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Zheng X, Jin G. Progress in research and development of preventive vaccines for children in China. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1414177. [PMID: 39022216 PMCID: PMC11251920 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1414177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The infant and child stage is an important stage for the continuation and development of human society. The initial years of life have a lasting impact on a child's future. Children under the age of 5 have an immature immune system, especially infants and young children under 6 months of age. At this stage, the population has a low immunity to pathogen infections, making them vulnerable to bacteria and viruses. Vaccination can enhance the immunity of infants and children to specific diseases, reduce the transmission rate of infectious diseases, and promote the development of global public health. This article summarizes the current application status of Rotavirus (RV) vaccine, Hand-foot -mouth disease (HFMD) vaccine, and Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) in China, as well as the research progress of clinical trial vaccine, laying a foundation for subsequent vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ge Jin
- Production Management Department, Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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Strachan M, Mashapa T, Gildenhuys S. Spectroscopic analysis of the bacterially expressed head domain of rotavirus VP6. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20232178. [PMID: 38592735 PMCID: PMC11065646 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20232178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The rotavirus capsid protein VP6 forms the middle of three protein layers and is responsible for many critical steps in the viral life cycle. VP6 as a structural protein can be used in various applications including as a subunit vaccine component. The head domain of VP6 (VP6H) contains key sequences that allow the protein to trimerize and that represent epitopes that are recognized by human antibodies in the viral particle. The domain is rich in β-sheet secondary structures. Here, VP6H was solubilised from bacterial inclusion bodies and purified using a single affinity chromatography step. Spectral (far-UV circular dichroism and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence) analysis revealed that the purified domain had native-like secondary and tertiary structures. The domain could maintain structure up to 44°C during thermal denaturation following which structural changes result in an intermediate forming and finally irreversible aggregation and denaturation. The chemical denaturation with urea and guanidinium hydrochloride produces intermediates that represent a loss in the cooperativity. The VP6H domain is stable and can fold to produce its native structure in the absence of the VP6 base domain but cannot be defined as an independent folding unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milaan Simone Strachan
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Tshepo Mashapa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
| | - Samantha Gildenhuys
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida, Roodepoort 1710, South Africa
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Shoja Z, Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Roohvand F. Rotavirus VP6: involvement in immunogenicity, adjuvant activity, and use as a vector for heterologous peptides, drug delivery, and production of nano-biomaterials. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1013-1023. [PMID: 35292854 PMCID: PMC8923333 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first-generation, live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines, such as RotaTeq and Rotarix, were successful in reducing the number of RV-induced acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and child deaths globally. However, the low efficacy of these first-generation oral vaccines, coupled with safety concerns, required development of improved RV vaccines. The highly conserved structural protein VP6 is highly immunogenic, and it can generate self-assembled nano-sized structures, including tubes and spheres (virus-like particles; VLPs). Amongst the RV proteins, only VP6 shows these features. Interestingly, VP6-assembled structures, in addition to being highly immunogenic, have several other useful characteristics that could allow them to be used as adjuvants, immunological carriers, and drug-delivery vehicles as well as acting a scaffold for production of valuable nano-biomaterials. This review provides an overview of the self-assembled nano-sized structures of VP6-tubes/VLPs and their various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Cates J, Tate JE, Parashar U. Rotavirus vaccines: progress and new developments. