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de Kermenguy F, Benzazon N, Maury P, Vauclin R, M'hamdi M, Cifliku V, Limkin E, Diallo I, Morel D, Milewski C, Clémenson C, Mondini M, Deutsch E, Robert C. LymphoDose: a lymphocyte dose estimation framework-application to brain radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:105009. [PMID: 38593817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3c8d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Severe radiation-induced lymphopenia occurs in 40% of patients treated for primary brain tumors and is an independent risk factor of poor survival outcomes. We developed anin-silicoframework that estimates the radiation doses received by lymphocytes during volumetric modulated arc therapy brain irradiation.Approach. We implemented a simulation consisting of two interconnected compartmental models describing the slow recirculation of lymphocytes between lymphoid organs (M1) and the bloodstream (M2). We used dosimetry data from 33 patients treated with chemo-radiation for glioblastoma to compare three cases of the model, corresponding to different physical and biological scenarios: (H1) lymphocytes circulation only in the bloodstream i.e. circulation inM2only; (H2) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs i.e. circulation inM1andM2interconnected; (H3) lymphocytes recirculation between lymphoid organs and deep-learning computed out-of-field (OOF) dose to head and neck (H&N) lymphoid structures. A sensitivity analysis of the model's parameters was also performed.Main results. For H1, H2 and H3 cases respectively, the irradiated fraction of lymphocytes was 99.8 ± 0.7%, 40.4 ± 10.2% et 97.6 ± 2.5%, and the average dose to irradiated pool was 309.9 ± 74.7 mGy, 52.6 ± 21.1 mGy and 265.6 ± 48.5 mGy. The recirculation process considered in the H2 case implied that irradiated lymphocytes were irradiated in the field only 1.58 ± 0.91 times on average after treatment. The OOF irradiation of H&N lymphoid structures considered in H3 was an important contribution to lymphocytes dose. In all cases, the estimated doses are low compared with lymphocytes radiosensitivity, and other mechanisms could explain high prevalence of RIL in patients with brain tumors.Significance. Our framework is the first to take into account OOF doses and recirculation in lymphocyte dose assessment during brain irradiation. Our results demonstrate the need to clarify the indirect effects of irradiation on lymphopenia, in order to potentiate the combination of radio-immunotherapy or the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- François de Kermenguy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathan Benzazon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Pauline Maury
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Meissane M'hamdi
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Vjona Cifliku
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Elaine Limkin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Ibrahima Diallo
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Daphné Morel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Candice Milewski
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Céline Clémenson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Michele Mondini
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Eric Deutsch
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
| | - Charlotte Robert
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Inserm U1030, Radiothérapie Moléculaire et Innovation Thérapeutique, F-94800, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département de radiothérapie, F-94800, Villejuif, France
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Low JT, Brown MC, Reitman ZJ, Bernstock JD, Markert JM, Friedman GK, Waitkus MS, Bowie ML, Ashley DM. Understanding and therapeutically exploiting cGAS/STING signaling in glioblastoma. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e163452. [PMID: 38226619 PMCID: PMC10786687 DOI: 10.1172/jci163452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery that cGAS/STING recognizes endogenous DNA released from dying cancer cells and induces type I interferon and antitumor T cell responses, efforts to understand and therapeutically target the STING pathway in cancer have ensued. Relative to other cancer types, the glioma immune microenvironment harbors few infiltrating T cells, but abundant tumor-associated myeloid cells, possibly explaining disappointing responses to immune checkpoint blockade therapies in cohorts of patients with glioblastoma. Notably, unlike most extracranial tumors, STING expression is absent in the malignant compartment of gliomas, likely due to methylation of the STING promoter. Nonetheless, several preclinical studies suggest that inducing cGAS/STING signaling in the glioma immune microenvironment could be therapeutically beneficial, and cGAS/STING signaling has been shown to mediate inflammatory and antitumor effects of other modalities either in use or being developed for glioblastoma therapy, including radiation, tumor-treating fields, and oncolytic virotherapy. In this Review, we discuss cGAS/STING signaling in gliomas, its implications for glioma immunobiology, compartment-specific roles for STING signaling in influencing immune surveillance, and efforts to target STING signaling - either directly or indirectly - for antiglioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary J. Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Athale J, Broderick K, Wu X, Grossman S. Evidence for Persistent Radiation-Related Injury to the Immune System in Patients With Local Breast Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:1192-1196. [PMID: 36528228 PMCID: PMC10084788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janhavi Athale
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona.
