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Wu X, Shen J, Zhong Y, Zhao X, Zhou W, Gao P, Wang X, An W. Large-Scale Isolation of Milk Exosomes for Skincare. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:930. [PMID: 39065627 PMCID: PMC11279399 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles in a cell culture. They are secreted by most cells and originate from the endosomal pathway. A variety of proteins, lipids, and genetic materials have been shown to be carried by exosomes. Once taken up by neighboring or distant cells, the bioactive compounds in exosomes can regulate the condition of recipient cells. Typically, producing exosomes in large quantities requires cell culture, resulting in high production costs. However, exosomes are abundant in milk and can be isolated on a large scale at a low cost. In our study, we found that milk exosomes can promote the synthesis and reconstruction of stratum corneum lipids, enhance skin barrier function, and provide greater protection for the skin. Furthermore, milk exosomes have anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce skin irritation, redness, and other symptoms, giving immediate relief. They also exhibit antioxidant activity, which helps neutralize free radicals and slows down the skin aging process. Additionally, milk exosomes inhibit melanin production, aiding in skin whitening. Ongoing research has uncovered the benefits of milk exosomes for skin improvement and their application in cosmetics, skin healthcare, and other fields, and these applications are continuing to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xudong Wang
- China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China; (X.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (P.G.)
| | - Wenlin An
- China National Biotech Group (CNBG), Sinopharm Group, National Vaccine & Serum Institute (NVSI), No. 38 Jing Hai Second Road, Beijing 101111, China; (X.W.); (J.S.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (W.Z.); (P.G.)
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2
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Kathait P, Patel PK, Sahu AN. Harnessing exosomes and plant-derived exosomes as nanocarriers for the efficient delivery of plant bioactives. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38900607 DOI: 10.1080/17435889.2024.2354159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a category of extracellular vesicle (EV), are phospholipid bilayer structures ranging from 30 to 150 nm, produced by various organisms through the endosomal pathway. Recent studies have established the utilization of exosomes as nanocarriers for drug distribution across various therapeutic areas including cancer, acute liver injury, neuroprotection, oxidative stress, inflammation, etc. The importance of plant-derived exosomes and exosome vesicles derived from mammalian cells or milk, loaded with potent plant bioactives for various therapeutic indications are discussed along with insights into future perspectives. Moreover, this review provides a detailed understanding of exosome biogenesis, their composition, classification, stability of different types of exosomes, and different routes of administration along with the standard techniques used for isolating, purifying, and characterizing exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kathait
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Patel
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alakh N Sahu
- Phytomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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Aslan C, Zolbanin NM, Faraji F, Jafari R. Exosomes for CRISPR-Cas9 Delivery: The Cutting Edge in Genome Editing. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00932-7. [PMID: 38012525 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00932-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Gene mutation correction was challenging until the discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas). CRISPR is a new era for genome modification, and this technology has bypassed the limitations of previous methods such as zinc-finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease. Currently, this method is becoming the method of choice for gene-editing purposes, especially therapeutic gene editing in diseases such as cardiovascular, neurological, renal, genetic, optical, and stem cell, as well as blood disorders and muscular degeneration. However, finding the optimum delivery system capable of carrying this large complex persists as the main challenge of this technology. Therefore, it would be ideal if the delivery vehicle could direct the introduction of editing functions to specific cells in a multicellular organism. Exosomes are membrane-bound vesicles with high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity; they offer the best and most reliable way to fill the CRISPR/Cas9 system delivery gap. This review presents the current evidence on the molecular mechanisms and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome modification. Also, the role of CRISPR/Cas9 in the development of treatment and diagnosis of numerous disorders, from malignancies to viral infections, has been discussed. Lastly, the focus is on new advances in exosome-delivery technologies that may play a role in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery for future clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Aslan
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naime Majidi Zolbanin
- Experimental and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Faraji
- Hazrat-e Rasool General Hospital, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Floor 3, Building No. 3, Niyayesh St, Sattar Khan St, Tehran, 1445613131, Iran.
| | - Reza Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Shafa St., Ershad Blvd., P.O. Box: 1138, Urmia, 57147, Iran.