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:423-432. [PMID: 34482790 PMCID: PMC10839819 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1977279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus is the primary cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children under the age of five globally, leading to 128,500 to 215,000 vaccine-preventable deaths annually. There are six licensed oral, live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines: four vaccines pre-qualified for global use by WHO, and two country-specific vaccines. Expansion of rotavirus vaccines into national immunization programs worldwide has led to a 59% decrease in rotavirus hospitalizations and 36% decrease in diarrhea deaths due to rotavirus in vaccine-introducing countries. AREAS COVERED This review describes the current rotavirus vaccines in use, global coverage, vaccine efficacy from clinical trials, and vaccine effectiveness and impact from post-licensure evaluations. Vaccine safety, particularly as it relates to the risk of intussusception, is also summarized. Additionally, an overview of candidate vaccines in the pipeline is provided. EXPERT OPINION Considerable evidence over the past decade has demonstrated high effectiveness (80-90%) of rotavirus vaccines at preventing severe rotavirus disease in high-income countries, although the effectiveness has been lower (40-70%) in low-to-middle-income countries. Surveillance and research should continue to explore modifiable factors that influence vaccine effectiveness, strengthen data to better evaluate newer rotavirus vaccines, and aid in the development of future vaccines that can overcome the limitations of current vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Cates
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
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Afchangi A, Jalilvand S, Arashkia A, Latifi T, Farahmand M, Abolghasem Shirazi MM, Mousavi Nasab SD, Marashi SM, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Co-administration of rotavirus nanospheres VP6 and NSP4 proteins enhanced the anti-NSP4 humoral responses in immunized mice. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105405. [PMID: 35045328 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inconveniences associated with the efficacy and safety of the World Health Organization (WHO) approved/prequalified live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines, sounded for finding alternative non-replicating modals and proper RV antigens (Ags). Herein, we report the development of a RV candidate vaccine based on the combination of RV VP6 nanospheres (S) and NSP4112-175 proteins (VP6S + NSP4). Self-assembled VP6S protein was produced in insect cells. Analyses by western blotting and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated expression of VP6 trimer structures with sizes of ≥140 kDa and presence of VP6S. Four group of mice were immunized (2-dose formulation) intra-peritoneally (IP) by either¨VP6S + NSP4¨ or each protein alone (VP6S or NSP4112-175) emulsified in aluminium hydroxide or control. Results indicated that VP6S + NSP4 formulation induced significant anti-VP6 IgG (P < 0.001) and IgA (P < 0.05) as well as anti-NSP4 IgG (P < 0.001) and enhancement of protective immunity. Analyses of anti-VP6S and anti-NSP4 IgG subclass (IgG1 and IgG2a) showed IgG1/IgG2a ≥6 and IgG1/IgG2a ≥3 ratios, respectively indicating Th2 polarization of immune responses. The combination of VP6S + NSP4 proteins emulsified in aluminum hydroxide adjuvant might present a dual universal, efficient and cost-effective candidate vaccine against RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delaying the development of a norovirus vaccine are: (i) the extreme diversity presented by noroviruses; (ii) our incomplete understanding of immunity to noroviruses; and (iii) the lack of a robust cell culture system or animal model for human noroviruses. Recent advances in in vitro cultivation of norovirus, novel approaches applied to viral genomics and immunity, and completion of vaccine trials and birth cohort studies have provided new information toward a better understanding of norovirus immunity. Here, we will discuss the complex relationship between norovirus diversity and correlates of protection for human noroviruses, and how this information could be used to guide the development of cross-protective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Gabriel I. Parra Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1308, Silver Spring, MD20993, United States
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Caddy S, Papa G, Borodavka A, Desselberger U. Rotavirus research: 2014-2020. Virus Res 2021; 304:198499. [PMID: 34224769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causes of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide and also cause disease in the young of many other mammalian and of avian species. During the recent 5-6 years rotavirus research has benefitted in a major way from the establishment of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems, the creation of human and other mammalian intestinal enteroids, and from the wide application of structural biology (cryo-electron microscopy, cryo-EM tomography) and complementary biophysical approaches. All of these have permitted to gain new insights into structure-function relationships of rotaviruses and their interactions with the host. This review follows different stages of the viral replication cycle and summarizes highlights of structure-function studies of rotavirus-encoded proteins (both structural and non-structural), molecular mechanisms of viral replication including involvement of cellular proteins and lipids, the spectrum of viral genomic and antigenic diversity, progress in understanding of innate and acquired immune responses, and further developments of prevention of rotavirus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Caddy
- Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease Jeffery Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK.
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Alexander Borodavka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
| | - Ulrich Desselberger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Abstract
As of 2019, four rotavirus vaccines have been prequalified by the WHO for use worldwide. This review highlights current knowledge regarding rotavirus vaccines available, and provides a brief summary of the rotavirus vaccine pipeline.
