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Si HR, Sun SS, Liu YK, Qiu LY, Tang B, Liu F, Fu Q, Xu CD, Wan PJ. Roles of GFAT and PFK genes in energy metabolism of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213654. [PMID: 37415905 PMCID: PMC10320585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferases (GFATs) and phosphofructokinase (PFKs) are the principal rate-limiting enzymes involved in hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) and glycolysis pathway, respectively. In this study, the NlGFAT and NlPFK were knocked down through RNA interference (RNAi) in Nilaparvata lugens, the notorious brown planthopper (BPH), and the changes in energy metabolism were determined. Knockdown of either NlGFAT or NlPFK substantially reduced gene expression related to trehalose, glucose, and glycogen metabolism pathways. Moreover, trehalose content rose significantly at 72 h after dsGFAT injection, and glycogen content increased significantly at 48 h after injection. Glucose content remained unchanged throughout the experiment. Conversely, dsPFK injection did not significantly alter trehalose, but caused an extreme increase in glucose and glycogen content at 72 h after injection. The Knockdown of NlGFAT or NlPFK significantly downregulated the genes in the glycolytic pathway, as well as caused a considerable and significant decrease in pyruvate kinase (PK) activity after 48 h and 72 h of inhibition. After dsGFAT injection, most of genes in TCA cycle pathway were upregulated, but after dsNlPFK injection, they were downregulated. Correspondingly, ATP content substantially increased at 48 h after NlGFAT knockdown but decreased to an extreme extent by 72 h. In contrast, ATP content decreased significantly after NlPFK was knocked down and returned. The results have suggested the knockdown of either NlGFAT or NlPFK resulted in metabolism disorders in BPHs, highlighting the difference in the impact of those two enzyme genes on energy metabolism. Given their influence on BPHs energy metabolism, developing enzyme inhibitors or activators may provide a biological control for BPHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Si
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Si Sun
- Guizhou Institute of Mountainous Environment and Climate, Guiyang, China
| | - Yong-Kang Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cai-Di Xu
- Jing Hengyi School of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pin-Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhang X, Xie J, Cao S, Zhang H, Pei J, Bu S, Zhao L. Efficient production of the glycosylated derivatives of baicalein in engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2831-2842. [PMID: 36930276 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Baicalein-7-O-glucoside and baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside have been proven to possess many pharmacological activities and are potential candidate drug leads and herb supplements. However, their further development is largely limited due to low content in host plants. Few studies reported that both bioactive plant components are prepared through the bioconversion of baicalein that is considered as the common biosynthetic precursor of both compounds. Herein, we constructed a series of the engineered whole-cell bioconversion systems in which the deletion of competitive genes and the introduction of exogenous UDP-glucose supply pathway, glucosyltransferase, rhamnosyltransferase, and the UDP-rhamnose synthesis pathway are made. Using these engineered strains, the precursor baicalein is able to be transformed into baicalein-7-O-glucoside and baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside, with high-titer production, respectively. The further optimization of fermentation conditions led to the final production of 568.8 mg/L and 877.0 mg/L for baicalein-7-O-glucoside and baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, it is the highest production in preparation of baicalein-7-O-glucoside from baicalein so far, while the preparation of baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside is the first reported via bioconversion approach. Our study provides a reference for the industrial production of high-value products baicalein-7-O-glucoside and baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside using engineered E. coli. KEY POINTS: • Integrated design for improving the intracellular UDP-glucose pool • High production of rare baicalein glycosides in the engineered E. coli • Baicalein-7-O-glucoside and baicalein-7-O-rhamnoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jingcong Xie
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiping Cao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianjun Pei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Su Bu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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Zou D, Zhao Z, Li L, Min Y, Zhang D, Ji A, Jiang C, Wei X, Wu X. A comprehensive review of spermidine: Safety, health effects, absorption and metabolism, food materials evaluation, physical and chemical processing, and bioprocessing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2820-2842. [PMID: 35478379 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine, a natural autophagy inducer, has a variety of health effects, such as antitumor, antiaging, anti-inflammation, cardiovascular protection, and neuromodulation. It has been a hot topic in the field of food processing, and current research findings suggest that spermidine-rich foods may be used in intervention and prevention of age-related diseases. In this article, recent findings on the safety, health effects, absorption and metabolism of spermidine were reviewed, and advances in food processing, including the raw materials evaluation, physical and chemical processing, and biological processing of spermidine, were highlighted. In particular, the core metabolic pathways, key gene targets, and efficient metabolic engineering strategies involved in the biosynthesis of spermidine and its precursors were discussed. Moreover, limitations and future perspectives of spermidine research were proposed. The purpose of this review is to provide new insights on spermidine from its safety to its food processing, which will advance the commercial production and applications of spermidine-rich foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Zou