- Department of Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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4
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Singh S, Barik D, Lawrie K, Mohapatra I, Prasad S, Naqvi AR, Singh A, Singh G. Unveiling Novel Avenues in mTOR-Targeted Therapeutics: Advancements in Glioblastoma Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14960. [PMID: 37834408 PMCID: PMC10573615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway plays a pivotal and intricate role in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, driving tumorigenesis and proliferation. Mutations or deletions in the PTEN gene constitutively activate the mTOR pathway by expressing growth factors EGF and PDGF, which activate their respective receptor pathways (e.g., EGFR and PDGFR). The convergence of signaling pathways, such as the PI3K-AKT pathway, intensifies the effect of mTOR activity. The inhibition of mTOR has the potential to disrupt diverse oncogenic processes and improve patient outcomes. However, the complexity of the mTOR signaling, off-target effects, cytotoxicity, suboptimal pharmacokinetics, and drug resistance of the mTOR inhibitors pose ongoing challenges in effectively targeting glioblastoma. Identifying innovative treatment strategies to address these challenges is vital for advancing the field of glioblastoma therapeutics. This review discusses the potential targets of mTOR signaling and the strategies of target-specific mTOR inhibitor development, optimized drug delivery system, and the implementation of personalized treatment approaches to mitigate the complications of mTOR inhibitors. The exploration of precise mTOR-targeted therapies ultimately offers elevated therapeutic outcomes and the development of more effective strategies to combat the deadliest form of adult brain cancer and transform the landscape of glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Debashis Barik
- Center for Computational Natural Science and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Karl Lawrie
- College of Saint Benedict, Saint John’s University, Collegeville, MN 56321, USA
| | - Iteeshree Mohapatra
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Sujata Prasad
- MLM Medical Laboratories, LLC, Oakdale, MN 55128, USA
| | - Afsar R. Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amar Singh
- Schulze Diabetes Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Gatikrushna Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Bradu P, Biswas A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, El Allali A, Alsamman AM, Zayed H, George Priya Doss C. Evolving strategies and application of proteins and peptide therapeutics in cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114832. [PMID: 37150032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several proteins and peptides have therapeutic potential and can be used for cancer therapy. By binding to cell surface receptors and other indicators uniquely linked with or overexpressed on tumors compared to healthy tissue, protein biologics enhance the active targeting of cancer cells, as opposed to the passive targeting of cells by conventional small-molecule chemotherapeutics. This study focuses on peptide medications that exist to slow or stop tumor growth and the spread of cancer, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of peptides in cancer treatment. As an alternative to standard chemotherapy, peptides that selectively kill cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue are developing. A mountain of clinical evidence supports the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines. Since a single treatment technique may not be sufficient to produce favourable results in the fight against cancer, combination therapy is emerging as an effective option to generate synergistic benefits. One example of this new area is the use of anticancer peptides in combination with nonpeptidic cytotoxic drugs or the combination of immunotherapy with conventional therapies like radiation and chemotherapy. This review focuses on the different natural and synthetic peptides obtained and researched. Discoveries, manufacture, and modifications of peptide drugs, as well as their contemporary applications, are summarized in this review. We also discuss the benefits and difficulties of potential advances in therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Pragya Bradu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Antara Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Alsamman M Alsamman
- Department of Genome Mapping, Molecular Genetics, and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Mondal J, Pillarisetti S, Junnuthula V, Saha M, Hwang SR, Park IK, Lee YK. Hybrid exosomes, exosome-like nanovesicles and engineered exosomes for therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2023; 353:1127-1149. [PMID: 36528193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosome-derived nanovesicles involved in cellular communication. They are natural nanocarriers secreted by various cells, making them suitable candidates for diverse drug delivery and therapeutic applications from a material standpoint. They have a phospholipid bilayer decorated with functional molecules and an enclosed parental matrix, which has attracted interest in developing designer/hybrid engineered exosome nanocarriers. The structural versatility of exosomes allows the modification of their original configuration using various methods, including genetic engineering, chemical procedures, physical techniques, and microfluidic technology, to load exosomes with additional cargo for expanded biomedical applications. Exosomes show enormous potential for overcoming the limitations of conventional nanoparticle-based techniques in targeted therapy. This review highlights the exosome sources, characteristics, state of the art in the field of hybrid exosomes, exosome-like nanovesicles and engineered exosomes as potential cargo delivery vehicles for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Mondal