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Tamminen K, Heinimäki S, Gröhn S, Blazevic V. Internalization and antigen presentation by mouse dendritic cells of rotavirus VP6 preparations differing in nanostructure. Mol Immunol 2020; 123:26-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cates JE, Vinjé J, Parashar U, Hall AJ. Recent advances in human norovirus research and implications for candidate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:539-548. [PMID: 32500763 PMCID: PMC10760411 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1777860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noroviruses are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. An estimated 21 million illnesses in the United States and upwards of 684 million illnesses worldwide are attributed to norovirus infection. There are no licensed vaccines to prevent norovirus, but several candidates are in development. AREAS COVERED We review recent advances in molecular epidemiology of noroviruses, immunology, and in-vitro cultivation of noroviruses using human intestinal enteroids. We also provide an update on the status of norovirus vaccine candidates. EXPERT OPINION Molecular epidemiological studies confirm the tremendous genetic diversity of noroviruses, the continuous emergence of new recombinant strains, and the predominance of GII.4 viruses worldwide. Duration of immunity, extent of cross protection between different genotypes, and differences in strain distribution for young children compared with adults remain key knowledge gaps. Recent discoveries regarding which epitopes are targeted by neutralizing antibodies using the novel in vitro culture of human noroviruses in human intestinal enteroids are enhancing our understanding of mechanisms of protection and providing guidance for vaccine development. A future norovirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce the burden of illnesses due to this ubiquitous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Cates
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rotavirus VP6 Adjuvant Effect on Norovirus GII.4 Virus-Like Particle Uptake and Presentation by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3194704. [PMID: 32411793 PMCID: PMC7204108 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that rotavirus (RV) inner capsid protein VP6 has an adjuvant effect on norovirus (NoV) virus-like particle- (VLP-) induced immune responses and studied the adjuvant mechanism in immortalized cell lines used as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we investigated the uptake and presentation of RV VP6 and NoV GII.4 VLPs by primary bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The adjuvant effect of VP6 on GII.4 VLP presentation and NoV-specific immune response induction by BMDC in vivo was also studied. Intracellular staining demonstrated that BMDCs internalized both antigens, but VP6 more efficiently than NoV VLPs. Both antigens were processed and presented to antigen-primed T cells, which responded by robust interferon γ secretion. When GII.4 VLPs and VP6 were mixed in the same pulsing reaction, a subpopulation of the cells had uptaken both antigens. Furthermore, VP6 copulsing increased GII.4 VLP uptake by 37% and activated BMDCs to secrete 2-5-fold increased levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α compared to VLP pulsing alone. When in vitro-pulsed BMDCs were transferred to syngeneic BALB/c mice, VP6 improved NoV-specific antibody responses. The results of this study support the earlier findings of VP6 adjuvant effect in vitro and in vivo.
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Katayama K. [Review Norovirus]. Uirusu 2020; 70:117-128. [PMID: 34544926 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.70.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses commonly cause infectious gastroenteritis and massive food poisoning. There is an urgent need to elucidate the infection mechanism of noroviruses and to develop vaccines and therapeutic drugs. In addition to human disease, noroviruses have been implicated in animal disease. Noroviruses that cause murine diseases can be propagated in strained cultured cells, and for many years, murine norovirus has been used as a model for human noroviruses that could not be propagated in cultured cells. That model and advances in technology have been instrumental in basic studies of noroviruses. From structural biology, noroviruses undergo dynamic shape changes to improve their infectivity when they infect cells. New culture techniques have made human intestinal organoids available for studying the mechanisms of pathogenic expression of human noroviruses in the intestinal tract, mechanisms of infection growth, and the search for receptor molecules. Vaccines and antivirals using human intestinal organoids are under active development, and some are already in clinical trials. In this paper, I review the latest research results, vaccine development, and other advances from the history of norovirus discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute & Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University
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Heinimäki S, Hankaniemi MM, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Combination of three virus-derived nanoparticles as a vaccine against enteric pathogens; enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus. Vaccine 2019; 37:7509-7518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rotavirus VP6 as an Adjuvant for Bivalent Norovirus Vaccine Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050229. [PMID: 31083495 PMCID: PMC6572255 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) are major causes of childhood acute gastroenteritis. During development of a combination vaccine based on NoV virus-like particles (VLP) and RV VP6 produced in baculovirus expression system in insect cells, a dual role of VP6 as a vaccine antigen and an adjuvant for NoV-specific immune responses was discovered. Here the VP6 adjuvant effect on bivalent GI.4 and GII.4-2006a NoV VLPs produced in Nicotiana benthamiana was investigated. BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally with suboptimal (0.3 µg) dose of each NoV VLP alone or combined with 10 µg of VP6, or equal doses of NoV VLPs and VP6 (1 µg/antigen). NoV-specific serum IgG antibodies and their blocking activity were analyzed using vaccine-homologous and heterologous NoV VLPs. Immunization with 0.3 µg NoV VLPs alone was insufficient to induce NoV-specific immune responses, but with co-administration of 10 µg of VP6, antibodies against vaccine-derived and heterologous NoV genotypes were generated. Furthermore, corresponding adjuvant effect of VP6 was observed with 1 µg dose. Efficient uptake and presentation of VP6 by dendritic cells was demonstrated in vitro. These results show that adjuvant effect of VP6 on bivalent NoV VLP vaccine is independent of the cell source used for vaccine production.