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Min
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anying Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology (Ministry of Education), College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
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4
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Zhu L, Zhang J, Yang J, Jiang Y, Yang S. Strategies for optimizing acetyl-CoA formation from glucose in bacteria. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:149-165. [PMID: 33965247 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetyl CoA is an important precursor for various chemicals. We provide a metabolic engineering guideline for the production of acetyl-CoA and other end products from a bacterial chassis. Among 13 pathways that produce acetyl-CoA from glucose, 11 lose carbon in the process, and two do not. The first 11 use the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce redox cofactors and gain or lose ATP. The other two pathways function via phosphoketolase with net consumption of ATP, so they must therefore be combined with one of the 11 glycolytic pathways or auxiliary pathways. Optimization of these pathways can maximize the theoretical acetyl-CoA yield, thereby minimizing the overall cost of subsequent acetyl-CoA-derived molecules. Other strategies for generating hyper-producer strains are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Shanghai Laiyi Center for Biopharmaceutical R&D, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jieze Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jiawei Yang
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China; Shanghai Taoyusheng Biotechnology Company Ltd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Huzhou Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China.
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5
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Xu CD, Liu YK, Qiu LY, Wang SS, Pan BY, Li Y, Wang SG, Tang B. GFAT and PFK genes show contrasting regulation of chitin metabolism in Nilaparvata lugens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5246. [PMID: 33664411 PMCID: PMC7933274 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GFAT) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) are enzymes related to chitin metabolism. RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to explore the role of these two enzyme genes in chitin metabolism. In this study, we found that GFAT and PFK were highly expressed in the wing bud of Nilaparvata lugens and were increased significantly during molting. RNAi of GFAT and PFK both caused severe malformation rates and mortality rates in N. lugens. GFAT inhibition also downregulated GFAT, GNPNA, PGM1, PGM2, UAP, CHS1, CHS1a, CHS1b, Cht1-10, and ENGase. PFK inhibition significantly downregulated GFAT; upregulated GNPNA, PGM2, UAP, Cht2-4, Cht6-7 at 48 h and then downregulated them at 72 h; upregulated Cht5, Cht8, Cht10, and ENGase; downregulated Cht9 at 48 h and then upregulated it at 72 h; and upregulated CHS1, CHS1a, and CHS1b. In conclusion, GFAT and PFK regulated chitin degradation and remodeling by regulating the expression of genes related to the chitin metabolism and exert opposite effects on these genes. These results may be beneficial to develop new chitin synthesis inhibitors for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Di Xu
- College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Kang Liu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yu Qiu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha-Sha Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi-Ying Pan
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Shanmugam KT, Ingram LO. Principles and practice of designing microbial biocatalysts for fuel and chemical production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 49:6158391. [PMID: 33686428 PMCID: PMC9118985 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The finite nature of fossil fuels and the environmental impact of its use have raised interest in alternate renewable energy sources. Specifically, non-food carbohydrates, such as lignocellulosic biomass, can be used to produce next generation biofuels, including cellulosic ethanol and other non-ethanol fuels like butanol. However, currently there is no native microorganism that can ferment all lignocellulosic sugars to fuel molecules. Thus, research is focused on engineering improved microbial biocatalysts for production of liquid fuels at high productivity, titer and yield. A clear understanding and application of the basic principles of microbial physiology and biochemistry are crucial to achieve this goal. In this review, we present and discuss the construction of microbial biocatalysts that integrate these principles with ethanol-producing Escherichia coli as an example of metabolic engineering. These principles also apply to fermentation of lignocellulosic sugars to other chemicals that are currently produced from petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Shanmugam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Lonnie O Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Jojima T, Igari T, Noburyu R, Watanabe A, Suda M, Inui M. Coexistence of the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathways enhances glucose consumption of ethanol-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:45. [PMID: 33593398 PMCID: PMC7888142 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is interesting to modify sugar metabolic pathways to improve the productivity of biocatalysts that convert sugars to value-added products. However, this attempt often fails due to the tight control of the sugar metabolic pathways. Recently, activation of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway in Escherichia coli has been shown to enhance glucose consumption, though the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a functional ED pathway in metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum that metabolizes glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce ethanol under oxygen deprivation. This study aims to provide further information on metabolic engineering strategies that allow the Entner-Doudoroff and Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathways to coexist. RESULTS Three genes (zwf, edd, and eda) encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase from Zymomonas mobilis were expressed in a genetically modified strain, C. glutamicum CRZ2e, which produces pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase from Z. mobilis. A 13C-labeling experiment using [1-13C] glucose indicated a distinctive 13C distribution of ethanol between the parental and the ED-introduced strains, which suggested an alteration of carbon flux as a consequence of ED pathway introduction. The ED-introduced strain, CRZ2e-ED, consumed glucose 1.5-fold faster than the parental strain. A pfkA deletion mutant of CRZ2e-ED (CRZ2e-EDΔpfkA) was also constructed to evaluate the effects of EMP pathway inactivation, which showed an almost identical rate of glucose consumption compared to that of the parental CRZ2e strain. The introduction of the ED pathway did not alter the intracellular NADH/NAD+ ratio, whereas it resulted in a slight increase in the ATP/ADP ratio. The recombinant strains with simultaneous overexpression of the genes for the EMP and ED pathways exhibited the highest ethanol productivity among all C. glutamicum strains ever constructed. CONCLUSIONS The increased sugar consumption observed in ED-introduced strains was not a consequence of cofactor balance alterations, but rather the crucial coexistence of two active glycolytic pathways for enhanced glucose consumption. Coexistence of the ED and EMP pathways is a good strategy for improving biocatalyst productivity even when NADPH supply is not a limiting factor for fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Jojima
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Environmental Management, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takafumi Igari
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Ryoji Noburyu
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Masako Suda
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inui
- Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth, 9-2, Kizugawadai, Kizugawa, Kyoto, 619-0292, Japan.
- Division of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama, Ikoma, 8916-5, Nara, 630-0101, Japan.
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Yang L, Nilsson L, Lübeck M, Ahring BK, Bruno KS, Lübeck PS. Disruption and overexpression of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase influence organic acid production in Aspergillus carbonarius ITEM 5010. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:98. [PMID: 32601748 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is an efficient producer of organic acids with great potential for bio-based production of organic acids. In this study, we identified a gene f2kp encoding the enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase known as an allosteric regulator of the glycolytic flux and investigated its role in the production of organic acid. The strategy was to examine the impact of citric acid and malic acid production by overexpressing and disrupting f2kp, respectively. The overexpressing transformants expressed f2kp at higher level than the wild type, whereas no expression of f2kp was detected in the knockout transformants. Citric acid and malic acid production by the knockout strains decreased sharply along with a significant lower sugar consumption, though the overexpressing transformants produced similar amounts of citric acid and malic acid as the wild type. We conclude that 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase has an important regulatory role for the glycolytic flux and organic acid production in A. carbonarius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark
| | - Lena Nilsson
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.,Office for Research and Relations, Technical University of Denmark, Anker Engelunds Vej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark
| | - Birgitte K Ahring
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.,Sciences & Engineering Laboratory, Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering & Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, 2710 Crimson Way, BioproductsRichland, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Bruno
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PO Box 99, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.,Zymergen, 5980 Horton St Suite 105, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Peter S Lübeck
- Section for Sustainable Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and BioScience, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 2450, Copenhagen, SV, Denmark.
