. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have generated increasing attention from the scientific community and are under intensive investigations due to their unique biological profiles and their non-invasive nature. EVs are membrane-enclosed vesicles with variable sizes and function. Such vesicles are actively secreted from multiple cell types and are considered as key vehicles for inter-cellular communications and signalling. The stability and potential to easily cross biological barriers enable EVs for exerting durable effects on target cells. These along with easy access to such vesicles, the consistent secretion from tumour during all stages of tumorigenesis and their content providing a reservoir of molecules as well as mirroring the identity of the cell of origin are virtues that have made EVs appealing to be assessed in liquid biopsy approaches and for using as a promising resource of biomarkers in cancer diagnosis and therapy and monitoring targeted cancer therapy. Early detection of EVs will guide time-scheduled personalised therapy. Surveying reliable and sensitive methods for rapid isolation of EVs from biofluids, the purity of isolated vesicles and their molecular profiling and marker specification for clinical translation in patients with cancer are issues in the area and the hot topics of many recent studies. Here, the focus is over methods for EV isolation and stratification for digging more information about liquid biopsy-based diagnosis. Extending knowledge regarding EV-based strategies is a key to validate independent patient follow-up for cancer diagnosis at early stages and inspecting the efficacy of therapeutics.
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17
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Mortezaee K, Majidpoor J. Extracellular vesicle-based checkpoint regulation and immune state in cancer. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 39:225. [PMID: 36175741 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cells exploit several mechanisms for hijacking an immunosuppressive tumor ecosystem in order to evade immune surveillance and to progress toward metastasis. Equipment of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with checkpoints is an example of cancer control over anti-tumor responses from immune system. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a checkpoint highly expressed in a tumor at progressive stage. Interactions between PD-L1 with its receptor programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T cells will block the effector function of CD8+ T cells, known as one of the most important defensive cells against cancer. Evaluation of circulatory exosomal PD-L1 can be a prognostic biomarker in tumor diagnosis and responses to the immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy, and can be considered as a tool in clinical practice for exploiting personalized therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is also a checkpoint that its engagement with CD80/CD86 expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) hamper the priming phase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Harvesting EVs from tumor and their modification with desired anti-checkpoint antibodies can be a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. The aim of this review is to discuss about EV roles in checkpoint regulation, cancer diagnosis and ICI responses, and to survey possible application of such vesicles in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keywan Mortezaee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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18
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Manukonda R, Yenuganti VR, Nagar N, Dholaniya PS, Malpotra S, Attem J, Reddy MM, Jakati S, Mishra DK, Reddanna P, Poluri KM, Vemuganti GK, Kaliki S. Comprehensive Analysis of Serum Small Extracellular Vesicles-Derived Coding and Non-Coding RNAs from Retinoblastoma Patients for Identifying Regulatory Interactions. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174179. [PMID: 36077715 PMCID: PMC9454787 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study employed nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, immunoblotting, RNA sequencing, and quantitative real-time PCR validation to characterize serum-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from RB patients and age-matched controls. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze functions, and regulatory interactions between coding and non-coding (nc) sEVs RNAs. The results revealed that the isolated sEVs are round-shaped with a size < 150 nm, 5.3 × 1011 ± 8.1 particles/mL, and zeta potential of 11.1 to −15.8 mV, and expressed exosome markers CD9, CD81, and TSG101. A total of 6514 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 123 DE miRNAs, and 3634 DE lncRNAs were detected. Both miRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network analysis revealed that the cell cycle-specific genes including CDKNI1A, CCND1, c-MYC, and HIF1A are regulated by hub ncRNAs MALAT1, AFAP1-AS1, miR145, 101, and 16-5p. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that eye-related DE mRNAs are involved in rod cell differentiation, cone cell development, and retinol metabolism. In conclusion, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the RB sEV RNAs and regulatory interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Vengala Rao Yenuganti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India or
| | - Nupur Nagar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shivani Malpotra
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Jyothi Attem
- School of Medical Sciences, Science Complex, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Mamatha M. Reddy
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar 751024, India or
| | - Saumya Jakati
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India or
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Geeta K. Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, Science Complex, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad 500034, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-40-68102502
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19
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Manukonda R, Attem J, Yenuganti VR, Kaliki S, Vemuganti GK. Exosomes in the visual system: New avenues in ocular diseases. Tumour Biol 2022; 44:129-152. [PMID: 35964221 DOI: 10.3233/tub-211543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of membrane-bound extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types and present virtually in all biological fluids. The composition of exosomes in the same cell type varies in healthy and disease conditions. Hence, exosomes research is a prime focus area for clinical research in cancer and numerous age-related metabolic syndromes. Functions of exosomes include crucial cell-to-cell communication that mediates complex cellular processes, such as antigen presentation, stem cell differentiation, and angiogenesis. However, very few studies reported the presence and role of exosomes in normal physiological and pathological conditions of specialized ocular tissues of the eye and ocular cancers. The eye being a protected sense organ with unique connectivity with the rest of the body through the blood and natural passages, we believe that the role of exosomes in ocular tissues will significantly improve our understanding of ocular diseases and their interactions with the rest of the body. We present a review that highlights the existence and function of exosomes in various ocular tissues, their role in the progression of some of the neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions of the eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.,The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Jyothi Attem
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vengala Rao Yenuganti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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20
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Expression of miR-155 in Serum Exosomes in Children with Epilepsy and Its Diagnostic Value. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7979500. [PMID: 35928925 PMCID: PMC9345723 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7979500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. This study was designed to analyze the expression of miR-155 in serum exosomes in children with epilepsy and to explore its diagnostic value. Methods. From March 2020 to March 2021, 43 hospitalized children with epilepsy admitted to the Department of Neurology of the hospital were included, and another 43 gender- and age-matched healthy children were randomly selected as the healthy control group during the same period. Then fasting serum samples of the two groups were collected to extract the exosomes. The morphology of the exosomes was evaluated under a transmission electron microscope, and the expression of specific protein markers on the surface was detected by Western Blot. In addition, the relative expression of miR-155 in serum exosomes in children with epilepsy with different courses of the disease and different degrees of abnormal electroencephalography (EEG) was compared, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (ROC-AUC) was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-155. Results. A higher relative expression level of miR-155 in serum exosomes was obtained in the epilepsy group, as compared to the healthy control group (P<0.05), and the relative expression of miR-155 in serum exosomes in children with epilepsy was correlated with the course of the disease and the degree of abnormal EEG (both P<0.05). In addition, the expression of miR-155 in serum exosomes showed high diagnostic efficiency for epilepsy (AUC = 0.813, P<0.05). Conclusion. The expression of miR-155 in serum exosomes in children with epilepsy is up-regulated, and its level is related to the course of the disease and the degree of abnormal EEG, so miR-155 in serum exosomes may be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of epilepsy.