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Afchangi A, Jalilvand S, Mohajel N, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Rotavirus VP6 as a potential vaccine candidate. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2027. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- Virology Department; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Heinimäki S, Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Intradermal and intranasal immunizations with oligomeric middle layer rotavirus VP6 induce Th1, Th2 and Th17 T cell subsets and CD4 + T lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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17
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Mattison CP, Cardemil CV, Hall AJ. Progress on norovirus vaccine research: public health considerations and future directions. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:773-784. [PMID: 30092671 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1510327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, account for approximately one-fifth of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases globally, and cause a substantial economic burden. Candidate norovirus vaccines are in development, but there is currently no licensed vaccine. AREAS COVERED Noroviruses cause approximately 684 million cases and 212,000 deaths per year across all age groups, though burden estimates vary by study and region. Challenges to vaccine research include substantial and rapidly evolving genetic diversity, short-term and homotypic immunity to infection, and the absence of a single, well-established correlate of protection. Nonetheless, several norovirus vaccine candidates are currently in development, utilizing virus-like particles (VLPs), P particles, and recombinant adenoviruses. Of these, a bivalent GI.1/GII.4 VLP-based intramuscular vaccine (Phase IIb) and GI.1 oral vaccine (Phase I) are in clinical trials. EXPERT COMMENTARY A norovirus vaccine should target high-risk populations, including the young and the elderly, and protect them against the most common circulating norovirus strains. A norovirus vaccine would be a powerful tool in the prevention and control of norovirus while lessening the burden of AGE worldwide. However, more robust burden and cost estimates are needed to justify investments in and guide norovirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire P Mattison
- a Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education , Oak Ridge , TN , USA.,b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Cristina V Cardemil
- b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
| | - Aron J Hall
- b Division of Viral Diseases, Viral Gastroenteritis Branch , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , USA
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Afchangi A, Arashkia A, Shahosseini Z, Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Roohvand F, Mohajel N, Shoja Z. Immunization of Mice by Rotavirus NSP4-VP6 Fusion Protein Elicited Stronger Responses Compared to VP6 Alone. Viral Immunol 2017; 31:233-241. [PMID: 29185875 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the limitations and safety issues of the two currently approved live attenuated rotavirus (RV) vaccines "RotaTeq and Rotarix," studies on nonreplicating sources of RV vaccines and search for proper RV antigens are actively carried out. The adjuvant activity of NSP4 and highly immunogenic properties of RV VP6 protein prompted us to consider the construction of a NSP4112-175-VP6 fusion protein and to assess the anti-VP6 IgG, IgA, and IgG subclass responses induced by Escherichia coli-derived NSP4-VP6 fusion protein compared to that of VP6 protein with/without formulation in Montanide ISA 50V2 (M50) in BALB/c mice. Results indicated to the proper expression of the fused NSP4-VP6 and VP6 proteins in E. coli. Intraperitoneal immunization by M50 formulated NSP4-VP6 fusion protein (M5+NSP4-VP6) induced the highest titration of VP6-specific IgG and IgA responses compared to the other groups. Indeed, the presence of NSP4 resulted to the induction of stronger humoral immune responses against the fused protein compared to that elicited by administration of VP6 protein alone (with/without M50 formulation), implying the adjuvant properties of NSP4 for the fused protein. Moreover, the "M50+NSP4-VP6" formulation induced higher serum IgG2a titers than IgG1 and increased Interferon-γ levels, despite unchanged interleukin-4 amounts compared to other groups, indicating Th1-oriented responses with a possible role of NSP4. In conclusion, this study further highlights the potentiality of NSP4-VP6 fusion protein as an efficient and cost-effective immunogen in the field of RV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Afchangi
- 1 Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) , Tehran, Iran .,2 Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- 2 Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- 1 Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) , Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- 1 Virology Department, School of Public Health (SPH), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) , Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- 2 Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasir Mohajel
- 2 Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran
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19
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Changotra H, Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Avni Vij
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
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20
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Heinimäki S, Tamminen K, Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Live baculovirus acts as a strong B and T cell adjuvant for monomeric and oligomeric protein antigens. Virology 2017; 511:114-122. [PMID: 28843813 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins produced by baculovirus (BV) expression systems contain residual BV after crude purification. We studied adjuvant effect of BV on antibody and T cell responses against two model antigens, monomeric ovalbumin (OVA) protein and oligomeric norovirus (NoV) virus-like particles (VLPs). BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally with OVA alone or OVA formulated with live or inactivated BV, and VLP formulations comprised of chromatographically purified NoV GII.4 VLPs alone or mixed with BV, or of crude purified VLPs containing BV impurities from expression system. Live BV improved immunogenicity of NoV VLPs, sparing VLP dose up to 10-fold. Moreover, soluble OVA protein induced IgG2a antibodies and T cell response only when co-administered with live BV. BV adjuvant effect was completely abrogated by removal or inactivation of BV. These findings support the usage of crude purified proteins containing residual BV as vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Heinimäki
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Kirsi Tamminen
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Finland.
