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Kunay E, Hoole P, Gubian M, Harrington J, Jospeh A, Voit D, Frahm J. Vowel height and velum position in German: Insights from a real-time magnetic resonance imaging study. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 152:3483. [PMID: 36586846 DOI: 10.1121/10.0016366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Velum position was analysed as a function of vowel height in German tense and lax vowels preceding a nasal or oral consonant. Findings from previous research suggest an interdependence between vowel height and the degree of velum lowering, with a higher velum during high vowels and a more lowered velum during low vowels. In the current study, data were presented from 33 native speakers of Standard German who were measured via non-invasive high quality real-time magnetic resonance imaging. The focus was on exploring the spatiotemporal extent of velum lowering in tense and lax /a, i, o, ø/, which was done by analysing velum movement trajectories over the course of VN and VC sequences in CVNV and CVCV sequences by means of functional principal component analysis. Analyses focused on the impact of the vowel category and vowel tenseness. Data indicated that not only the position of the velum was affected by these factors but also the timing of velum closure. Moreover, it is argued that the effect of vowel height was to be better interpreted in terms of the physiological constriction location of vowels, i.e., the specific tongue position rather than phonetic vowel height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Kunay
- Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Hoole
- Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Michele Gubian
- Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Jonathan Harrington
- Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Arun Jospeh
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Voit
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jens Frahm
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Power S, Kotlarek KJ. An Exploratory Investigation of the Palatoglossus Muscle in Children Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2022; 65:4151-4158. [PMID: 36283682 PMCID: PMC9940889 DOI: 10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to quantify the morphology of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle can be applied to the PG. The secondary purpose is to provide preliminary data regarding the relationship between the LVP and PG muscles in children. METHOD Ten children between ages of 4 and 7 years participated in this study. Each participant was scanned using a nonsedated, child-friendly protocol with a T2-weighted, three-dimensional anatomical scan to obtain images of the oropharyngeal anatomy. Custom, oblique-coronal image planes were created to visualize and measure the LVP and PG muscles in their entirety from origin to insertion. Thermo Scientific Amira Software was used to obtain 2D measurements of PG muscle length, width, velar insertion distance, lingual insertion distance, and several angle measurements. RESULTS The PG ranged from 17.95 to 26.96 mm in length across participants. Velar insertion distance ranged from 17.22 to 30.95 mm. Lingual insertion distance ranged from 26.91 to 36.02 mm. Width ranged from 2.32 to 3.08 mm. The angle formed by the PG and LVP muscle planes ranged from 7.3° to 52.7°. The LVP insertion angle ranged from 42.5° to 75.9°. The PG insertion angle ranged from 16.9° to 52.3°. CONCLUSIONS MRI was successful in visualizing the PG muscle. The PG was consistent in size and shape within an individual participant but varied across the participant cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Power
- Division of Communication Disorders, University of Wyoming, Laramie
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Bordoni B, Escher AR, Toccafondi A, Mapelli L, Banfi P. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Role of the Diaphragm. Cureus 2022; 14:e29004. [PMID: 36159353 PMCID: PMC9495286 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes multiple local and systemic pathophysiological consequences, which lead to an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from this disorder. OSA presents with various nocturnal events of apnoeas or hypopneas and with sub-clinical airflow limitations during wakefulness. OSA involves a large percentage of the population, particularly men, but the estimate of OSA patients could be much broader than data from the literature. Most of the research carried out in the muscle field is to understand the causes of the presence of chronic nocturnal desaturation and focus on the genioglossus muscle and other muscles related to dilating the upper airways. Sparse research has been published regarding the diaphragm muscle, which is the main muscle structure to insufflate air into the airways. The article reviews the functional anatomy of the muscles used to open the upper respiratory tract and the non-physiological adaptation that follows in the presence of OSA, as well as the functional anatomy and pathological adaptive aspects of the diaphragm muscle. The intent of the text is to highlight the disparity of clinical interest between the dilator muscles and the diaphragm, trying to stimulate a broader approach to patient evaluation.