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21
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Zhao L, Corvigno S, Ma S, Celestino J, Fleming ND, Hajek RA, Lankenau Ahumada A, Jennings NB, Thompson EJ, Tang H, Westin SN, Jazaeri AA, Zhang J, Futreal PA, Sood AK, Lee S. Molecular Profiles of Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153589. [PMID: 35892848 PMCID: PMC9330879 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) who have no visible residual disease (R0) after primary surgery have the best clinical outcomes, followed by patients who undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and have a response enabling interval cytoreductive surgery. Clinically useful biomarkers for predicting these outcomes are still lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized as liquid biopsy-based biomarkers for early cancer detection and disease surveillance in other disease settings. In this study, we performed extensive molecular characterization of serum-derived EVs and correlated the findings with therapeutic outcomes in patients with HGSC. Using EV-DNA whole-genome sequencing and EV-RNA sequencing, we identified distinct somatic EV-DNA alterations in cancer-hallmark genes and in ovarian cancer genes, as well as significantly altered oncogenic pathways between the R0 group and NACT groups. We also found significantly altered EV-RNA transcriptomic variations and enriched pathways between the groups. Taken together, our data suggest that the molecular characteristics of EVs could enable prediction of patients with HGSC who could undergo R0 surgery or respond to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Sara Corvigno
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Joseph Celestino
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Nicole D. Fleming
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Richard A. Hajek
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Adrian Lankenau Ahumada
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Nicholas B. Jennings
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Erika J. Thompson
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.J.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (E.J.T.); (H.T.)
| | - Shannon N. Westin
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Amir A. Jazaeri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - P. Andrew Futreal
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (L.Z.); (J.Z.); (P.A.F.)
| | - Anil K. Sood
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Sanghoon Lee
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (S.C.); (S.M.); (J.C.); (N.D.F.); (R.A.H.); (A.L.A.); (N.B.J.); (S.N.W.); (A.A.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.K.S.); (S.L.)
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22
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Tan Y, Tang F, Li J, Yu H, Wu M, Wu Y, Zeng H, Hou K, Zhang Q. Tumor-derived exosomes: the emerging orchestrators in melanoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112832. [PMID: 35325853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive cancer type derived from melanocytes and its incidence has rapidly increased worldwide. Despite the vast improvement in therapy, melanoma is still confronted with high invasion, metastasis, and recurrence rate. Recent studies have confirmed that the exosomes are naturally occurring membranous extracellular vesicles with nano-sized lipid bilayers, performing as information messagers within cellular reciprocal action. Exosomes are unquestionably endowed with multifaceted roles in various diseases, including melanoma. Notably, tumor-derived exosomes play a pivotal role in conditioning the tumor microenvironment to promote the growth, metastasis, immune escape, and even drug-resistance of melanoma by transferring carcinogenic nucleic acids and proteins. Clinically, the dynamic expressions of exosomal components and loadings in melanoma patients with different tumor stages confer the clinical application of melanoma exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers. Hence, this review highlights the recent complicated roles and mechanisms of melanoma exosomes, as well as their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in melanoma. The in-depth insights into the properties and behaviors of melanoma exosomes are of great potential to yield attractive therapeutic methods for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jieming Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Honghao Yu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hong Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Department of Nursing, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Kai Hou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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23
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Lone SN, Nisar S, Masoodi T, Singh M, Rizwan A, Hashem S, El-Rifai W, Bedognetti D, Batra SK, Haris M, Bhat AA, Macha MA. Liquid biopsy: a step closer to transform diagnosis, prognosis and future of cancer treatments. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:79. [PMID: 35303879 PMCID: PMC8932066 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, invasive techniques for diagnosing and monitoring cancers are slowly being replaced by non-invasive methods such as liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsies have drastically revolutionized the field of clinical oncology, offering ease in tumor sampling, continuous monitoring by repeated sampling, devising personalized therapeutic regimens, and screening for therapeutic resistance. Liquid biopsies consist of isolating tumor-derived entities like circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA, tumor extracellular vesicles, etc., present in the body fluids of patients with cancer, followed by an analysis of genomic and proteomic data contained within them. Methods for isolation and analysis of liquid biopsies have rapidly evolved over the past few years as described in the review, thus providing greater details about tumor characteristics such as tumor progression, tumor staging, heterogeneity, gene mutations, and clonal evolution, etc. Liquid biopsies from cancer patients have opened up newer avenues in detection and continuous monitoring, treatment based on precision medicine, and screening of markers for therapeutic resistance. Though the technology of liquid biopsies is still evolving, its non-invasive nature promises to open new eras in clinical oncology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current methodologies involved in liquid biopsies and their application in isolating tumor markers for detection, prognosis, and monitoring cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saife N Lone
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Arshi Rizwan
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- Cancer Research Department, Research Branch, Sidra Medicince, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, Omaha, USA
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, Omaha, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Cancer Research Department, Sidra Medicine, PO BOX 26999, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, (IUST), 192122, Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
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24
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Bie F, Tian H, Sun N, Zang R, Zhang M, Song P, Liu L, Peng Y, Bai G, Zhou B, Gao S. Research Progress of Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy Related Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers in NSCLC. Front Oncol 2022; 12:769124. [PMID: 35223466 PMCID: PMC8863729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.769124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an important pair of immune checkpoints (IC), which play an essential role in the immune escaping process of tumors. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy can block the suppression effect of the immune system produced by tumor cells through the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and restore the pernicious effect of the immune system on tumor cells. The specific mechanism of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy is closely related to PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)/AKT (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), NF-kB (nuclear factor-kappa B subunit 1), and other complex signaling pathways. Patients receiving anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy are prone to drug resistance. The mechanisms of drug resistance mainly include weakening recognition of tumor antigens by immune cells, inhibiting activation of immune cells, and promoting the production of suppressive immune cells and molecules. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy plays a vital role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is essential to find better efficacy prediction-related biomarkers and screen patients suitable for immunotherapy. At present, common biomarkers related to predicting immune efficacy mainly include PD-L1 expression level in tumors, tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI)/mismatch repair (MMR), mutations of driver gene, etc. However, the screening efficacy of each indicator is not ideal, and the combined application of multiple indicators is currently used. This article comprehensively reviews anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy-related mechanisms, drug resistance-related mechanisms, and therapeutic efficacy-related predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglong Bie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - He Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruochuan Zang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Moyan Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Peng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Bai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shugeng Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Karami Fath M, Azargoonjahromi A, Jafari N, Mehdi M, Alavi F, Daraei M, Mohammadkhani N, Mueller AL, Brockmueller A, Shakibaei M, Payandeh Z. Exosome application in tumorigenesis: diagnosis and treatment of melanoma. Med Oncol 2022; 39:19. [PMID: 34982284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive of skin cancer derived from genetic mutations in the melanocytes. Current therapeutic approaches include surgical resection, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the efficiency of these strategies may be decreased due to the development of diverse resistance mechanisms. Here, it has been proven that therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can improve the efficiency of melanoma therapies and also, cancer vaccines are another approach for the treatment of melanoma that has already improved clinical outcomes in these patients. The use of antibodies and gene vaccines provides a new perspective in melanoma treatment. Since the tumor microenvironment is another important factor for cancer progression and metastasis, in recent times, a mechanism has been identified to provide an opportunity for melanoma cells to communicate with remote cells. This mechanism is involved by a novel molecular structure, named extracellular vesicles (EVs). Depending on the functional status of origin cells, exosomes contain various cargos and different compositions. In this review, we presented recent progress of exosome applications in the treatment of melanoma. Different aspects of exosome therapy and ongoing efforts in this field will be discussed too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karami Fath
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Jafari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Fatemeh Alavi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Daraei
- Pharmacy School, Ahvaz Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717443, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anna-Lena Mueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumor Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Zahra Payandeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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26
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Bone Metastases: Specific Microenvironment and Current Situation. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:8970173. [PMID: 34877360 PMCID: PMC8645368 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8970173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of bone metastases is a thorny issue. Immunotherapy may be one of the few hopes for patients with unresectable bone metastases. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the most commonly used immunotherapy drugs currently. In this review, the characteristics and interaction of bone metastases and their immune microenvironment were systematically discussed, and the relevant research progress of the immunological mechanism of tumor bone metastasis was reviewed. On this basis, we expounded the clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors for bone metastasis of common tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, melanoma, and breast cancer. Then, the deficiencies and limitations in current researches were summarized. In-depth basic research on bone metastases and optimization of clinical treatment is needed.
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27
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Lobasso S, Tanzarella P, Mannavola F, Tucci M, Silvestris F, Felici C, Ingrosso C, Corcelli A, Lopalco P. A Lipidomic Approach to Identify Potential Biomarkers in Exosomes From Melanoma Cells With Different Metastatic Potential. Front Physiol 2021; 12:748895. [PMID: 34867454 PMCID: PMC8637280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.748895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma, one of the most lethal cutaneous cancers, is characterized by its ability to metastasize to other distant sites, such as the bone. Melanoma cells revealed a variable in vitro propensity to be attracted toward bone fragments, and melanoma-derived exosomes play a role in regulating the osteotropism of these cells. We have here investigated the lipid profiles of melanoma cell lines (LCP and SK-Mel28) characterized by different metastatic propensities to colonize the bone. We have purified exosomes from cell supernatants by ultracentrifugation, and their lipid composition has been compared to identify potential lipid biomarkers for different migration and invasiveness of melanoma cells. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) lipid analysis has been performed on very small amounts of intact parental cells and exosomes by skipping lipid extraction and separation steps. Statistical analysis has been applied to MALDI mass spectra in order to discover significant differences in lipid profiles. Our results clearly show more saturated and shorter fatty acid tails in poorly metastatic (LCP) cells compared with highly metastatic (SK-Mel28) cells, particularly for some species of phosphatidylinositol. Sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidic acid were enriched in exosome membranes compared to parental cells. In addition, we have clearly detected a peculiar phospholipid bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate as a specific lipid marker of exosomes. MALDI-TOF/MS lipid profiles of exosomes derived from the poorly and highly metastatic cells were not significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lobasso
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Tanzarella
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Felici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy.,Centre of Omic Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ingrosso
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Corcelli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lopalco
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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28
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Oliveira FD, Castanho MARB, Neves V. Exosomes and Brain Metastases: A Review on Their Role and Potential Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10899. [PMID: 34639239 PMCID: PMC8509735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM) are a frequent complication in patients with advanced stages of cancer, associated with impairment of the neurological function, quality of life, prognosis, and survival. BM treatment consists of a combination of the available cancer therapies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapies. Even so, cancer patients with BM are still linked to poor prognosis, with overall survival being reported as 12 months or less. Intercellular communication has a pivotal role in the development of metastases, therefore, it has been extensively studied not only to better understand the metastization process, but also to further develop new therapeutic strategies. Exosomes have emerged as key players in intercellular communication being potential therapeutic targets, drug delivery systems (DDS) or biomarkers. In this Review, we focus on the role of these extracellular vesicles (EVs) in BM formation and their promising application in the development of new BM therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (F.D.O.); (M.A.R.B.C.)