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21
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Siqueira JAM, Júnior ECS, Linhares ADC, Gabbay YB. Molecular analysis of norovirus in specimens from children enrolled in a 1982-1986 study in Belém, Brazil: A community-based longitudinal study. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1894-1903. [PMID: 28321885 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Fecal specimens were collected during a longitudinal, community-based study in the city of Belém, North Brazil, that was conducted over 3 years (October 1982 to March 1986), in which 20 children were included from birth to 3 years of age. A total of 229 fecal samples were screened by real time RT-PCR targeting the junction region (ORF 1/2) of the norovirus (NoV) genome. NoV-positive samples were subjected to PCR and sequencing of the viral polymerase (ORF1) and viral protein 1 (VP1) genes (ORF2). The junction region was also sequenced to assess for recombination when ORF1 and ORF2 genotyping results were dissimilar. Samples classified as GII.P4/GII.4 were further characterized by sequencing the P2 subdomain of the viral capsid to determine possible alterations. An overall positivity of 16.1% (37/229) was observed, including GI (16.2%-6/37) and GII (83.8%-31/37) genogroups. Cases of NoV reinfection in at least 2-month intervals were observed, and 12 children developed at least one case of asymptomatic NoV infection. In total, 48.6% (18/37) NoV-positive samples were subjected to nucleotide sequencing analysis targeting the following polymerase genes: GI.P3 (n = 1), GII.Pa (n = 1), GII.Pc (n = 1), GII.P4 (n = 5), GII.P6 (n = 5), GII.P7 (n = 3), GII.P12 (n = 1), and GII.P22 (n = 1). For the VP1 gene, characterization was performed in 14 (77.8%) samples: GI.3 (n = 1), GII.2 (n = 1), GII.4 (n = 4), GII.6 (n = 4), GII.7 (n = 1), GII.12 (n = 1), GII.14 (n = 1), and GII.23 (n = 1). Recombination events were confirmed in three cases (GII.P12/GII.2, GII.P7/GII.14, and GII.Pa/GII.12), and four samples genotyped as GII.P4/GII.4 were analyzed to identify variants. None had contemporary counterparts. Three children developed consecutive NoV infections by different genotypes. The present report documents the importance of NoV as a cause of childhood infection during a longitudinal study conducted more than 30 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre da Costa Linhares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health. Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
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22
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Lucero Y, Vidal R, O'Ryan G M. Norovirus vaccines under development. Vaccine 2017; 36:5435-5441. [PMID: 28668568 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis, including both outbreaks and endemic infections. The development of preventive strategies, including vaccines, for the most susceptible groups (children <5years of age, the elderly and individuals suffering crowding, such as military personnel and travelers) is desirable. However, NoV vaccine development has faced many difficulties, including genetic/antigenic diversity, limited knowledge on NoV immunology and viral cycle, lack of a permissive cell line for cultivation and lack of a widely available and successful animal model. Vaccine candidates rely on inoculation of virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by the main capsid protein VP1, subviral particles made from the protruding domain of VP1 (P-particles) or viral vectors with a NoV capsid gene insert produced by bioengineering technologies. Polivalent vaccines including multiple NoV genotypes and/or other viruses acquired by the enteric route have been developed. A VLP vaccine candidate has reached phase II clinical trials and several others are in pre-clinical stages of development. In this article we discuss the main challenges facing the development of a NoV vaccine and the current status of prevailing candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda Lucero
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan G
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Microbiology and Mycology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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23
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Feng H, Li X, Song W, Duan M, Chen H, Wang T, Dong J. Oral Administration of a Seed-based Bivalent Rotavirus Vaccine Containing VP6 and NSP4 Induces Specific Immune Responses in Mice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:910. [PMID: 28620404 PMCID: PMC5449476 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the leading cause of severe diarrheal disease among newborns. Plant-based rotavirus vaccines have been developed in recent years and have been proven to be effective in animal models. In the present study, we report a bivalent vaccine candidate expressing rotavirus subunits VP6 and NSP4 fused with the adjuvant subunit B of E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) in maize seeds. The RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that VP6 and LTB-NSP4 antigens were expressed and accumulated in maize seeds. The expression levels were as high as 0.35 and 0.20% of the total soluble protein for VP6 and LTB-NSP4, respectively. Oral administration of transgenic maize seeds successfully stimulated systemic and mucosal responses, with high titers of serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibodies, even after long-term storage. This study is the first to use maize seeds as efficient generators for the development of a bivalent vaccine against rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Weibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and National Maize Improvement Center of China, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jiangli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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24