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Xiao H, Wang Q, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Jensen PR, Solem C. Harnessing Adaptive Evolution to Achieve Superior Mannitol Production by Lactococcus lactis Using Its Native Metabolism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4912-4921. [PMID: 32233405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mannitol can be obtained as a by-product of certain heterolactic lactic acid bacteria, when grown on substrates containing fructose. Lactococcus lactis, a homolactic lactic acid bacterium, normally does not form mannitol but can be persuaded into doing so by expressing certain foreign enzyme activities. In this study, we find that L. lactis has an inherent capacity to form mannitol from glucose. By adaptively evolving L. lactis or derivatives blocked in NAD+ regenerating pathways, we manage to accelerate growth on mannitol. When cells of the adapted strains are resuspended in buffer containing glucose, 4-58% of the glucose metabolized is converted into mannitol, in contrast to nonadapted strains. The highest conversion was obtained for a strain lacking all major NAD+ regenerating pathways. Mannitol had an inhibitory effect on the conversion, which we speculated was due to the mannitol uptake system. After its inactivation, 60% of the glucose was converted into mannitol by cells suspended in glucose buffer. Using a two-stage setup, where biomass first was accumulated by aerated culturing, followed by a nonaerated phase (static conditions), it was possible to obtain 6.1 g/L mannitol, where 60% of the glucose had been converted into mannitol, which is the highest yield reported for L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Qi Wang
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | | | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Sánchez-Pascuala A, Fernández-Cabezón L, de Lorenzo V, Nikel PI. Functional implementation of a linear glycolysis for sugar catabolism in Pseudomonas putida. Metab Eng 2019; 54:200-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zhang X, Lai L, Xu G, Zhang X, Shi J, Koffas MAG, Xu Z. Rewiring the Central Metabolic Pathway for High‐Yieldl‐Serine Production inCorynebacterium glutamicumby Using Glucose. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800497. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Lianhe Lai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical EngineeringSchool of Pharmaceutics Science, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy 12180 NY USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteTroy 12180 NY USA
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial BiotechnologyMinistry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122 China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation TechnologyJiangnan UniversityNo. 1800, Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 China
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Shimizu K, Matsuoka Y. Regulation of glycolytic flux and overflow metabolism depending on the source of energy generation for energy demand. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:284-305. [PMID: 30576718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Overflow metabolism is a common phenomenon observed at higher glycolytic flux in many bacteria, yeast (known as Crabtree effect), and mammalian cells including cancer cells (known as Warburg effect). This phenomenon has recently been characterized as the trade-offs between protein costs and enzyme efficiencies based on coarse-graining approaches. Moreover, it has been recognized that the glycolytic flux increases as the source of energy generation changes from energetically efficient respiration to inefficient respiro-fermentative or fermentative metabolism causing overflow metabolism. It is highly desired to clarify the metabolic regulation mechanisms behind such phenomena. Metabolic fluxes are located on top of the hierarchical regulation systems, and represent the outcome of the integrated response of all levels of cellular regulation systems. In the present article, we discuss about the different levels of regulation systems for the modulation of fluxes depending on the growth rate, growth condition such as oxygen limitation that alters the metabolism towards fermentation, and genetic perturbation affecting the source of energy generation from respiration to respiro-fermentative metabolism in relation to overflow metabolism. The intracellular metabolite of the upper glycolysis such as fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) plays an important role not only for flux sensing, but also for the regulation of the respiratory activity either directly or indirectly (via transcription factors) at higher growth rate. The glycolytic flux regulation is backed up (enhanced) by unphosphorylated EIIA and HPr of the phosphotransferase system (PTS) components, together with the sugar-phosphate stress regulation, where the transcriptional regulation is further modulated by post-transcriptional regulation via the degradation of mRNA (stability of mRNA) in Escherichia coli. Moreover, the channeling may also play some role in modulating the glycolytic cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Shimizu
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0017, Japan.