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Bordoni B, Escher AR. A Missing Voice: The Lingual Complex and Osteopathic Manual Medicine in the Context of Five Osteopathic Models. Cureus 2021; 13:e18658. [PMID: 34659928 PMCID: PMC8503936 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The five osteopathic models recognized by the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine guide clinicians in the evaluation and therapeutic choice which must be the most appropriate concerning the patient's needs. Skeletal muscles represent an important interpretation, such as screening and treatment, on which these models are based. A muscle district that is not considered by the usual osteopathic practice is the tongue. The lingual complex has numerous functions, both local and systemic; it can adapt negatively in the presence of pathology, just as it can influence the body system in a non-physiological manner if it is a source of dysfunctions. This paper, the first of its kind in the panorama of scientific literature, briefly reviews the anatomy and neurophysiology of the tongue, trying to highlight the logic and the need to insert this muscle in the context of the five osteopathic models. The clinician's goal is to restore the patient's homeostasis, and we believe that this task is more concrete if the patient is approached after understanding all the contractile districts, including the tongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bordoni
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, ITA
| | - Allan R Escher
- Anesthesiology/Pain Medicine, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, USA
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Tabain M, Kochetov A, Beare R. An ultrasound and formant study of manner contrasts at four coronal places of articulation. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 148:3195. [PMID: 33261411 DOI: 10.1121/10.0002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines consonant manner of articulation at four coronal places of articulation, using ultrasound and formant analyses of the Australian language Arrernte. Stop, nasal, and lateral articulations are examined at the dental, alveolar, retroflex, and alveo-palatal places of articulation: /t̪ n̪ l̪ / vs /t n l/ vs /ʈɳɭ/ vs /c ɲ ʎ/. Ultrasound data clearly show a more retracted tongue root for the lateral, and a more advanced tongue root for the nasal, as compared to the stop. However, the magnitude of the differences is much greater for the stop∼lateral contrast than for the stop∼nasal contrast. Acoustic results show clear effects on F1 in the adjacent vowels, in particular the preceding vowel, with F1 lower adjacent to nasals and higher adjacent to laterals, as compared to stops. Correlations between the articulatory and acoustic data are particularly strong for this formant. However, the retroflex place of articulation shows effects according to manner for higher formants as well, suggesting that a better understanding of retroflex acoustics for different manners of articulation is required. The study also suggests that articulatory symmetry and gestural economy are affected by the size of the phonemic inventory.
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Gick B, Mayer C, Chiu C, Widing E, Roewer-Després F, Fels S, Stavness I. Quantal biomechanical effects in speech postures of the lips. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:833-843. [PMID: 32727259 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00676.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biomechanical and functional constraints on human speech make it a promising area for research investigating modular control of movement. The present article illustrates how a modular control approach to speech can provide insights relevant to understanding both motor control and observed variation across languages. We specifically explore the robust typological finding that languages produce different degrees of labial constriction using distinct muscle groupings and concomitantly distinct lip postures. Research has suggested that these lip postures exploit biomechanical regions of nonlinearity between neural activation and movement, also known as quantal regions, to allow movement goals to be realized despite variable activation signals. We present two sets of computer simulations showing that these labial postures can be generated under the assumption of modular control and that the corresponding modules are biomechanically robust: first to variation in the activation levels of participating muscles, and second to interference from surrounding muscles. These results provide support for the hypothesis that biomechanical robustness is an important factor in selecting the muscle groupings used for speech movements and provide insight into the neurological control of speech movements and how biomechanical and functional constraints govern the emergence of speech motor modules. We anticipate that future experimental work guided by biomechanical simulation results will provide new insights into the neural organization of speech movements.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article provides additional evidence that speech motor control is organized in a modular fashion and that biomechanics constrain the kinds of motor modules that may emerge. It also suggests that speech can be a fruitful domain for the study of modularity and that a better understanding of speech motor modules will be useful for speech research. Finally, it suggests that biomechanical modeling can serve as a useful complement to experimental work when studying modularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connor Mayer
- Department of Linguistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chenhao Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Erik Widing
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Sidney Fels
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Anderson P, Fels S, Stavness I, Pearson WG, Gick B. Intravelar and Extravelar Portions of Soft Palate Muscles in Velic Constrictions: A Three-Dimensional Modeling Study. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:802-814. [PMID: 30964714 PMCID: PMC6802881 DOI: 10.1044/2018_jslhr-s-17-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study predicts and simulates the function and relative contributions of the intravelar and extravelar portions of the levator veli palatini (LVP) and palatoglossus (PG) muscles in velic constrictions. Method A finite element-based model of the 3-dimensional upper airway structures (palate, pharynx, tongue, jaw, maxilla) was implemented, with LVP and PG divided into intravelar and extravelar portions. Simulations were run to investigate the contributions of these muscles in velopharyngeal port (VPP) closure and constriction of the oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI). Results Simulations reveal that the extravelar portion of LVP, though crucial for lifting the palate, is not sufficient to effect VPP closure. Specifically, the characteristic "bulge" appearing in the posterior soft palate during VPP closure ( Pigott, 1969 ; Serrurier & Badin, 2008 ) is found to result from activation of the intravelar portion of LVP. Likewise, the intravelar portion of posterior PG is crucial in bending the "veil" or "traverse" ( Gick, Francis, Klenin, Mizrahi, & Tom, 2013 ) of the velum anteriorly to produce uvular constrictions of the OPI ( Gick et al., 2014 ). Conclusions Simulations support the view that intravelar LVP and PG play significant roles in VPP and OPI constrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Anderson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sidney Fels