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea
| | - Shameer Pillarisetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Monochura Saha
- Media lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 75 Amherst Street, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Science Graduate Program (BMSGP), Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Gwangju 61469, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Green Bioengineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27470, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Ghasempour E, Hesami S, Movahed E, keshel SH, Doroudian M. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy in the brain tumors. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:527. [PMID: 36536420 PMCID: PMC9764546 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are one of the most mortal cancers, leading to many deaths among kids and adults. Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are available options for brain tumor treatment. However, these methods are not able to eradicate cancer cells. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the most important barriers to treat brain tumors that prevents adequate drug delivery to brain tissue. The connection between different brain parts is heterogeneous and causes many challenges in treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migrate to brain tumor cells and have anti-tumor effects by delivering cytotoxic compounds. They contain very high regenerative properties, as well as support the immune system. MSCs-based therapy involves cell replacement and releases various vesicles, including exosomes. Exosomes receive more attention due to their excellent stability, less immunogenicity and toxicity compare to cells. Exosomes derived from MSCs can develop a powerful therapeutic strategy for different diseases and be a hopeful candidate for cell-based and cell-free regenerative medicine. These nanoparticles contain nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and other biologically active substances. Many studies show that each microRNA can prevent angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis in glioblastoma. These exosomes can-act as a suitable nanoparticle carrier for therapeutic applications of brain tumors by passing through the BBB. In this review, we discuss potential applications of MSC and their produced exosomes in the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ghasempour
- grid.411600.2Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shilan Hesami
- grid.411600.2Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Movahed
- grid.238491.50000 0004 0367 6866Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY USA
| | - Saeed Heidari keshel
- grid.411600.2Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- grid.412265.60000 0004 0406 5813Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Kulka M, Brennan K, Mc Gee M. Investigation of canine extracellular vesicles in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274261. [PMID: 36125986 PMCID: PMC9488776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are the most common lymphoproliferative diseases in dogs. DLBCL diagnosis to date has relied on histopathological analysis; however liquid biopsies have gained attention in recent years as a source of diagnostic and prognostic information. Liquid biopsies can be a source of circulating DNA, miRNA, circulating tumour cells or extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this study EVs were isolated from the plasma of healthy dogs, and dogs with lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma by iodixanol density gradient centrifugation. These EVs were positive for the EV markers CD63 and TSG101 and the pan-B cell markers CD79a, CD21, CD45, CD20. NTA analysis revealed that the DLBCL and adenocarcinoma dogs had elevated plasma EVs relative to the healthy dogs. Furthermore, the modal size of lymphoma EVs had decreased relative to healthy dogs while adenocarcinoma EVs were unchanged. This study demonstrates that the plasma EV population is altered in canine lymphoma patients in a manner similar to previous studies on human lymphomas. The similar changes to the EV population in dogs, together with the similar pathological features and treatment protocols in canine and human non-Hodgkin lymphomas would make dogs a good comparative model for studying the role of EVs in DLBCL development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kulka
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Kieran Brennan
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret Mc Gee
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Tumor-Suppressive and Oncogenic Roles of microRNA-149-5p in Human Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810823. [PMID: 36142734 PMCID: PMC9501226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are always a critical threat to human health, with complex pathogenesis, numerous causative factors, and poor prognosis. The features of cancers, such as gene mutations, epigenetic alterations, and the activation and inhibition of signaling pathways in the organism, play important roles in tumorigenesis and prognosis. MicroRNA (miRNA) enables the control of various molecular mechanisms and plays a variety of roles in human cancers, such as radiation sensitivity and tumor immunity, through the regulation of target genes. MiR-149-5p participates in the process and is closely related to lipogenesis, the migration of vascular endothelial cells, and the expression of stem-cell-related proteins. In recent years, its role in cancer has dramatically increased. In this review, we summarize the regular physiological roles of miRNAs, specifically miR-149-5p, in the organism and discuss the tumor-suppressive or oncogenic roles of miR-149-5p in different human cancers with respect to signaling pathways involved in regulation. Possible clinical applications of miR-149-5p in future targeted therapies and prognosis improvement in oncology are suggested.
