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Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Williams M, Haider N, Mangat J, Hosein Z, Balendra V, Abbasi AF, Desai P, Jain I, Utulor S, Abioye A. Current advancements and future prospects of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics: a narrative review. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221097559. [PMID: 35664358 PMCID: PMC9160920 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221097559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a global impact on the daily lives of humanity, devastating health systems, and cataclysmically affecting the world’s economy. Currently, the Standard Public Health Protective practices consist of but are not limited to wearing masks, social distancing, isolating sick and exposed people, and contact tracing. Scientists around the globe undertook swift scientific efforts to develop safe and effective therapeutics and vaccines to combat COVID-19. Presently, as of mid-March 2022, 57.05% of the world population have been fully vaccinated, and 65.3% of the United States of America’s (USA) total population have been fully vaccinated while 76.7% have received at least one dose of the vaccine. This article explores the various vaccines created through modern science and technology, including their safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Although the vaccines produced are up to 95.0% efficacious, their efficacy wanes over time, underscoring the need for booster doses. Also, vaccination has not been able to prevent “breakthrough” infections. The limitations of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines indicate that further measures are required to ensure a firm control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the use of certain therapeutic agents because they have shown remarkable clinical outcomes. Several therapeutic agents for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 include Gilead’s remdesivir, Regeneron’s casirivimab and imdevimab combination, Eli Lilly’s baricitinib and remdesivir combination, Pfizer’s co-packaged nirmatrelvir tablets and ritonavir tablets, and Merck’s molnupiravir capsules. Hence concerted efforts in early and accurate diagnosis, education on the COVID-19 virulence, transmission and preventive measures, global vaccination, and therapeutic agents could bring this COVID-19 pandemic under control across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Sanyaolu
- Federal Ministry of Health, Department of Public Health, New Federal Secretariat Complex, Phase III, Ahmadu Bello Way, Central Business District, FCT, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Nafees Haider
- All Saints University School of Medicine, Roseau, Dominica
| | - Jasmine Mangat
- Caribbean Medical University School of Medicine, Willemstad, Curacao
| | - Zaheeda Hosein
- Caribbean Medical University School of Medicine, Willemstad, Curacao
| | | | | | - Priyank Desai
- American University of Saint Vincent School of Medicine, Kingstown, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines
| | - Isha Jain
- Windsor University School of Medicine, Cayon, Saint Kitts, and Nevis
| | - Stephen Utulor
- School of Medicine, International University of the Health Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, and Nevis
| | - Amos Abioye
- Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
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Sanyaolu A, Marinkovic A, Prakash S, Abbasi AF, Patidar R, Williams M, Zhao A, Dzando G, Okorie C, Izurieta R. A Look at COVID-19 Global Health Situation, 1-Year Post Declaration of the Pandemic. Microbiol Insights 2022; 15:11786361221089736. [PMID: 35464119 PMCID: PMC9019328 DOI: 10.1177/11786361221089736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The impacts of COVID-19 have changed over the past year globally. There were 116 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in more than 220 countries, including 2.5 million deaths, as reported at the end of the first week of March 2021. Throughout this time, different variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged. In early March, the United States of America (USA) led in both confirmed cases and casualties, while India followed in the number of confirmed cases and Brazil in the number of deaths. Vaccines are available in the USA and worldwide to help combat COVID-19. The level of preparedness among multisectoral communities played a role in transmission rates; therefore, lessons learned from past outbreaks, alongside this pandemic, are crucial in establishing policies and regulations to reduce and/or prevent the spread. This narrative literature review provides an update on the global spread of the COVID-19 outbreak, and the current impact of the pandemic 1-year after the declaration, preparedness, and mitigation efforts since the outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne Zhao
- Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Chuku Okorie
- Union County College, Plainfield Campus, NJ, USA
| | - Ricardo Izurieta
- Global Communicable Diseases, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
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Jahan N, Rahman FI, Saha P, Ether SA, Roknuzzaman ASM, Sarker R, Kalam KT, Haq K, Nyeen J, Himi HZ, Hossain MN, Chowdhury MH, Uddin MM, Alam NH. Side Effects Following Administration of the First Dose of Oxford-AstraZeneca's Covishield Vaccine in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:888-901. [PMID: 34698203 PMCID: PMC8544399 DOI: 10.3390/idr13040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the raging COVID-19 pandemic, Bangladesh started its vaccine administration in early 2021; however, due to the rapid development and launch of the vaccines in the market, many people had concerns regarding the safety of these vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the side effects that were experienced by the Bangladeshi residents after receiving the first dose of the Oxford-AstraZeneca’s Covishield vaccine (ChAdOx1nCoV-19). The study was conducted using both online and printed questionnaires and the data were analysed using SPSS. The results included the responses of 474 vaccine recipients from March–April 2021. Pain at the site of injection, fever, myalgia, fatigue and headache were the most commonly reported symptoms, and the overall side effects were found to be significantly more prevalent in the younger population (p ≤ 0.05). These findings were consistent with the results indicated by the clinical trial of ChAdOx1nCoV-19. Logistic regression analysis further revealed that compared to people aged 70 years or above, the incidence of reported side effects was significantly higher in people aged 18–30 years (odds ratio (OR) = 8.56), 31–40 years, (OR = 5.05), 41–50 years (OR = 4.08), 51–60 years (OR = 3.77) and 61–70 years (OR = 3.67). In addition, a significantly higher percentage of female participants suffered from post-vaccination side effects compared to males (OR = 1.51). It was concluded that the Covishield vaccine was well-tolerated among people of different age groups. Nevertheless, further long-term follow-up study with a larger sample size is warranted to establish the long-term safety of the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Jahan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fahad Imtiaz Rahman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Poushali Saha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (F.I.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Sadia Afruz Ether
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - ASM Roknuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Rapty Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Khondoker Tashya Kalam
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Kashfa Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Julkar Nyeen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Humayra Zaman Himi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Md. Nazmul Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Mahtab Hossain Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Green Road, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh; (A.R.); (R.S.); (K.T.K.); (K.H.); (J.N.); (H.Z.H.); (M.N.H.); (M.H.C.)
| | - Mostafa Moin Uddin
- Office of the Director General, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Nur Haque Alam
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division (NCSD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Mohakhali, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
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Belete TM. Review on Up-to-Date Status of Candidate Vaccines for COVID-19 Disease. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:151-161. [PMID: 33500636 PMCID: PMC7826065 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s288877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 continues to spread and poses serious threats to public health and economic stability throughout the world. Thus, to protect the global population, developing safe and effective vaccines is mandatory to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Since genomic sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 have similarity and use the same receptor (ACE2), it is important to learn from the development of SARS-CoV-1 vaccines for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Normally vaccine development takes 10-15 years but vaccine development against SARS-CoV2 is going on at a very fast pace resulting in almost breakthrough methods of vaccine development by several research institutions. The whole process of vaccine development including clinical trials gets shortened and may be fast tracked to 15-18 months. Global collaborations and increased research efforts among the scientific community have led to more than 214 candidate vaccines globally. The current review highlights the different approaches and technologies used around the world for the design and development of the vaccines and also focuses on the recent status of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates under development by various institutions to combat the world threat of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafere Mulaw Belete
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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