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29
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Peng Q, Wang J. Non-coding RNAs in melanoma: Biological functions and potential clinical applications. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 22:219-231. [PMID: 34514101 PMCID: PMC8424110 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is a malignant tumor that originates from melanocytes and has a high mortality rate. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are very important for survival. So far, the exact molecular mechanism leading to the occurrence of melanoma, especially the molecular metastatic mechanism, remains largely unknown. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNA (circRNAs), have been investigated and found to play vital roles in regulating tumor occurrence and development, including melanoma. In this review, we summarize the progress of recent research on the effects of ncRNAs on melanoma and attempt to elucidate the role of ncRNAs as molecular markers or potential targets that will provide promising application perspectives on melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Peng
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi 046000 China
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30
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Kamińska P, Buszka K, Zabel M, Nowicki M, Alix-Panabières C, Budna-Tukan J. Liquid Biopsy in Melanoma: Significance in Diagnostics, Prediction and Treatment Monitoring. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9714. [PMID: 34575876 PMCID: PMC8468624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a common term referring to circulating tumor cells and other biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or extracellular vesicles. Liquid biopsy presents a range of clinical advantages, such as the low invasiveness of the blood sample collection and continuous control of the tumor progression. In addition, this approach enables the mechanisms of drug resistance to be determined in various methods of cancer treatment, including immunotherapy. However, in the case of melanoma, the application of liquid biopsy in patient stratification and therapy needs further investigation. This review attempts to collect all of the relevant and recent information about circulating melanoma cells (CMCs) related to the context of malignant melanoma and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the biology of liquid biopsy analytes, including CMCs, ctDNA, mRNA and exosomes, as well as techniques for their detection and isolation, are also described. The available data support the notion that thoughtful selection of biomarkers and technologies for their detection can contribute to the development of precision medicine by increasing the efficacy of cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kamińska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (K.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Karolina Buszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (K.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland;
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (K.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Centre of Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- CREEC/CANECEV, MIVEGEC (CREES), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Budna-Tukan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (K.B.); (M.N.)
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An HJ, Chon HJ, Kim C. Peripheral Blood-Based Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9414. [PMID: 34502325 PMCID: PMC8430528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is rapidly evolving in clinical practice, it is necessary to identify biomarkers that will allow the selection of cancer patients who will benefit most or least from ICIs and to longitudinally monitor patients' immune responses during treatment. Various peripheral blood-based immune biomarkers are being identified with recent advances in high-throughput multiplexed analytical technologies. The identification of these biomarkers, which can be easily detected in blood samples using non-invasive and repeatable methods, will contribute to overcoming the limitations of previously used tissue-based biomarkers. Here, we discuss the potential of circulating immune cells, soluble immune and inflammatory molecules, circulating tumor cells and DNA, exosomes, and the blood-based tumor mutational burden, as biomarkers for the prediction of immune responses and clinical benefit from ICI treatment in patients with advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jung An
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam 13496, Korea
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Maravelia P, Silva DN, Rovesti G, Chrobok M, Stål P, Lu YC, Pasetto A. Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Opportunities and Challenges for Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4334. [PMID: 34503144 PMCID: PMC8431414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancer types worldwide. HCC is often diagnosed at a late stage when the therapeutic options are very limited. However, even at the earlier stages, the best treatment is liver transplantation, surgical resection or ablation. Surgical resection and ablation may carry a high risk of tumor recurrence. The recent introduction of immunotherapies resulted in clinical responses for a subgroup of patients, but there were still no effective predictive markers for response to immunotherapy or for recurrence after surgical therapy. The identification of biomarkers that could correlate and predict response or recurrence would require close monitoring of the patients throughout and after the completion of treatment. However, this would not be performed efficiently by repeated and invasive tissue biopsies. A better approach would be to use liquid biopsies including circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating RNA (e.g., microRNAs), circulating tumor cells (CTC) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) (e.g., exosomes) for disease monitoring in a non-invasive manner. In this review, we discuss the currently available technology that can enable the use of liquid biopsy as a diagnostic and prognostic tool. Moreover, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of the clinical application of liquid biopsy for immunotherapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Maravelia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.N.S.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Daniela Nascimento Silva
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.N.S.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Giulia Rovesti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.N.S.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Michael Chrobok
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.N.S.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Per Stål
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine/Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Upper GI Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Yong-Chen Lu
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Anna Pasetto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; (D.N.S.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
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Madonna G, Masucci GV, Capone M, Mallardo D, Grimaldi AM, Simeone E, Vanella V, Festino L, Palla M, Scarpato L, Tuffanelli M, D’angelo G, Villabona L, Krakowski I, Eriksson H, Simao F, Lewensohn R, Ascierto PA. Clinical Categorization Algorithm (CLICAL) and Machine Learning Approach (SRF-CLICAL) to Predict Clinical Benefit to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Melanoma Patients: Real-World Evidence from the Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Napoli, Italy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4164. [PMID: 34439318 PMCID: PMC8391717 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The real-life application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may yield different outcomes compared to the benefit presented in clinical trials. For this reason, there is a need to define the group of patients that may benefit from treatment. We retrospectively investigated 578 metastatic melanoma patients treated with ICIs at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione "G. Pascale" of Napoli, Italy (INT-NA). To compare patients' clinical variables (i.e., age, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), eosinophil, BRAF status, previous treatment) and their predictive and prognostic power in a comprehensive, non-hierarchical manner, a clinical categorization algorithm (CLICAL) was defined and validated by the application of a machine learning algorithm-survival random forest (SRF-CLICAL). The comprehensive analysis of the clinical parameters by log risk-based algorithms resulted in predictive signatures that could identify groups of patients with great benefit or not, regardless of the ICI received. From a real-life retrospective analysis of metastatic melanoma patients, we generated and validated an algorithm based on machine learning that could assist with the clinical decision of whether or not to apply ICI therapy by defining five signatures of predictability with 95% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Madonna
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Giuseppe V. Masucci
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.V.M.); (L.V.); (H.E.); (R.L.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Mariaelena Capone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Domenico Mallardo
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Antonio Maria Grimaldi
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Ester Simeone
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Vito Vanella
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Lucia Festino
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Marco Palla
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Luigi Scarpato
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Marilena Tuffanelli
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Grazia D’angelo
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
| | - Lisa Villabona
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.V.M.); (L.V.); (H.E.); (R.L.)