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - William G. Pearson
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta
| | - Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
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Kochetov A, Tabain M, Sreedevi N, Beare R. Manner and place differences in Kannada coronal consonants: Articulatory and acoustic results. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2018; 144:3221. [PMID: 30599639 DOI: 10.1121/1.5081686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated articulatory differences in the realization of Kannada coronal consonants of the same place but different manner of articulation. This was done by examining tongue positions and acoustic formant transitions for dentals and retroflexes of three manners of articulation: stops, nasals, and laterals. Ultrasound imaging data collected from ten speakers of the language revealed that the tongue body/root was more forward for the nasal manner of articulation compared to stop and lateral consonants of the same place of articulation. The dental nasal and lateral were also produced with a higher front part of the tongue compared to the dental stop. As a result, the place contrast was greater in magnitude for the stops (being the prototypical dental vs retroflex) than for the nasals and laterals (being apparently alveolar vs retroflex). Acoustic formant transition differences were found to reflect some of the articulatory differences, while also providing evidence for the more dynamic articulation of nasal and lateral retroflexes. Overall, the results of the study shed light on factors underlying manner requirements (aerodynamic or physiological) and how the factors interact with principles of gestural economy/symmetry, providing an empirical baseline for further cross-language investigations and articulation-to-acoustics modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Kochetov
- Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto, 100 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Marija Tabain
- Department of Languages and Linguistics, Latrobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N Sreedevi
- Clinical Services, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Richard Beare
- Monash University, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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Moisik SR, Gick B. The Quantal Larynx: The Stable Regions of Laryngeal Biomechanics and Implications for Speech Production. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:540-560. [PMID: 28241199 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-16-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent proposals suggest that (a) the high dimensionality of speech motor control may be reduced via modular neuromuscular organization that takes advantage of intrinsic biomechanical regions of stability and (b) computational modeling provides a means to study whether and how such modularization works. In this study, the focus is on the larynx, a structure that is fundamental to speech production because of its role in phonation and numerous articulatory functions. METHOD A 3-dimensional model of the larynx was created using the ArtiSynth platform (http://www.artisynth.org). This model was used to simulate laryngeal articulatory states, including inspiration, glottal fricative, modal prephonation, plain glottal stop, vocal-ventricular stop, and aryepiglotto-epiglottal stop and fricative. RESULTS Speech-relevant laryngeal biomechanics is rich with "quantal" or highly stable regions within muscle activation space. CONCLUSIONS Quantal laryngeal biomechanics complement a modular view of speech control and have implications for the articulatory-biomechanical grounding of numerous phonetic and phonological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Reid Moisik
- Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeThe Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CanadaHaskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT
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Gick B, Allen B, Roewer-Després F, Stavness I. Speaking Tongues Are Actively Braced. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:494-506. [PMID: 28196377 DOI: 10.1044/2016_jslhr-s-15-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bracing of the tongue against opposing vocal-tract surfaces such as the teeth or palate has long been discussed in the context of biomechanical, somatosensory, and aeroacoustic aspects of tongue movement. However, previous studies have tended to describe bracing only in terms of contact (rather than mechanical support), and only in limited phonetic contexts, supporting a widespread view of bracing as an occasional state, peculiar to specific sounds or sound combinations. METHOD The present study tests the pervasiveness and effortfulness of tongue bracing in continuous English speech passages using electropalatography and 3-D biomechanical simulations. RESULTS The tongue remains in continuous contact with the upper molars during speech, with only rare exceptions. Use of the term bracing (rather than merely contact) is supported here by biomechanical simulations showing that lateral bracing is an active posture requiring dedicated muscle activation; further, loss of lateral contact for onset /l/ allophones is found to be consistently accompanied by contact of the tongue blade against the anterior palate. In the rare instances where direct evidence for contact is lacking (only in a minority of low vowel and postvocalic /l/ tokens), additional biomechanical simulations show that lateral contact is maintained against pharyngeal structures dorsal to the teeth. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicate that tongue bracing is both pervasive and active in running speech and essential in understanding tongue movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Blake Allen
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Gick B. Ecologizing Dimensionality: Prospects for a Modular Theory of Speech Production. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2016.1195195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Gick
- Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada ; Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ian Stavness
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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