| | | | - Xiaojun Wu
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stuart Grossman
- Brain Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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Pham TN, Coupey J, Candeias SM, Ivanova V, Valable S, Thariat J. Beyond lymphopenia, unraveling radiation-induced leucocyte subpopulation kinetics and mechanisms through modeling approaches. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:50. [PMID: 36814272 PMCID: PMC9945629 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucocyte subpopulations in both lymphoid and myeloid lineages have a significant impact on antitumor immune response. While radiation-induced lymphopenia is being studied extensively, radiation effects on lymphoid and myeloid subtypes have been relatively less addressed. Interactions between leucocyte subpopulations, their specific radiation sensitivity and the specific kinetics of each subpopulation can be modeled based on both experimental data and knowledge of physiological leucocyte depletion, production, proliferation, maturation and homeostasis. Modeling approaches of the leucocyte kinetics that may be used to unravel mechanisms underlying radiation induced-leucopenia and prediction of changes in cell counts and compositions after irradiation are presented in this review. The approaches described open up new possibilities for determining the influence of irradiation parameters both on a single-time point of acute effects and the subsequent recovery of leukocyte subpopulations. Utilization of these approaches to model kinetic data in post-radiotherapy states may be a useful tool for further development of new treatment strategies or for the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Nguyen Pham
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France ,grid.460771.30000 0004 1785 9671Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | - Julie Coupey
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Serge M. Candeias
- grid.457348.90000 0004 0630 1517Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM-UMR5249, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Viktoriia Ivanova
- grid.412043.00000 0001 2186 4076Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Samuel Valable
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CNRS, ISTCT, GIP CYCERON, 14000, Caen, France.
| | - Juliette Thariat
- Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire UMR6534 IN2P3/ENSICAEN, Normandie Université, Caen, France. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, Normandy, France.
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Bertho A, Iturri L, Brisebard E, Juchaux M, Gilbert C, Ortiz R, Sebrie C, Jourdain L, Lamirault C, Ramasamy G, Pouzoulet F, Prezado Y. Evaluation of the Role of the Immune System Response After Minibeam Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:426-439. [PMID: 35985455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Minibeam radiation therapy (MBRT) is an innovative technique that uses a spatial dose modulation. The dose distribution consists of high doses (peaks) in the path of the minibeam and low doses (valleys). The underlying biological mechanism associated with MBRT efficacy remains currently unclear and thus we investigated the potential role of the immune system after treatment with MBRT. METHODS AND MATERIALS Rats bearing an orthotopic glioblastoma cell line were treated with 1 fraction of high dose conventional radiation therapy (30 Gy) or 1 fraction of the same mean dose in MBRT. Both immunocompetent (F344) and immunodeficient (Nude) rats were analyzed in survival studies. Systemic and intratumoral immune cell population changes were studied with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC) 2 and 7 days after the irradiation. RESULTS The absence of response of Nude rats after MBRT suggested that T cells were key in the mode of action of MBRT. An inflammatory phenotype was observed in the blood 1 week after irradiation compared with conventional irradiation. Tumor immune cell analysis by flow cytometry showed a substantial infiltration of lymphocytes, specifically of CD8 T cells and B cells in both conventional and MBRT-treated animals. IHC revealed that MBRT induced a faster recruitment of CD8 and CD4 T cells. Animals that were cured by radiation therapy did not suffer tumor growth after reimplantation of tumoral cells, proving the long-term immunity response generated after a high dose of radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that MBRT can elicit a robust antitumor immune response in glioblastoma while avoiding the high toxicity of a high dose of conventional radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaig Bertho
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
| | - Lorea Iturri
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Marjorie Juchaux
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Cristèle Gilbert
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ramon Ortiz
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Sebrie
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BIOMAPS Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Laurene Jourdain
- Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BIOMAPS Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Charlotte Lamirault
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, CurieCoreTech-Experimental Radiotherapy (RadeXp), Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Ramasamy
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, CurieCoreTech-Experimental Radiotherapy (RadeXp), Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Pouzoulet