| | - Isabelle Krakowski
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Theme Inflammation, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Eriksson
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.V.M.); (L.V.); (H.E.); (R.L.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Felipe Simao
- Genevia Technologies OY, 33100 Tampere, Finland;
| | - Rolf Lewensohn
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; (G.V.M.); (L.V.); (H.E.); (R.L.)
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 64 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Development Therapeutics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (G.M.); (M.C.); (D.M.); (A.M.G.); (E.S.); (V.V.); (L.F.); (M.P.); (L.S.); (M.T.); (G.D.)
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Tang XY, Shi AP, Xiong YL, Zheng KF, Liu YJ, Shi XG, Jiang T, Zhao JB. Clinical Research on the Mechanisms Underlying Immune Checkpoints and Tumor Metastasis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:693321. [PMID: 34367975 PMCID: PMC8339928 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.693321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study highlights aspects of the latest clinical research conducted on the relationship between immune checkpoints and tumor metastasis. The overview of each immune checkpoint is divided into the following three sections: 1) structure and expression; 2) immune mechanism related to tumor metastasis; and 3) clinical research related to tumor metastasis. This review expands on the immunological mechanisms of 17 immune checkpoints, including TIM-3, CD47, and OX-40L, that mediate tumor metastasis; evidence shows that most of these immune checkpoints are expressed on the surface of T cells, which mainly exert immunomodulatory effects. Additionally, we have summarized the roles of these immune checkpoints in the diagnosis and treatment of metastatic tumors, as these checkpoints are considered common predictors of metastasis in various cancers such as prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and melanoma. Moreover, certain immune checkpoints can be used in synergy with PD-1 and CTLA-4, along with the implementation of combination therapies such as LIGHT-VTR and anti-PD-1 antibodies. Presently, most monoclonal antibodies generated against immune checkpoints are under investigation as part of ongoing preclinical or clinical trials conducted to evaluate their efficacy and safety to establish a better combination treatment strategy; however, no significant progress has been made regarding monoclonal antibody targeting of CD28, VISTA, or VTCN1. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors in early stage tumors to prevent tumor metastasis warrants further evidence; the immune-related adverse events should be considered before combination therapy. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms of immune checkpoint and the clinical progress on their use in metastatic tumors reported over the last 5 years, which may provide insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies that will assist with the utilization of various immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yang Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - An-Ping Shi
- Department of Radiology & Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Lu Xiong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai-Fu Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Jian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xian-Gui Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jin-Bo Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Chen L, Huang S, Huang J, Chen Q, Zhuang Q. Role and Mechanism of Exosome-Derived Long Noncoding RNA HOTAIR in Lung Cancer. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17217-17227. [PMID: 34278108 PMCID: PMC8280638 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Exosomes can mediate intracellular communication in cancer by transferring active molecules. However, the role and mechanism of HOTAIR in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still unclear. This study mainly explores the role and mechanism of exosome-derived HOTAIR in NSCLC. METHODS after the material characterization of the CD63 immune lipid magnetic bead (CD63-IMB), the exosomes in serum of NSCLC patients were captured through CD63-IMB for the corresponding biological characterization. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression level of HOTAIR in tumor tissues, serum, and serum exosome from NSCLC patients. Subsequently, exosome secreted by NCI-H1975 cells with highly expressed HOTAIR was selected to treat low-expression A549 cells and HOTAIR knockdown on NCI-H1975 cells. In this way, action mechanisms of HOTAIR can be investigated by means of qRT-PCR, colony formation assays, and flow cytometry. RESULTS exosomes can be isolated by CD63-IMB, and taken up by cells effectively; the qRT-PCR results demonstrate that HOTAIR expressions are significantly upregulated in tumor tissues, serums, and exosomes isolated from serums of NSCLC patients. Clinicopathological correlation analysis shows that the upregulation of HOTAIR is closely associated with lymphatic metastasis and tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging (P < 0.05). HOTAIR expressions show a significant increase in A549 cells treated with exosomes derived from NCI-H1975 cells, signifying that both proliferation and migration of A549 cells are promoted, and HOTAIR depletion could inhibit the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS HOTAIR is highly expressed in tumor tissues, serums, and serum exosomes of NSCLC patients and its expression has a significant correlation with lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging. Moreover, the exosome may promote NSCLC proliferation and migration through HOTAIR transportation. Therefore, exosome-derived HOTAIR is expected to be a new molecular marker for NSCLC diagnosis, and exosomal transmission of HOTAIR may provide a new approach to NSCLC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen City, Fujian Province 361001, China
| | - Shenhui Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen City, Fujian Province 361001, China
| | - Jincheng Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen City, Fujian Province 361001, China
| | - Qiujuan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen City, Fujian Province 361001, China
| | - Qihong Zhuang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical
Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen City, Fujian Province 361001, China
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Activated T cell-derived exosomal PD-1 attenuates PD-L1-induced immune dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4992-5001. [PMID: 34172932 PMCID: PMC8342306 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is widely expressed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). As a dominant inhibitory immune checkpoint (ICP) receptor, cell surface PD-1 is well-known to transduce negative signaling of effector T cell activity during cell–cell contact. However, despite its well-documented inhibitory effects, higher PD-1 expression in TILs is significantly associated with longer survival in TNBC patients. This phenomenon raises an interesting question whether PD-1 harbors positive activity to enhance anti-tumor immunity. Here, we show that PD-1 is secreted in an exosomal form by activated T cells and can remotely interact with either cell surface or exosomal programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), induce PD-L1 internalization via clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and thereby prevent subsequent cellular PD-L1: PD-1 interaction, restoring tumor surveillance through attenuating PD-L1-induced suppression of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results, through revealing an anti-PD-L1 function of exosomal PD-1, provide a positive role to enhance cytotoxic T cell activity and a potential therapeutic strategy of modifying the exosome surface with membrane-bound inhibitory ICP receptors to attenuate the suppressive tumor immune microenvironment.
