1
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Le LNH, Choi C, Han JA, Kim EB, Trinh VN, Kim YJ, Ryu S. Apolipoprotein L1 is a tumor suppressor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma metastasis. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1371934. [PMID: 38680858 PMCID: PMC11045967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1371934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The 5-year survival rate of kidney cancer drops dramatically from 93% to 15% when it is metastatic. Metastasis constitutes for 30% of kidney cancer cases, in which clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most prominent subtype. By sequencing mRNA of ccRCC patient samples, we found that apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) was highly expressed in tumors compared to their adjacent normal tissues. This gene has been previously identified in a large body of kidney disease research and was reported as a potential prognosis marker in many types of cancers. However, the molecular function of APOL1 in ccRCC, especially in metastasis, remained unknown. In this study, we modulated the expression of APOL1 in various renal cancer cell lines and analyzed their proliferative, migratory, and invasive properties. Strikingly, APOL1 overexpression suppressed ccRCC metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. We then explored the mechanism by which APOL1 alleviated ccRCC malignant progression by investigating its downstream pathways. APOL1 overexpression diminished the activity of focal adhesive molecules, Akt signaling pathways, and EMT processes. Furthermore, in the upstream, we discovered that miR-30a-3p could inhibit APOL1 expression. In conclusion, our study revealed that APOL1 play a role as a tumor suppressor in ccRCC and inhibit metastasis, which may provide novel potential therapeutic approaches for ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Nguy-Hoang Le
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolwon Choi
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-A. Han
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Bit Kim
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Ngu Trinh
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongho Ryu
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Hu Z, Chen Z, Jiang W, Fang D, Peng P, Yao S, Luo M, Wang L, Sun Z, Wang W, Wang X, Mao H, Ai F, Zhou P. Long Noncoding RNA ACTA2-AS1 Inhibits Cell Growth and Facilitates Apoptosis in Gastric Cancer by Binding with miR-6720-5p to Regulate ESRRB. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:2672-2690. [PMID: 37222961 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10399-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignant tumor, posing a great threat to human's health and life. Previous studies have suggested aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in GC. This study elucidated the effects of lncRNA ACTA2-AS1 on the biological characteristics of GC. Gene expression in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) samples compared with normal tissues and the correlation between gene expression and prognosis of STAD patients were analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Gene expression at protein and mRNA levels in GC and normal cells was tested by western blotting and RT-qPCR. The subcellular localization of ACTA2-AS1 in AGS and HGC27 cells was identified by nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation and FISH assay. EdU, CCK-8, flow cytometry analysis, TUNEL staining assays were conducted to evaluate the role of ACTA2-AS1 and ESRRB on GC cellular behaviors. The binding relationship among ACTA2-AS1, miR-6720-5p and ESRRB was verified by RNA pulldown, luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. LncRNA ACTA2-AS1 was underexpressed in GC tissues and cell lines. ACTA2-AS1 elevation suppressed GC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, ACTA2-AS1 directly bound to miR-6720-5p and subsequently promoted the expression of target gene ESRRB in GC cells. Furthermore, ESRRB knockdown reversed the influence of ACTA2-AS1 overexpression on GC proliferation and apoptosis. ACTA2-AS1 plays an antioncogenic role in GC via binding with miR-6720-5p to regulate ESRRB expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuchao Hu
- The Second Ward of Surgery, Sinophram Hanjiang Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dazheng Fang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Peng
- The Second Ward of Internal Medicine, Sinophram Hanjiang Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Shouguo Yao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhengfu Sun
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Haibo Mao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fen Ai
- Department of Emergency, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 26 Shengli Street, Jiang'an District, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Peihua Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, No. 16, Daling Road, Zhangwan District, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
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3