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10
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Huang Y, Zhan Q, Wu C, Liao N, Jiang Z, Ding H, Wang K, Li Y. Trends and Hotspots in Nanoparticles for the Targeted Delivery of Nucleic Acids: A Ten-Year Bibliometric Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:868398. [PMID: 35600858 PMCID: PMC9114467 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.868398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles for the gene therapy field have seen remarkable progress over the last 10 years; however, low delivery efficiency and other reasons impede the clinical translation of nanocarriers. Therefore, a summary of hotspots and trends in this field is needed to promote further research development. In this research, from 2011 to 2021, 1,221 full records and cited references of Web of Science–indexed manuscripts regarding nanoparticle-targeted delivery systems have been analyzed by CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and MapEquation. In these software, keywords co-occurrence networks, alluvial diagram, co-citation networks, and structural variation analysis were carried out to emphasize the scientific community’s focus on nanomedicine of targeted delivering of nucleic acids. Keywords such as transfection efficiency, tumor cell, membrane antigen, and siRNA delivery were highlighted in the density map from VOSviewer. In addition, an alluvial flow diagram was constructed to detect changes in concepts. In the co-citation network, cluster 1 (exosomes) and cluster 17 (genome editing) were new research fields, and the efforts in modifying nanoparticles were revealed in the structural variation analysis. Aptamer and SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) represented a helpful system in targeted delivery. These results indicated that the transfection efficiency of nanocarriers required continuous improvements. With the approval of several nucleic acid drugs, a new content of nanoparticle carriers is to introduce gene-editing technology, especially CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR–associated protein 9). In addition, exosomes have great potential as targeted nanoparticles. By mapping the knowledge domains of nanomedicine in targeted delivering of nucleic acids, this study analyzed the intellectual structure of this domain in the recent 10 years, highlighting classical modifications on nanoparticles and estimating future trends for researchers and decision-makers interested in this field.
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11
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Uzuner E, Ulu GT, Gürler SB, Baran Y. The Role of MiRNA in Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2257:375-422. [PMID: 34432288 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1170-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is also determined by the alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. These gene expressions can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNA). At this point, researchers focus on addressing two main questions: "How are oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes regulated by miRNAs?" and "Which other mechanisms in cancer cells are regulated by miRNAs?" In this work we focus on gathering the publications answering these questions. The expression of miRNAs is affected by amplification, deletion or mutation. These processes are controlled by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, which regulate different mechanisms of cancer initiation and progression including cell proliferation, cell growth, apoptosis, DNA repair, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, drug resistance, metabolic regulation, and immune response regulation in cancer cells. In addition, profiling of miRNA is an important step in developing a new therapeutic approach for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erez Uzuner
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tugçe Ulu
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sevim Beyza Gürler
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Baran
- Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey.
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12
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Zhao Y, Liu P, Tan H, Chen X, Wang Q, Chen T. Exosomes as Smart Nanoplatforms for Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:743189. [PMID: 34513718 PMCID: PMC8427309 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.743189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are composed of a lipid bilayer membrane, containing proteins, nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, etc., derived from donor cells. They have a size range of approximately 30-150 nm. The intrinsic characteristics of exosomes, including efficient cellular uptake, low immunogenicity, low toxicity, intrinsic ability to traverse biological barriers, and inherent targeting ability, facilitate their application to the drug delivery system. Here, we review the generation, uptake, separation, and purification methods of exosomes, focusing on their application as carriers in tumor diagnosis and treatment, especially in brain tumors, as well as the patent applications of exosomes in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Mammary Disease, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Clinical Collage of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Piaoxue Liu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanxu Tan
- School of Fundamental Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Kučuk N, Primožič M, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Exosomes Engineering and Their Roles as Therapy Delivery Tools, Therapeutic Targets, and Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9543. [PMID: 34502452 PMCID: PMC8431173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are becoming increasingly important therapeutic biomaterials for use in a variety of therapeutic applications due to their unique characteristics, especially due to the ineffectiveness and cytotoxicity of some existing therapies and synthetic therapeutic nanocarriers. They are highly promising as carriers of drugs, genes, and other therapeutic agents that can be incorporated into their interior or onto their surface through various modification techniques to improve their targeting abilities. In addition, they are biocompatible, safe, and stable. The review focuses on different types of exosomes and methods of their preparation, including the incorporation of different kinds of cargo, especially for drug delivery purposes. In particular, their importance and effectiveness as delivery vehicles of various therapeutic agents for a variety of therapeutic applications, including different diseases and disorders such as cancer treatment, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, are emphasized. Administration routes of exosomes into the body are also included. A novelty in the article is the emphasis on global companies that are already successfully developing and testing such therapeutic biomaterials, with a focus on the most influential ones. Moreover, a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods of exosome production is summarized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Kučuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Mateja Primožič
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (N.K.); (M.P.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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14