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Circulating extracellular vesicles are effective biomarkers for predicting response to cancer therapy. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103365. [PMID: 33971402 PMCID: PMC8121992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases, as many patients show limited therapeutic response to treatment. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive method that has the advantage of providing real-time disease information with the least damage to cancer patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the parental cells and protected by lipid bilayer membrane structure represent an emerging liquid biopsy modality. Apart from promoting cell growth, proliferation, and migration, EVs and their cargos (mainly miRNAs and proteins) are also biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, their alterations pre- and post-therapy can guide therapeutic strategy determinations for better-stratified therapy. In this review, we summarize the potential clinical significance of EVs and their cargos in therapeutic response monitoring and prediction in several cancers (mainly lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, lymphoma, glioblastoma, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma) and discuss the questions that require future investigation.
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Garutti M, Bonin S, Buriolla S, Bertoli E, Pizzichetta MA, Zalaudek I, Puglisi F. Find the Flame: Predictive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081819. [PMID: 33920288 PMCID: PMC8070445 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape of melanoma. In particular, checkpoint inhibition has shown to increase long-term outcome, and, in some cases, it can be virtually curative. However, the absence of clinically validated predictive biomarkers is one of the major causes of unpredictable efficacy of immunotherapy. Indeed, the availability of predictive biomarkers could allow a better stratification of patients, suggesting which type of drugs should be used in a certain clinical context and guiding clinicians in escalating or de-escalating therapy. However, the difficulty in obtaining clinically useful predictive biomarkers reflects the deep complexity of tumor biology. Biomarkers can be classified as tumor-intrinsic biomarkers, microenvironment biomarkers, and systemic biomarkers. Herein we review the available literature to classify and describe predictive biomarkers for checkpoint inhibition in melanoma with the aim of helping clinicians in the decision-making process. We also performed a meta-analysis on the predictive value of PDL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Garutti
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Serena Bonin
- DSM—Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Silvia Buriolla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Friuli Centrale, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Bertoli
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Maria Antonietta Pizzichetta
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Iris Zalaudek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.B.); (M.A.P.); (F.P.)
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
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40
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Circulating Melanoma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Impact on Melanoma Diagnosis, Progression Monitoring, and Treatment Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13120475. [PMID: 33353043 PMCID: PMC7766072 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, one of the most aggressive human malignancies, is responsible for 80% of skin cancer deaths. Whilst early detection of disease progression or metastasis can improve patient survival, this remains a challenge due to the lack of reliable biomarkers. Importantly, these clinical challenges are not unique to humans, as melanoma affects many other species, including companion animals, such as the dog and horse. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny nanoparticles involved in cell-to-cell communication. Several protein and genomic EV markers have been described in the literature, as well as a wide variety of methods for isolating EVs from body fluids. As such, they may be valuable biomarkers in cancer and may address some clinical challenges in the management melanoma. This review aimed to explore the translational applications of EVs as biomarkers in melanoma, as well as their role in the clinical setting in humans and animals. A summary of melanoma-specific protein and genomic EV markers is presented, followed by a discussion of the role EVs in monitoring disease progression and treatment response. Finally, herein, we reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of methods utilised to isolate EVs from bodily fluids in melanoma patients (human and animals) and describe some of the challenges that will need to be addressed before EVs can be introduced in the clinical setting.
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Liang B, Hu X, Ding Y, Liu M. Tumor-derived exosomes in the PD-1/PD-L1 axis: Significant regulators as well as promising clinical targets. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4138-4151. [PMID: 33275291 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a negative coreceptor mainly expressed on the surface of activated T cells. The binding of PD-1 to its ligand PD-L1 significantly induces non-reactivity of T cells to maintain the balance of autoimmunity and immune tolerance. It is reported that tumor cells highly express PD-L1 to restrict cellular immune response, which is one of the most important mechanisms for tumor to mediate immune escape. Cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1/PD-L1 has achieved remarkable success so far. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are lipid bilayer vesicles released by tumor cells in an endosome-dependent manner, mediating communication between tumor cells and adjacent cells in the tumor microenvironment. Through signals transmitted by TEXs, tumor can alter the biological characteristics of these cells to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that TEXs not only carry tumor-derived PD-L1, but are also closely related to PD-1/PD-L1 expression on target cells. The primary focus of this review will be on how TEXs regulate the PD-1/PD-L1 axis to promote tumor progression, and the promising clinical applications targeting TEXs and exosomal PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhui Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghe Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mujun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Passarelli A, Galdo G, Aieta M, Fabrizio T, Villonio A, Conca R. A Vismodegib Experience in Elderly Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma: Case Reports and Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228596. [PMID: 33202689 PMCID: PMC7696523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of human tumor, and its incidence rate is increasing worldwide. Up until a few years ago, therapeutic options have been limited for patients with advanced BCC (including metastatic and locally-advanced BCC). Over the last few years, promising systemic therapies have been investigated for the treatment of advanced BCC. In particular, the Hedgehog signaling inhibition has shown remarkable results for this population. Hedgehog inhibitors, represented by vismodegib and sonidegib, have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of both locally advanced and metastatic BCC, with, generally, a good safety profile. Notwithstanding the late onset of BCC in the global population, associated with life expectancy increase, only a few clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy and safety profile of Hedgehog inhibitors in this complex and neglected population. Herein, we review the major mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of BCC focusing on the Hedgehog signaling pathway and its therapeutic role in the elderly population. Finally, we report two case reports of BCC elderly patients in order to demonstrate both efficacy and safety of the Hedgehog inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Passarelli
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-097-272-6111; Fax: +39-097-272-3509
| | - Giovanna Galdo
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Oncologic Dermatology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Michele Aieta
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
| | - Tommaso Fabrizio
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Antonio Villonio
- Radiology Department, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), IRCCS-CROB, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Conca
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Unit of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy; (M.A.); (R.C.)