- Département de Recherche Translationnelle, CurieCoreTech-Experimental Radiotherapy (RadeXp), Institut Curie, PSL University, Paris, France; Inserm U1288, Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie, Institut Curie, PSL University, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Yolanda Prezado
- CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Institut Curie, Université PSL, Orsay, France; CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation Radiobiologie et Cancer, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Campian JL, Ghosh S, Kapoor V, Yan R, Thotala S, Jash A, Hu T, Mahadevan A, Rifai K, Page L, Lee BH, Ferrando-Martinez S, Wolfarth AA, Yang SH, Hallahan D, Chheda MG, Thotala D. Long-acting recombinant human interleukin-7, NT-I7, increases cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and enhances survival in mouse glioma models. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:1229-1239. [PMID: 35031547 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) are treated with radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). These treatments may cause prolonged systemic lymphopenia, which itself is associated with poor outcomes. NT-I7 is a long-acting IL-7 that expands CD4 and CD8 T cell numbers in humans and mice. We tested whether NT-I7 prevents systemic lymphopenia and improves survival in mouse models of GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN C57BL/6 mice bearing intracranial tumors (GL261 or CT2A) were treated with RT (1.8 Gy/day x 5 days), TMZ (33 mg/kg/day x 5 days), and/or NT-I7 (10 mg/kg on the final day of RT). We followed the mice for survival while serially analyzing levels of circulating T lymphocytes. We assessed regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment, cervical lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the bone marrow. RESULTS GBM tumor-bearing mice treated with RT+NT-I7 increased T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen, enhanced IFNγ production, and decreased Treg cells in the tumor which was associated with a significant increase in survival. NT-I7 also enhanced central memory and effector memory CD8 T cells in lymphoid organs and tumor. Depleting CD8 T cells abrogated the effects of NT-I7. Furthermore, NT-I7 treatment decreased progenitor cells in the bone marrow. CONCLUSION In orthotopic glioma-bearing mice, NT-I7 mitigates radiation-related lymphopenia, increases cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes systemically and in the tumor, and improves survival. A phase I/II trial to evaluate NT-I7 in patients with high-grade gliomas is ongoing (NCT03687957).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhajit Ghosh
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Ran Yan
- Washington University in St. Louis
| | | | | | - Tong Hu
- Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Kasem Rifai
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Logan Page
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | - Byung Ha Lee
- Translational Research Division, NeoImmuneTech, Inc
| | | | | | | | - Dennis Hallahan
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
| | | | - Dinesh Thotala
- Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine
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Huang Q, Wang D, Yao G, Wang H. Impact of General Factors on Glioma Immunotherapy. J Clin Neurol 2022; 18:3-13. [PMID: 35021271 PMCID: PMC8762502 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma remains the most common malignant tumor in the brain and is also the most difficult to treat. Immunotherapy achieving long-lasting tumor remission in multiple cancer types has received considerable attention due to its potential to improve the treatment outcomes of patients with glioma. However, clinical trials have not yet demonstrated major improvements in prognoses, which might be attributable to the extrinsic components and intrinsic mechanisms involved in the tumor microenvironment and immune system. It is particularly noteworthy that there is emerging evidence that current routine treatment modalities and the physical and psychological characteristics of patients have different impacts on the efficacy of glioma immunotherapy. This article addresses how these factors interact with the host immune system and tumor microenvironment, and highlights their potential roles in glioma immunotherapy, with the ultimate goal of developing better immunotherapy-based personalized medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojie Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Effect of Interleukin-7 on Radiation-Induced Lymphopenia and Its Antitumor Effects in a Mouse Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 109:1559-1569. [PMID: 33321193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local ionizing radiation (IR) can lead to systemic lymphocyte depletion, which is associated with poor survival outcomes in patients with cancer. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) plays an important role in lymphocyte homeostasis; however, its role in alleviating radiation-induced lymphopenia remains unclear. Hence, we established a radiation-induced lymphopenia animal model and evaluated the effect of exogenous IL-7 administration. METHODS C3H/HeN mice underwent x-ray irradiation of 30 Gy in 10 fractions at the right hind limbs. Next, 10 mg/kg of IL-7 was injected subcutaneously, and the lymphocyte count in blood was measured. Murine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCa-1) cells were inoculated subcutaneously into the right thighs of tumor model mice, which underwent the same treatment. RESULTS In the naïve mouse model, the decreased CD45+ cell count after irradiation gradually recovered to the initial level over 3 weeks in the IR group, whereas it markedly increased to 373% of the initial level in 1 week in the IR+IL-7 group. Similar trends were observed for the CD3+, CD8+, CD4+, regulatory T cells, and CD19+ B cell counts. Similar findings were observed in the tumor mouse model. CD8+ and CD4+ T cell infiltration in tumor specimens was higher in the IL-7 and IR+IL-7 groups than in the nontreated and IR groups. Tumor growth was significantly more suppressed in the IR+IL-7 group than in the IR group. The median survival time was significantly longer in the IR+IL-7 group (not reached) than in the IR (56 days; P = .0382), IL-7 (36 days; P = .0004), or nontreated groups (36 days; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Administration of exogenous IL-7 after IR not only restored lymphocyte counts but also enhanced the antitumor effect. Exogenous IL-7 can be beneficial in overcoming radiation-induced lymphopenia and in enhancing the treatment outcome in combination with radiation therapy, which needs validation through future clinical studies.
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Veccia A, Kinspergher S, Dipasquale M, Caffo O. Management of brain metastases from lung cancer in the era of immunotherapy: a review of the literature. Future Oncol 2021; 17:597-609. [PMID: 33401981 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is one of the most frequent sites of metastases in lung cancer patients, whose prognosis is related to the histological, biomolecular and clinical features of the disease. Over the years, the survival has improved significantly with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but there are limited data concerning their efficacy in patients with brain metastases. The aim of this review is to describe the biological mechanisms supporting the use of immunotherapy for brain metastases and the outcomes experienced by lung cancer patients with brain involvement enrolled in Phase III registration trials of ICIs. We also review retrospective data on ICIs alone or combined with brain radiotherapy, and indicate future directions for preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Veccia
- Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 1, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Stefania Kinspergher
- Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 1, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Orazio Caffo
- Medical Oncology, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'Oro 1, 38122, Trento, Italy
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Lee C, Ahn S, Park JS, Song JH, Hong YK, Jeun SS. Effect of Cumulative Dexamethasone Dose during Concomitant Chemoradiation on Lymphopenia in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2020; 8:71-76. [PMID: 32648384 PMCID: PMC7595853 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2020.8.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphopenia frequently occurs after concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) and is associated with worse overall survival (OS). A few studies have tried to identify risk factors for lymphopenia; however, the results were not clear. We aimed to identify potential risk factors for lymphopenia, focusing on the use of dexamethasone to control cerebral edema in patients with GBM. Methods The electronic medical records of 186 patients with newly diagnosed GBM treated at our institution between 2009 and 2017 were retrospectively examined. Acute lymphopenia was defined as total lymphocyte count less than 1,000 cells/µL at 4 weeks after completion of CCRT. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for lymphopenia, and Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for OS. Results Of the 125 eligible patients, 40 patients (32.0%) developed acute lymphopenia. Female sex and median daily dexamethasone dose ≥2 mg after initiation of CCRT were independent risk factors for acute lymphopenia on multivariate analysis. Acute lymphopenia, extent of surgical resection, and performance status were associated with OS; however, dexamethasone use itself was not an independent risk factor for poor OS. Conclusion Female sex, median daily dexamethasone dose ≥2 mg after initiation of CCRT until 4 weeks after completion of CCRT may be associated with acute lymphopenia. However, dexamethasone use itself did not affect OS in patients newly diagnosed with GBM. These results should be validated by further prospective studies controlling for other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changik Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jae Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Kil Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sin Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Iafrate M, Fruhwirth GO. How Non-invasive in vivo Cell Tracking Supports the Development and Translation of Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Physiol 2020; 11:154. [PMID: 32327996 PMCID: PMC7152671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a relatively new treatment regimen for cancer, and it is based on the modulation of the immune system to battle cancer. Immunotherapies can be classified as either molecular or cell-based immunotherapies, and both types have demonstrated promising results in a growing number of cancers. Indeed, several immunotherapies representing both classes are already approved for clinical use in oncology. While spectacular treatment successes have been reported, particularly