| | - Yu Matsuoka
- Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan
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Wang X, Zhang H, Quinn PJ. Production of l-valine from metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:4319-4330. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Rational design of a synthetic Entner-Doudoroff pathway for enhancing glucose transformation to isobutanol in Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 45:187-199. [PMID: 29380153 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-2017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Isobutanol as a more desirable biofuel has attracted much attention. In our previous work, an isobutanol-producing strain Escherichia coli LA09 had been obtained by rational redox status improvement under guidance of the genome-scale metabolic model. However, the low transformation from sugar to isobutanol is a limiting factor for isobutanol production by E. coli LA09. In this study, the intracellular metabolic profiles of the isobutanol-producing E. coli LA09 with different initial glucose concentrations were investigated and the metabolic reaction of fructose 6-phosphate to 1, 6-diphosphate fructose in glycolytic pathway was identified as the rate-limiting step of glucose transformation. Thus, redesigned carbon catabolism was implemented by altering flux of sugar metabolism. Here, the heterologous Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway from Zymomonas mobilis was constructed, and the adaptation of upper and lower parts of ED pathway was further improved with artificial promoters to alleviate the accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolite 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phospho-gluconate (KDPG). Finally, the best isobutanol-producing E. coli ED02 with higher glucose transformation and isobutanol production was obtained. In the fermentation of strain E. coli ED02 with 45 g/L initial glucose, the isobutanol titer, yield and average producing rate were, respectively, increased by 56.8, 47.4 and 88.1% to 13.67 g/L, 0.50 C-mol/C-mol and 0.456 g/(L × h) in a shorter time of 30 h, compared with that of the starting strain E. coli LA09.
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Enhanced Glucose Consumption and Organic Acid Production by Engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum Based on Analysis of a pfkB1 Deletion Mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.02638-16. [PMID: 27881414 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02638-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the analysis of a carbohydrate metabolite pathway, we found interesting phenotypes in a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum deficient in pfkB1, which encodes fructose-1-phosphate kinase. After being aerobically cultivated with fructose as a carbon source, this mutant consumed glucose and produced organic acid, predominantly l-lactate, at a level more than 2-fold higher than that of the wild-type grown with glucose under conditions of oxygen deprivation. This considerably higher fermentation capacity was unique for the combination of pfkB1 deletion and cultivation with fructose. In the metabolome and transcriptome analyses of this strain, marked intracellular accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate and significant upregulation of several genes related to the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system, glycolysis, and organic acid synthesis were identified. We then examined strains overexpressing several of the identified genes and demonstrated enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production by these engineered strains, whose values were found to be comparable to those of the model pfkB1 deletion mutant grown with fructose. l-Lactate production by the ppc deletion mutant of the engineered strain was 2,390 mM (i.e., 215 g/liter) after 48 h under oxygen deprivation, which was a 2.7-fold increase over that of the wild-type strain with a deletion of ppc IMPORTANCE: Enhancement of glycolytic flux is important for improving microbiological production of chemicals, but overexpression of glycolytic enzymes has often resulted in little positive effect. That is presumably because the central carbon metabolism is under the complex and strict regulation not only transcriptionally but also posttranscriptionally, for example, by the ATP/ADP ratio. In contrast, we studied a mutant strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum that showed markedly enhanced glucose consumption and organic acid production and, based on the findings, identified several genes whose overexpression was effective in enhancing glycolytic flux under conditions of oxygen deprivation. These results will further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of glycolytic flux and can be widely applied to the improvement of the microbial production of useful chemicals.
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Lim JH, Jung GY. A simple method to control glycolytic flux for the design of an optimal cell factory. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017. [PMID: 28649279 PMCID: PMC5480111 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A microbial cell factory with high yield and productivity are prerequisites for an economically feasible bio-based chemical industry. However, cell factories that show a kinetic imbalance between glycolysis and product formation pathways are not optimal. Glycolysis activity is highly robust for survival in nature, but is not optimized for chemical production. RESULTS Here, we propose a novel approach to balance glycolytic activity with the product formation capacity by precisely controlling expression level of ptsG (encoded glucose transporter) through UTR engineering. For various heterologous pathways with different maximum production rates, e.g., n-butanol, butyrate, and 2,3-butanediol, glycolytic fluxes could be successfully modulated to maximize yield and productivity, while minimizing by-product formation in Escherichia coli. CONCLUSIONS These results support the application of this simple method to explore the maximum yield and productivity when designing optimal cell factories for value-added products in the fields of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Korea
| | - Gyoo Yeol Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673 Korea
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