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43
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Keup C, Kimmig R, Kasimir-Bauer S. Liquid Biopsies to Evaluate Immunogenicity of Gynecological/Breast Tumors: On the Way to Blood-Based Biomarkers for Immunotherapies. Breast Care (Basel) 2020; 15:470-480. [PMID: 33223990 PMCID: PMC7650128 DOI: 10.1159/000510509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the assumption of breast cancer (BC) as a cold, non-immunogenic tumor, immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy is favorable for a subgroup of patients. Immunohistochemical assessment of the programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the only approved companion diagnostic for anti-PD-L1 therapy in metastatic triple-negative BC; however, challenges regarding the standardization of PD-L1 scoring in tumor tissue still remain. Consequently, to select patients most likely to respond to ICI, blood-based biomarkers are urgently needed. SUMMARY AND KEY MESSAGES Liquid biopsy, comprising circulating immune cells, circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles, as well as their surface proteins, is of high potential, and these analytes were already shown to be molecular correlates or regulators of the evasion from antitumoral immune reaction. Liquid biopsy, also enabling the evaluation of tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability, and the T-cell receptor repertoire, allows serial sampling for monitoring purposes and reflects intra-tumoral heterogeneity which qualifies as marker for immunogenicity. Only a very few studies have already elucidated the potential of these analytes as biomarkers under ICI therapy. Nonetheless, the topic is of growing interest and has high relevance for the future. However, for clinical implementation, these multifarious analytes first need to pass robust standardization and validation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Internò V, Tucci M, Pezzicoli G, Silvestris F, Porta C, Mannavola F. Liquid Biopsy as a Tool Exploring in Real-Time Both Genomic Perturbation and Resistance to EGFR Antagonists in Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581130. [PMID: 33102237 PMCID: PMC7546030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has improved since the introduction of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors as cetuximab and panitumumab. However, only patients with peculiar genomic profiles benefit from these targeting therapies. In fact, the molecular integrity of RAS genes is a predominant factor conditioning both primary and acquired resistance in non-responders although additional molecular derangements induced by selective anti-EGFR pressure may concur to the failure of those disease treatment, liquid biopsy (LB) appears as a surrogate of tissue biopsy, provides the genomic information to reveal tumor resistance to anti-EGFR agents, the detection of minimal residual disease before adjuvant therapies, and the discovery of tumor molecular status suitable for rechallenging treatments with EGFR antagonists. LB investigates circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA), and tumor-derived exosomes. In mCRC, ctDNA analysis has been demonstrated as a useful method in the mutational tracking of defined genes as well as on tumor burden and detection of molecular alterations driving the resistance to anti-EGFR targeting treatments. However, despite their efficiency in molecular diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of mCRC, the affordability of these procedures is prevalently restricted to research centers, and the lack of consensus validation prevents their translation to clinical practice. Here, we revisit the major mechanisms responsible for resistance to EGFR blockade and review the different methods of LB potentially useful for treatment options in mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Internò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori Bari "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Pezzicoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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45
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Pezzicoli G, Tucci M, Lovero D, Silvestris F, Porta C, Mannavola F. Large Extracellular Vesicles-A New Frontier of Liquid Biopsy in Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186543. [PMID: 32906787 PMCID: PMC7555129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are emerging as pivotal elements in cancer. Many studies have focused on the role of Small- (S)-EVs but in recent years Large-(L)-EVs have progressively gained increasing interest due to their peculiar content and functions. Tumor-derived L-EVs carry a lot of oncogenic proteins, nucleic acids and lipids to recipient cells and are involved in the reshaping of the tumor microenvironment as well as in the metabolic rewiring and the promotion of the pro-metastatic attitude of cancer cells. Several techniques have been developed for the isolation of L-EVs and commercial kits are also available for efficient and easy recovery of these vesicles. Also, the improvement in DNA sequencing and “omics sciences” profoundly changed the way to analyze and explore the molecular content of L-EVs, thus providing novel and potentially useful cancer biomarkers. Herein, we review the most recent findings concerning the role of L-EVs in cancer and discuss their possible use in oncology as “liquid biopsy” tools as compared to the other classes of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Pezzicoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (M.T.); (D.L.); (F.S.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Cives M, Mannavola F, Lospalluti L, Sergi MC, Cazzato G, Filoni E, Cavallo F, Giudice G, Stucci LS, Porta C, Tucci M. Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: Biological and Clinical Features. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5394. [PMID: 32751327 PMCID: PMC7432795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) include basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). These neoplasms are highly diverse in their clinical presentation, as well as in their biological evolution. While the deregulation of the Hedgehog pathway is commonly observed in BCC, SCC and MCC are characterized by a strikingly elevated mutational and neoantigen burden. As result of our improved understanding of the biology of non-melanoma skin cancers, innovative treatment options including inhibitors of the Hedgehog pathway and immunotherapeutic agents have been recently investigated against these malignancies, leading to their approval by regulatory authorities. Herein, we review the most relevant biological and clinical features of NMSC, focusing on innovative treatment approaches.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Merkel Cell/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/surgery
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cives
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Mannavola
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Lucia Lospalluti
- Section of Dermatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Chiara Sergi
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Pathology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Filoni
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Giudice
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Luigia Stefania Stucci
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Camillo Porta
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Marco Tucci
- Section of Medical Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy; (M.C.); (F.M.); (M.C.S.); (E.F.); (F.C.); (L.S.S.); (C.P.)