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Gu Z, Wang L, Dong Q, Xu K, Ye J, Shao X, Yang S, Lu C, Chang C, Hou Y, Zhai Y, Wang X, He F, Sun A. Aberrant LYZ expression in tumor cells serves as the potential biomarker and target for HCC and promotes tumor progression via csGRP78. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215744120. [PMID: 37428911 PMCID: PMC10629575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215744120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) takes the predominant malignancy of hepatocytes with bleak outcomes owing to high heterogeneity among patients. Personalized treatments based on molecular profiles will better improve patients' prognosis. Lysozyme (LYZ), a secretory protein with antibacterial function generally expressed in monocytes/macrophages, has been observed for the prognostic implications in different types of tumors. However, studies about the explicit applicative scenarios and mechanisms for tumor progression are still quite limited, especially for HCC. Here, based on the proteomic molecular classification data of early-stage HCC, we revealed that the LYZ level was elevated significantly in the most malignant HCC subtype and could serve as an independent prognostic predictor for HCC patients. Molecular profiles of LYZ-high HCCs were typical of those for the most malignant HCC subtype, with impaired metabolism, along with promoted proliferation and metastasis characteristics. Further studies demonstrated that LYZ tended to be aberrantly expressed in poorly differentiated HCC cells, which was regulated by STAT3 activation. LYZ promoted HCC proliferation and migration in both autocrine and paracrine manners independent of the muramidase activity through the activation of downstream protumoral signaling pathways via cell surface GRP78. Subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumor models indicated that targeting LYZ inhibited HCC growth markedly in NOD/SCID mice. These results propose LYZ as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the subclass of HCC with an aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Proteomics-driven Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing102206, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
| | - Qian Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Kaikun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Jingnan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Xianfeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Songpeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Cuixiu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Proteomics-driven Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing102206, China
| | - Yushan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
| | - Yuanjun Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Proteomics-driven Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing102206, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing You’an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing100069, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Proteomics-driven Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing102206, China
| | - Aihua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing102206, China
- Research Unit of Proteomics-driven Cancer Precision Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing102206, China
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Zhang L, Cao L, Liu J, Duan L, Zhou W, Li T, Guan L, Wu X, Zhang H. Identification of a novel MSI-related ceRNA network for predicting the prognosis and immunotherapy response of gastric cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204794. [PMID: 37310469 PMCID: PMC10292885 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence has underscored the pivotal role of the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks among various cancers. However, the behavior characteristics and complexity of the ceRNA network in Gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify a Microsatellite instability (MSI)-related ceRNA regulatory network and identify potential prognostic markers associated with GC. METHODS AND RESULTS We extracted transcriptome data of GC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and identified differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs based on MSI status. A hub ceRNA network including 1 lncRNAs (MIR99AHG), 2 miRNAs and 26 mRNAs specific to MSI was established in GC. We further constructed a prognostic model with seven target mRNAs by Lasso Cox regression, which yielded AUC values of 0.76. The prognostic model was further validated in an external independent dataset that integrated three GEO datasets. The characterization of immune cell infiltration and immunotherapy effects between high-risk and low-risk groups were then analyzed. Immune cell infiltration was significantly different between high- and low-risk groups based on risk scores. GC patients with lower risk scores correlated with better immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (ICI) response. We further validated the expression and regulatory relationship of the ceRNA network in vitro experiments, and also confirmed the relationship between MIR99AHG and PD-L1. CONCLUSIONS Our research provides in-depth insights on the role of MSI-related ceRNA in GC and the prognosis and ICIs therapy response of GC patients can be assessed by the risk model based on MSI-related ceRNA network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 210001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Huqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Yu S, Yang Y, Yang H, Peng L, Wu Z, Sun L, Wu Z, Yu X, Yin X. Pancancer analysis of oncogenic BARX2 identifying its prognostic value and immunological function in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7560. [PMID: 37161008 PMCID: PMC10170086 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor BarH-like homeobox 2 (BARX2), a member of the Bar-like homeobox gene