for so-called immune checkpoint inhibitors and certain cell-based immunotherapies, they have also been accompanied by a variety of severe, sometimes life-threatening side effects. Furthermore, not all patients respond to immunotherapy. Hence, there is the need for more research to render these promising therapeutics more efficacious, more widely applicable, and safer to use. Whole-body in vivo imaging technologies that can interrogate cancers and/or immunotherapies are highly beneficial tools for immunotherapy development and translation to the clinic. In this review, we explain how in vivo imaging can aid the development of molecular and cell-based anti-cancer immunotherapies. We describe the principles of imaging host T-cells and adoptively transferred therapeutic T-cells as well as the value of traceable cancer cell models in immunotherapy development. Our emphasis is on in vivo cell tracking methodology, including important aspects and caveats specific to immunotherapies. We discuss a variety of associated experimental design aspects including parameters such as cell type, observation times/intervals, and detection sensitivity. The focus is on non-invasive 3D cell tracking on the whole-body level including aspects relevant for both preclinical experimentation and clinical translatability of the underlying methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilbert O. Fruhwirth
- Imaging Therapy and Cancer Group, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kleinberg L, Sloan L, Grossman S, Lim M. Radiotherapy, Lymphopenia, and Host Immune Capacity in Glioblastoma: A Potentially Actionable Toxicity Associated With Reduced Efficacy of Radiotherapy. Neurosurgery 2020; 85:441-453. [PMID: 31232425 DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyz198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is cytotoxic to tumor cells and is therefore a critical component of therapy for many malignancies, including glioblastoma (GBM). We now appreciate the value of the immunomodulatory effects of radiation that may be important to overall therapeutic success in some patients with this primary brain tumor. Although potentially beneficial immune-stimulating properties of radiotherapy treatment have been the focus of recent study, this modality is actually at the same time associated with the depletion of lymphocytes, which are crucial to the defense against neoplastic development and progression. In this review, we describe the association of systemic lymphopenia with poor tumor outcome, present evidence that radiotherapy is an important contributing cause of lymphodepletion, describe the systemic immune context of tumor and brain injury that contributes to immunosuppression, describe other contributing factors to lymphopenia including concomitant medications and treatments, and speculate about the role of the normal physiologic response to brain injury in the immunosuppressive dynamics of GBM. Radiotherapy is one significant and potentially actionable iatrogenic suppressor of immune response that may be limiting the success of therapy in GBM and other tumor types. Altered strategies for radiotherapy more permissive of a vigorous antineoplastic immune response may improve outcome for malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Kleinberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lindsey Sloan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stuart Grossman
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ahn S, Park JS, Jang J, Ahn KJ, Hong YK, Yang SH, Jeun SS. The association between total lymphocyte count after concomitant chemoradiation and overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 71:21-25. [PMID: 31843432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between post-treatment total lymphocyte count (TLC) and overall survival (OS) in patients with malignant tumors including glioblastomas (GBMs). In this retrospective study, whether patients with newly diagnosed GBM experience significant lymphopenia after concomitant chemoradiation (CCRT) was evaluated, and whether TLC after this treatment is associated with OS in the treated population was examined. Using electronic medical records, all patients newly diagnosed with GBM between 2008 and 2016 at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital were retrospectively examined. The eligible criteria included the following: 1) craniotomy with surgical resection or biopsy, 2) completion of CCRT, 3) accessible baseline and/or follow-up complete blood count (CBC). Median TLC significantly decreased after completion of CCRT, compared to TLC at baseline (1742 versus 1319 cells/mm3, P-value < 0.001). Patients with TLC < 1200 cells/mm3 at 4 weeks after the completion of CCRT showed shorter survival than those with TLC ≥ 1200 cells/mm3 with median OS of 14.5 versus 21.0 months (P-value = 0.017). Also, in multivariate analysis for OS, TLC < 1200 cells/mm3 at 4 weeks after the completion of CCRT (HR 1.97, 95% CI 1.61 - 2.25, P-value = 0.004) were significantly associated with shorter survival. The results from the present study indicate that treatment-related total lymphocyte counts after CCRT is associated with worse survival in patients with newly diagnosed GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ahn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Jang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kook-Jin Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Kil Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Ho Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Cell Death Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea.