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Akoto T, Saini S. Role of Exosomes in Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3528. [PMID: 33805398 PMCID: PMC8036381 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer remains a life-threatening disease among men worldwide. The majority of PCa-related mortality results from metastatic disease that is characterized by metastasis of prostate tumor cells to various distant organs, such as lung, liver, and bone. Bone metastasis is most common in prostate cancer with osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. The precise mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis are still being delineated. Intercellular communication is a key feature underlying prostate cancer progression and metastasis. There exists local signaling between prostate cancer cells and cells within the primary tumor microenvironment (TME), in addition to long range signaling wherein tumor cells communicate with sites of future metastases to promote the formation of pre-metastatic niches (PMN) to augment the growth of disseminated tumor cells upon metastasis. Over the last decade, exosomes/ extracellular vesicles have been demonstrated to be involved in such signaling. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs), between 30 and 150 nm in thickness, that originate and are released from cells after multivesicular bodies (MVB) fuse with the plasma membrane. These vesicles consist of lipid bilayer membrane enclosing a cargo of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. Exosomes mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo to recipient cells to modulate target cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the contribution of exosomes/extracellular vesicles in prostate cancer progression, in pre-metastatic niche establishment, and in organ-specific metastases. In addition, we briefly discuss the clinical significance of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Akoto
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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15
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Role of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030512. [PMID: 33670924 PMCID: PMC7997231 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary central nervous system tumor and one of the most lethal cancers worldwide, with morbidity of 5.26 per 100,000 population per year. These tumors are often associated with poor prognosis and terrible quality of life. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound nanoparticles secreted by cells and contain lipid, protein, DNA, mRNA, miRNA and other bioactive substances. EVs perform biological functions by binding or horizontal transfer of bioactive substances to target cell receptors. In recent years, EVs have been considered as possible targets for GBM therapy. A great many types of research demonstrated that EVs played a vital role in the GBM microenvironment, development, progression, angiogenesis, invasion, and even the diagnosis of GBM. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms and roles of EVs in these processes are unclear. It can provide the basis for GBM treatment in the future that clarifying the regulatory mechanism and related signal pathways of EVs derived from GBM and their clinical value in GBM diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, the research progress and clinical application prospects of GBM-derived EVs are reviewed and discussed.
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16
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Muhammad SA. Are extracellular vesicles new hope in clinical drug delivery for neurological disorders? Neurochem Int 2021; 144:104955. [PMID: 33412233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.104955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) for intercellular communication. EVs are natural nanovesicles that are surrounded by lipid bilayer for delivery of assorted cargoes for therapeutic purposes. In addition to their therapeutic roles, these vesicles are potential drug delivery systems. Exosomes are the most studied EVs as the delivery carriers that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) because of their nanosize. BBB is a diffusion barrier that is selective for small molecules to transit from blood to the brain. This barrier has been an obstacle for the delivery of drugs to the brain for the treatment of neurological disorders (NDs). For efficient drug delivery, synthetic vesicles such as liposomes have been employed as carriers for delivery of therapeutic molecules in clinical practice. However, these delivery systems are not without drawbacks. Among the limitations of these drug carriers include recognition by the body as foreign particles that encounter multiple defence systems that could recognize, neutralize and eliminate them. EVs are natural vesicles that may circumvent the body defence system to remain in systemic circulation for a long time. This unique property made them excellent drug delivery vehicles for clinical application. Here I discuss the progress, challenges and future directions of EVs (especially exosomes) as vehicles for targeted delivery of drug and at the same time deliver their cargoes for regenerative purposes in NDs. Recent developments in bioengineering and microfluidic technologies, which hold promise for clinical-grade production of EVs as drug delivery systems for NDs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
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17
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Lu X, Zhang Y, Xie G, Ding Y, Cong H, Xuan S. Exosomal non‑coding RNAs: Novel biomarkers with emerging clinical applications in gastric cancer (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4091-4100. [PMID: 33000279 PMCID: PMC7533435 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor and it demonstrates high mortality rates. The majority of cases of GC are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which seriously endangers the health of the patient. Therefore, discovering a novel diagnostic method for GC is a current priority. Exosomes are 40 to 150-nm-diameter vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer secreted by a variety of cells that exist in multiple different types of body fluids. Exosomes contain diverse types of active substances, including RNAs, proteins and lipids, and play important roles in tumor cell communication, metastasis and neovascularization, as well as tumor growth. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) do not code proteins, and instead have roles in a variety of genetic mechanisms, such as regulating the structure, expression and stability of RNAs, and modulating the translation and function of proteins. In recent years, exosomal ncRNAs have become a novel focus in research. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that exosomal ncRNAs can be used in the prediction and treatment of GC. The present review briefly discusses the role of exosomal ncRNAs as a potential biomarker, and summarizes important regulatory genes involved in the development and progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Guangfei Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong University, Dongtai, Jiangsu 224200, P.R. China
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18
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Extracellular Vesicles-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A New Challenge and the Exemplum of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155432. [PMID: 32751556 PMCID: PMC7432055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research for the most selective drug delivery to tumors represents a fascinating key target in science. Alongside the artificial delivery systems identified in the last decades (e.g., liposomes), a family of natural extracellular vesicles (EVs) has gained increasing focus for their potential use in delivering anticancer compounds. EVs are released by all cell types to mediate cell-to-cell communication both at the paracrine and the systemic levels, suggesting a role for them as an ideal nano-delivery system. Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) stands out among currently untreatable tumors, also due to the difficulties in achieving an early diagnosis. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment of MPM are both unmet clinical needs. This review looks at indirect and direct evidence that EVs may represent both a new tool for allowing an early diagnosis of MPM and a potential new delivery system for more efficient therapeutic strategies. Since MPM is a relatively rare malignant tumor and preclinical MPM models developed to date are very few and not reliable, this review will report data obtained in other tumor types, suggesting the potential use of EVs in mesothelioma patients as well.