family, is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, immune responses and tumorigenesis. However, the potential role of BARX2 in the development of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to study the biological role of BARX2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Through the UALCAN, GTEx PORTAL, TIMER 2.0, LinkedOmics, SMART, MethSurv, Metascape, GSEA and STRING public databases, the BARX2 mRNA level, prognostic value, coexpressed genes, associated differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation and functional enrichment of LIHC patients were studied. The relationships between BARX2 expression and various clinical or genetic parameters of LIHC patients were determined using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and BEAT LIHC databases. In addition, the biological function of BARX2 in LIHC was studied in vitro. Through large-scale data mining, our study showed that BARX2 was differentially expressed between different normal and tumour tissues.BARX2 expression in LIHC tissues was significantly lower than that in corresponding controls, especially in patients with T2-4 stage disease. In patients with LIHC, overexpression of BARX2 was an independent poor prognostic factor associated with poor cytogenetic risk and gene mutations. Genomic hypermethylation of the BARX2 gene was associated with upregulated BARX2 expression and poor overall survival (OS) in LIHC. Functional enrichment analysis showed that BARX2 had an immunomodulatory role and was involved in the inflammatory response in LIHC occurrence. In conclusion, the oncogene BARX2 may serve as a new biomarker and prognostic factor for patients with LIHC. The immunomodulatory function of BARX2 deserves further validation in LIHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shian Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Hanqing Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Long Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhengyi Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xuzhe Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Xiangbao Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Cardoso de Almeida Moreira AR, Franzoni MS, Dos Anjos DS, César-Jark P, Nóbrega J, Laufer-Amorim R, Valsecchi Henriques M, Neto OP, Fonseca-Alves CE. Proposing Clinicopathological Staging and Mitotic Count as Prognostic Factors for Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050327. [PMID: 37235410 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of malignant mesenchymal tumors with similar histological features and biological behaviors. They are characterized by a low to moderate local recurrence rate and low metastasis, affecting approximately 20% of patients. Although this tumor set is vital in veterinary medicine, no previous unified staging system or mitotic count has been associated with patient prognosis. Therefore, this study proposed a new clinicopathological staging method and evaluated a cut-off value for mitosis related to the survival of dogs affected by STS. This study included 105 dogs affected by STS, treated only with surgery, and a complete follow-up evaluation. The new clinicopathological staging system evaluated tumor size (T), nodal involvement (N), distant metastasis (M), and histological grading criteria (G) to categorize the tumor stage into four groups (stages I, II, III, and IV). The proposed tumor staging system was able to differentiate patients' prognoses, with dogs with stage IV disease experiencing the lowest survival time and dogs with stage I disease having the highest survival time (p < 0.001). Moreover, we assessed the median mitosis (based on mitotic count) and its association with overall survival. Our study's median mitosis was 5, and patients with ≤5 mitoses had a higher survival time (p = 0.006). Overall, the proposed staging system and mitotic count seemed promising in the prediction of patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayara Simão Franzoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliano Nóbrega
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Renée Laufer-Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Marina Valsecchi Henriques
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Osmar Pinto Neto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Anhembi University, São Paulo 04546-001, Brazil
- Arena235 Research Lab, São José dos Campos 12246-876, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves
- Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University (UNIP), Bauru 17048-290, Brazil
- Veterinary Oncology Service (SEOVET), São Paulo 05016-000, Brazil
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7
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Zhao S, Zhang X, Gao F, Chi H, Zhang J, Xia Z, Cheng C, Liu J. Identification of copper metabolism-related subtypes and establishment of the prognostic model in ovarian cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1145797. [PMID: 36950684 PMCID: PMC10025496 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1145797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common and most malignant gynecological malignancies in gynecology. On the other hand, dysregulation of copper metabolism (CM) is closely associated with tumourigenesis and progression. Here, we investigated the impact of genes associated with copper metabolism (CMRGs) on the prognosis of OC, discovered various CM clusters, and built a risk model to evaluate patient prognosis, immunological features, and therapy response. METHODS 15 CMRGs affecting the prognosis of OC patients were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Consensus