| | - Sin-Soo Jeun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
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Ye LL, Fan XW, Hu CS, He XY, Wang XS, Shen CY, Xu TT, Ying HM. Dosimetry of the brain and hypothalamus predicting acute lymphopenia and the survival of glioma patients with postoperative radiotherapy. Cancer Med 2019; 8:2759-2768. [PMID: 30983159 PMCID: PMC6558490 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate dosimetric factors for predicting acute lymphopenia and the survival of glioma patients with postoperative intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods A total of 148 glioma patients were reviewed. Acute lymphopenia was defined as a peripheral lymphocyte count (PLC) lower than 1.0 × 109/L during radiotherapy with a normal level at pretreatment. PLCs with the corresponding dates and dose volume histogram parameters were collected. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were constructed to assess the significance of risk factors associated with lymphopenia and overall survival (OS). Results Sixty‐nine (46.6%) patients developed lymphopenia during radiotherapy. Multivariate analyses revealed that the risk increased with the maximal dose of the hypothalamus (HT Dmax) ≥56 Gy (58.9% vs 28.5%, P = 0.002), minimal dose of the whole brain (WB Dmin) ≥2 Gy (54.3% vs 33.9%, P = 0.006), or mean dose of the WB (WB Dmean) ≥34 Gy (56.0% vs 37.0%, P = 0.022). Patients with older age, high‐grade glioma, development of lymphopenia, high HT Dmax, WB Dmin, and WB Dmean had significantly inferior OS in the multivariate analyses. Conclusions HT Dmax, WB Dmin, and WB Dmean are promising indicators of lymphopenia and the survival of glioma patients undergoing postoperative IMRT. The necessity and feasibility of dosimetric constraints for HT and WB is warranted with further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Xing-Wen Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Chao-Su Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Xia-Yun He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Xiao-Shen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Chun-Ying Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Ting-Ting Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
| | - Hong-Mei Ying
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R China
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Kamath SD, Kumthekar PU. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastatic Disease. Front Oncol 2018; 8:414. [PMID: 30319977 PMCID: PMC6171475 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While the CNS has long been viewed as an immune-privileged environment, a paradigm shift in neuro-immunology has elevated the role of systemic immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic disease. Increasing knowledge regarding the presence of a CNS lymphatic system and the physical and biochemical alteration of the blood brain barrier (BBB) by the tumor microenvironment suggests immune cell trafficking in and out of the CNS is possible. Emerging clinical data suggest immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can stimulate T cells peripherally to in turn have anti-tumor effects in the CNS. For example, anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monotherapy with pembrolizumab has shown intracranial response rates of 20-30% in patients with melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab [anti-PD-1 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)] showed an intracranial response rate of 55% in patients with melanoma brain metastases. More data are needed to confirm these response rates and to determine mechanisms of efficacy and resistance. While local therapies such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and surgery remain current mainstays, ICIS offer potential decreased neurotoxicity. This review summarizes the biological rationale for systemic immunotherapy to treat CNS metastatic disease, existing clinical data on ICIs in this setting and ongoing clinical trials exploring areas of unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel D. Kamath
- Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Priya U. Kumthekar
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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