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19
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Exosomes in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062118. [PMID: 32204455 PMCID: PMC7139716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality among men in the developed world. Conventional anti-PCa therapies are not effective for patients with advanced and/or metastatic disease. In most cases, cancer therapies fail due to an incomplete depletion of tumor cells, resulting in tumor relapse. Exosomes are involved in tumor progression, promoting the angiogenesis and migration of tumor cells during metastasis. These structures contribute to the dissemination of pathogenic agents through interaction with recipient cells. Exosomes may deliver molecules that are able to induce the transdifferentiation process, known as “epithelial to mesenchymal transition”. The composition of exosomes and the associated possibilities of interacting with cells make exosomes multifaceted regulators of cancer development. Extracellular vesicles have biophysical properties, such as stability, biocompatibility, permeability, low toxicity and low immunogenicity, which are key for the successful development of an innovative drug delivery system. They have an enhanced circulation stability and bio-barrier permeation ability, and they can therefore be used as effective chemotherapeutic carriers to improve the regulation of target tissues and organs. Exosomes have the capacity to deliver different types of cargo and to target specific cells. Chemotherapeutics, natural products and RNA have been encapsulated for the treatment of prostate cancers.
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20
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Casado-Díaz A, Quesada-Gómez JM, Dorado G. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) in Regenerative Medicine: Applications in Skin Wound Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:146. [PMID: 32195233 PMCID: PMC7062641 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EV) that may have an endosomal origin, or from evaginations of the plasma membrane. The former are usually called exosomes, with sizes ranging from 50 to 100 nm. These EV contain a lipid bilayer associated to membrane proteins. Molecules such as nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, etc.) and proteins may be stored inside. The EV composition depends on the producer cell type and its physiological conditions. Through them, the cells modify their microenvironment and the behavior of neighboring cells. That is accomplished by transferring factors that modulate different metabolic and signaling pathways. Due to their properties, EV can be applied as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in medicine. The mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have immunomodulatory properties and a high regenerative capacity. These features are linked to their paracrine activity and EV secretion. Therefore, research on exosomes produced by MSC has been intensified for use in cell-free regenerative medicine. In this area, the use of EV for the treatment of chronic skin ulcers (CSU) has been proposed. Such sores occur when normal healing does not resolve properly. That is usually due to excessive prolongation of the inflammatory phase. These ulcers are associated with aging and diseases, such as diabetes, so their prevalence is increasing with the one of such latter disease, mainly in developed countries. This has very important socio-economic repercussions. In this review, we show that the application of MSC-derived EV for the treatment of CSU has positive effects, including accelerating healing and decreasing scar formation. This is because the EV have immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. Likewise, they have the ability to activate the angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the main cell types involved in skin regeneration. They include endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. Most of the studies carried out so far are preclinical. Therefore, there is a need to advance more in the knowledge about the conditions of production, isolation, and action mechanisms of EV. Interestingly, their potential application in the treatment of CSU opens the door for the design of new highly effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Casado-Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Manuel Quesada-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gabriel Dorado
- Dep. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Rabanales C6-1-E17, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, CIBERFES, Córdoba, Spain
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