Clustering was used to identify two CM clusters. lasso-cox methods were used to establish the copper metabolism-related gene prognostic signature (CMRGPS) based on differentially expressed genes in the two clusters. The GSE63885 cohort was used as an external validation cohort. Expression of CM risk score-associated genes was verified by single-cell sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Nomograms were used to visually depict the clinical value of CMRGPS. Differences in clinical traits, immune cell infiltration, and tumor mutational load (TMB) between risk groups were also extensively examined. Tumour Immune Dysfunction and Rejection (TIDE) and Immune Phenotype Score (IPS) were used to validate whether CMRGPS could predict response to immunotherapy in OC patients. RESULTS In the TCGA and GSE63885 cohorts, we identified two CM clusters that differed significantly in terms of overall survival (OS) and tumor microenvironment. We then created a CMRGPS containing 11 genes to predict overall survival and confirmed its reliable predictive power for OC patients. The expression of CM risk score-related genes was validated by qRT-PCR. Patients with OC were divided into low-risk (LR) and high-risk (HR) groups based on the median CM risk score, with better survival in the LR group. The 5-year AUC value reached 0.74. Enrichment analysis showed that the LR group was associated with tumor immune-related pathways. The results of TIDE and IPS showed a better response to immunotherapy in the LR group. CONCLUSION Our study, therefore, provides a valuable tool to further guide clinical management and tailor the treatment of patients with OC, offering new insights into individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyun Zhao
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second People's Hospital of Foshan, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Chi
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Zhijia Xia
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Chao Cheng, ; Jinhui Liu,
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Chao Cheng, ; Jinhui Liu,
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijia Xia, ; Chao Cheng, ; Jinhui Liu,
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8
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Lin MS, Zhong HY, Yim RLH, Chen QY, Du HL, He HQ, Lin K, Zhao P, Gao R, Gao F, Zhang MY. Pan-cancer analysis of oncogenic TNFAIP2 identifying its prognostic value and immunological function in acute myeloid leukemia. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1068. [PMID: 36243694 PMCID: PMC9571470 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 2 (TNFAIP2), a TNFα-inducible gene, appears to participate in inflammation, immune response, hematopoiesis, and carcinogenesis. However, the potential role of TNFAIP2 in the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unknow yet. Therefore, we aimed to study the biological role of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. METHODS TNFAIP2 mRNA level, prognostic value, co-expressed genes, differentially expressed genes, DNA methylation, and functional enrichment analysis in AML patients were explored via multiple public databases, including UALCAN, GTEx portal, Timer 2.0, LinkedOmics, SMART, MethSurv, Metascape, GSEA and String databases. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and Beat AML database were used to determine the associations between TNFAIP2 expression and various clinical or genetic parameters of AML patients. Moreover, the biological functions of TNFAIP2 in AML were investigated through in vitro experiments. RESULTS By large-scale data mining, our study indicated that TNFAIP2 was differentially expressed across different normal and tumor tissues. TNFAIP2 expression was significantly increased in AML, particularly in French-American-British (FAB) classification M4/M5 patients, compared with corresponding control tissues. Overexpression of TNFAIP2 was an independent poor prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) and was associated with unfavorable cytogenetic risk and gene mutations in AML patients. DNA hypermethylation of TNFAIP2 at gene body linked to upregulation of TNFAIP2 and inferior OS in AML. Functional enrichment analysis indicated immunomodulation function and inflammation response of TNFAIP2 in leukemogenesis. Finally, the suppression of TNFAIP resulted in inhibition of proliferation by altering cell-cycle progression and increase of cell death by promoting early and late apoptosis in THP-1 and U937AML cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, the oncogenic TNFAIP2 can function as a novel biomarker and prognostic factor in AML patients. The immunoregulation function of TNFAIP2 warrants further validation in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Si Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hui-Yun Zhong
- Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, 643000, China
| | - Rita Lok-Hay Yim
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qi-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hong-Ling Du
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Hao-Qi He
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ke Lin
- School of Medical Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China
| | - Ru Gao
- Department of Nursing, Chengdu Wenjiang People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611100, Sichuan, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Pharmacy School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611730, China.