- National Cancer Center, Tumori Institute Giovanni Paolo II, 70121 Bari, Italy
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Knox MC, Ni J, Bece A, Bucci J, Chin Y, Graham PH, Li Y. A Clinician's Guide to Cancer-Derived Exosomes: Immune Interactions and Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1612. [PMID: 32793238 PMCID: PMC7387430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of the role of immunity in the regulation of cancer growth continues to rapidly increase. This is fuelled by the impressive results yielded in recent years by immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block regulatory pathways to increase immune-mediated cancer destruction. Exosomes are cell-secreted membranous nanoscale vesicles that play important roles in regulating physiological and pathophysiological processes. Cancer-derived exosomes (CDEXs) and their biologically-active cargos have been proven to have varied effects in malignant progression, including the promotion of angiogenesis, metastasis, and favorable microenvironment modification. More recently, there is an increasing appreciation of their role in immune evasion. In addition to CDEXs, there are immune-derived exosomes that facilitate communication between immune cells in the non-malignant setting. Investigation of cancer-mediated mechanisms behind interruption or modification of these normal exosomal pathways may provide further understanding of how malignant immune evasion is accomplished. Accumulating evidence indicates that immune-active CDEXs also have the potential to impact clinical oncological management. Whilst immune checkpoint inhibitors have well-established pharmacologically-targeted pathways involving the immune system, other widely used treatments such as radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapies do not. Thus, investigating exosomes in immunotherapy is important for the development of next-generation combination therapies. In this article, we review the ways in which CDEXs impact individual immune cell types and how this contributes to the development of immune evasion. We discuss the relevance of lymphocytes and myeloid-lineage cells in the control of malignancy. In addition, we highlight the ways that CDEXs and their immune effects can impact current cancer therapies and the resulting clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Knox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrej Bece
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Bucci
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yaw Chin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter H Graham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, Australia.,St George and Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
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48
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DLC-1 down-regulation via exosomal miR-106b-3p exchange promotes CRC metastasis by the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:955-959. [PMID: 32313957 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (Exo) have emerged as potent amplifiers of pro-tumorigenic signals to distant cells. The knowledge of their role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is continuously up-growing, although their contribution to metastasis remains largely unclear. Liu et al. (Clinical Science (2020) 134, https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20191087) in their work have described a novel mechanism by which CRC-derived Exo promote metastasis through the down-regulation of the deleted in liver cancer-1 (DLC-1), a gene involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) event in cancer cells. The Authors also demonstrated an increase in serum exosomal miR-106b-3p in patients with metastatic CRC, suggesting its potential implication as a prognostic biomarker. These findings may be of great effort in clarifying the underlying mechanisms of CRC metastasis and provide new targets for future researches.
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49
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Pretti MAM, Bernardes SS, da Cruz JGV, Boroni M, Possik PA. Extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk between melanoma and the immune system: Impact on tumor progression and therapy response. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1101-1115. [PMID: 32450618 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0320-644r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a very lethal tumor type that easily spreads and colonizes regional and distant tissues. Crucial phenotypic changes that favor melanoma metastasis are interposed by the tumor microenvironment (TME), representing a complex network in which malignant cells communicate not only with each other but also with stromal and immune cells. This cell-cell communication can be mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are lipid bilayer-delimited particles capable of carrying a wide variety of bioactive compounds. Both melanoma-derived or TME-derived EVs deliver important pro- and antitumor signals implicated in various stages of tumor progression, such as proliferation, metastasis, and treatment response. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in EV-mediated crosstalk between melanoma and immune cells and other important cells of the TME, and address different aspects of this bidirectional interaction as well as how this may hinder or trigger the development and progression of melanoma. We also discuss the potential of using EVs as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antônio Marques Pretti
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sara Santos Bernardes
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Tissue Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Gonçalves Vieira da Cruz
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Boroni
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Possik
- Program of Immunology and Tumor Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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50
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LoRusso PM, Schalper K, Sosman J. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: Emerging biomarkers in metastatic melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:390-402. [PMID: 31705737 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapy directed against oncogenic BRAF mutations and immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed melanoma therapy over the past decade and prominently improved patient outcomes. However, not all patients will respond to targeted therapy or immunotherapy and many relapse after initially responding to treatment. This unmet need presents two major challenges. First, can we elucidate novel oncogenic drivers to provide new therapeutic targets? Second, can we identify patients who are most likely to respond to current therapeutic strategies in order to both more accurately select populations and avoid undue drug exposure in patients unlikely to respond? In an effort to evaluate the current state of the field with respect to these questions, we provide an overview of some common oncogenic mutations in patients with metastatic melanoma and ongoing efforts to therapeutically target these populations, as well as a discussion of biomarkers for response to immune checkpoint inhibitors-including tumor programmed death ligand 1 expression and the future use of neoantigens as a means of truly personalized therapy. This information is becoming important in treatment decision making and provides the framework for a treatment algorithm based on the current landscape in metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt Schalper
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Sosman
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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