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Malm M, Heinimäki S, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Rotavirus capsid VP6 tubular and spherical nanostructures act as local adjuvants when co-delivered with norovirus VLPs. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:331-341. [PMID: 28407442 PMCID: PMC5543502 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A subunit protein vaccine candidate based on norovirus (NoV) virus‐like particles (VLPs) and rotavirus (RV) VP6 protein against acute childhood gastroenteritis has been proposed recently. RV VP6 forms different oligomeric nanostructures, including tubes and spheres when expressed in vitro, which are highly immunogenic in different animal models. We have shown recently that recombinant VP6 nanotubes have an adjuvant effect on immunogenicity of NoV VLPs in mice. In this study, we investigated if the adjuvant effect is dependent upon a VP6 dose or different VP6 structural assemblies. In addition, local and systemic adjuvant effects as well as requirements for antigen co‐delivery and co‐localization were studied. The magnitude and functionality of NoV GII.4‐specific antibodies and T cell responses were tested in mice immunized with GII.4 VLPs alone or different combinations of VLPs and VP6. A VP6 dose‐dependent adjuvant effect on GII.4‐specific antibody responses was observed. The adjuvant effect was found to be strictly dependent upon co‐administration of NoV GII.4 VLPs and VP6 at the same anatomic site and at the same time. However, the adjuvant effect was not dependent on the types of oligomers used, as both nanotubes and nanospheres exerted adjuvant effect on GII.4‐specific antibody generation and, for the first time, T cell immunity. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of VP6 adjuvant effect in vivo and support its use as an adjuvant in a combination NoV and RV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Heinimäki
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - T Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - V Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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25
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Siqueira JAM, Sousa Júnior EC, Linhares ADC, Gabbay YB. Molecular analysis of norovirus in specimens from children enrolled in a 1982-1986 study in Belém, Brazil: A community-based longitudinal study. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1539-1549. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre da Costa Linhares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health; Ananindeua Pará Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute; Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health; Ananindeua Pará Brazil
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26
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Rotavirus Recombinant VP6 Nanotubes Act as an Immunomodulator and Delivery Vehicle for Norovirus Virus-Like Particles. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:9171632. [PMID: 27689099 PMCID: PMC5027051 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9171632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently shown that tubular form of rotavirus (RV) recombinant VP6 protein has an in vivo adjuvant effect on the immunogenicity of norovirus (NoV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine candidate. In here, we investigated in vitro effect of VP6 on antigen presenting cell (APC) activation and maturation and whether VP6 facilitates NoV VLP uptake by these APCs. Mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 and dendritic cell line JAWSII were used as model APCs. Internalization of VP6, cell surface expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility class II molecules, and cytokine and chemokine production were analyzed. VP6 nanotubes were efficiently internalized by APCs. VP6 upregulated the expression of cell surface activation and maturation molecules and induced secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The mechanism of VP6 action was shown to be partially dependent on lipid raft-mediated endocytic pathway as shown by methyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibition on tumor necrosis factor α secretion. These findings add to the understanding of mechanism by which VP6 exerts its immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory actions and further support its use as a part of nonlive RV-NoV combination vaccine.
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27
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Simple and efficient ultrafiltration method for purification of rotavirus VP6 oligomeric proteins. Arch Virol 2016; 161:3219-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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