| | - Min-Yue Zhang
- Division of Hematology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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9
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Khodaii Z, Mehrabani Natanzi M, Khalighfard S, Ghandian Zanjan M, Gharghi M, Khori V, Amiriani T, Rahimkhani M, Alizadeh AM. Novel targets in rectal cancer by considering lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network in response to Lactobacillus acidophilus consumption: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9168. [PMID: 35654932 PMCID: PMC9163174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network in response to Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) consumption in rectal cancer patients. The candidate miRs were first taken from the GEO and TCGA databases. We constructed the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network using the high-throughput sequencing data. At last, we created a heatmap based on the experimental data to show the possible correlation of the selected targets. The expression levels of selected targets were measured in the samples of 107 rectal cancer patients undergoing placebo and probiotic consumption and 10 noncancerous subjects using Real-Time PCR. Our analysis revealed a group of differentially expressed 12 miRs and 11 lncRNAs, and 12 genes in rectal cancer patients. A significant expression increase of the selected tumor suppressor miRs, lncRNAs, and genes and a substantial expression decrease of the selected oncomiRs, onco-lncRNAs, and oncogenes were obtained after the probiotic consumption compared to the placebo group. There is a strong correlation between some network components, including miR-133b and IGF1 gene, miR-548ac and MSH2 gene, and miR-21 and SMAD4 gene. In rectal cancer patients, L. acidophilus consumption was associated with improved expression of the lncRNA-miR-mRNA network, which may provide novel monitoring and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Khodaii
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Mehrabani Natanzi
- Evidence-Based Phytotherapy and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Solmaz Khalighfard
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
- Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Maziar Ghandian Zanjan
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Maryam Gharghi
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Vahid Khori
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Taghi Amiriani
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Monireh Rahimkhani
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Alizadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Breast Disease Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Wu W, Zhou S, Liu T, Liang D. Mitochondrial transcription factor B2 overexpression increases M2 macrophage infiltration via cytosolic mitochondrial DNA-stimulated Interleukin-6 secretion in ovarian cancer. Bioengineered 2022; 13:12211-12223. [PMID: 35577351 PMCID: PMC9275939 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2074615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor B2 (TFB2M) is a protein modulating both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and compacting. In this study, we explored the expression profile of TFB2M in ovarian cancer, its association with infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and its influence on macrophage polarization. Serial sections of ovarian cancer tissue arrays were stained to detect TFB2M and CD163 expression. Epithelial ovarian cancer cell line OVISE and CAOV4 were used to assess the influence of TFB2M on IL-6 expression. THP-1 cells were utilized as an in vitro model for macrophage migration and polarization. Results showed that higher TFB2M expression is associated with poor survival in ovarian cancer patients. IHC staining confirmed a moderately positive correlation between TFB2M expression and the infiltration of CD163-positive cells in 68 primary ovarian cancer cases. TFB2M overexpression was associated with increased mtDNA outside the mitochondria and elevated IL-6 expression in ovarian cancer cells. When cytosolic mtDNA was selectively inhibited by DNase I, TFB2M-induced IL-6 upregulation was canceled. TFB2M overexpression could activate the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling pathway via promoting nucleus entry of p65 and p-p65, which was abrogated by inhibiting cytosolic mtDNA, TLR9, or NF-κB signaling pathway. Conditioned medium from OIVSE cells with TFB2M overexpression could induce macrophage migration and M2 polarization. However, these inducing effects were abrogated by DNase I, TLR9 inhibitor, and anti-IL-6 R pretreatment. In conclusion, this study showed a novel role of TFB2M in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. It promotes M2 macrophage infiltration via a cytosolic mtDNA/TLR9/NF-κB/IL-6 pathway in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Wu
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianmin Liu
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongni Liang
- Department of Pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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11
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Cheng Z, Gong L, Cai Q. LncRNA00978 contributes to growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via mediating microRNA-125b-5p/SOX12 pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11228-11239. [PMID: 35485164 PMCID: PMC9208515 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2063648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a malignant tumor, HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) is featured by a high recurrence rate with a poor prognosis. Increasing evidence supports an important role of lincRNAs in HCC. Here, the purpose of the study was to explore the function of LINC00978 (long non-coding RNA00978) in HCC and the underlying mechanisms. LINC00978 expression and its association with the progression of HCC were analyzed using HCC TCGA datasets. LINC00978 expression in tissues was measured using real-time PCR. Then, we knocked down LINC00978 in HCC cells to explore its effect on cellular invasion, proliferation, and migration. Finally, we investigated the potential molecular mechanism of LINC00978 by dual Luciferase reporter assay, FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) and RIP (RNA immunoprecipitation). LINC00978 expression was remarkably increased in HCC. A high level of LINC00978 was associated with poor prognosis of HCC. Additionally, LINC00978 silencing could repress the growth and metastasis of HCC cells. Mechanistically, it was revealed that LINC00978 could sponge microRNA-125b-5p and identified SOX12 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 12) as a direct target gene of microRNA-125b-5p. More importantly, the suppressed effect of LINC00978 silencing on the metastasis and growth of HCC cells could be rescued by miR-125b-5p inhibition and overexpressed SOX12. LINC00978/microRNA-125b-5p/SOX12 axis promoted liver cancer migration, invasion, and proliferation, which could be used as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Cheng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Limei Gong
- Department of General Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
| | - Qinghe Cai
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
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12
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Qiu H, Zhang X, Yu H, Gao R, Shi J, Shen T. Identification of potential targets of triptolide in regulating the tumor microenvironment of stomach adenocarcinoma patients using bioinformatics. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4304-4319. [PMID: 34348580 PMCID: PMC8806726 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1945522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify potential pharmacological targets of triptolide regulating the tumor microenvironment (TME) of stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) patients. A total of 343 STAD cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were assigned into high- or low-score groups applying Estimation of STromal and Immune cells in MAlignant Tumor tissues using Expression data (ESTIMATE). Hub genes were identified from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by stromal- and immune-related components in the TME of STAD patients using R software. Cox regression analysis was used to identify genes significantly correlated with STAD patient survival. Triptolide target genes were predicted from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Top 30 genes filtered by Cytohubba from 734 DEGs were screened as hub genes. Forty-two genes were found to be at high risk for STAD prognosis. Thirty-four targets of triptolide were predicted using the TCMSP database. Importantly, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) was identified as a potential target of triptolide associated with the TME in STAD. Analysis of survival highlighted the association between CXCR4 upregulation with STAD progression and poor prognosis. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) confirmed that genes in the CXCR4- upregulated group had significant enrichment in immune-linked pathways. Additionally, triptolide targets were found to be significantly enriched in CXCR4-related chemokine and cancer-related p53 signaling pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated a high affinity between triptolide and CXCR4. In conclusion, CXCR4 may be a therapeutic target of triptolide in the treatment of STAD patients by modulating the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Qiu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianglong Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Shen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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13
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Tan X, Mao L, Huang C, Yang W, Guo J, Chen Z, Chen Z. Comprehensive analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks for microbiota-mediated colorectal cancer associated with immune cell infiltration. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3410-3425. [PMID: 34227920 PMCID: PMC8806860 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1940614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have identified microbiota as crucial participants in many disease conditions, including cancers. Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) is regarded as a candidate mechanism involving relevant biological processes. We therefore constructed a ceRNA network using the TCGA and GEO database, to determine the potential mechanisms of microbiota-mediated colorectal carcinogenesis and progression. We found a total of 75 lncRNAs, 8 miRNAs, and 9 mRNAs in the probiotics-mediated ceRNA network and a total of 49 lncRNAs, 4 miRNAs, and 3 mRNA in the pathobiont-mediated ceRNA network, which could induce the microbiota-mediated carcinogenesis and progression. The GO and KEGG analysis indicated that the ceRNA network is mainly enriched in the metabolic process, and two unique pathways (the p53 signaling pathway and microRNA in cancer), respectively. A four-gene signature (FRMD6-AS2, DIRC3, LIFR-AS1, and MRPL23-AS1) was suggested as an independent prognostic factor. Four lncRNAs (LINC00355, KCNQ1OT1, LINC00491, and HOTAIR) were associated with poor survival. Three small molecule candidate anticancer drugs (Pentoxyverine, Rimexolone, and Doxylamine) were identified. A four-gene signature (FAM129A, BCL2, PMAIP1, and RPS6) is significantly correlated with immune infiltration level. This study provides a promising biomarker reservoir to explore the mechanism by which microbiota regulate the ceRNA network involving the immune response, and further participate in colorectal carcinogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhou Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Linfeng Mao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Changhao Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zihua Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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