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Vidigal AC, de Lucena DD, Beyerstedt S, Rangel ÉB. A comprehensive update of the metabolic and toxicological considerations for immunosuppressive drugs used during pancreas transplantation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:405-427. [PMID: 37542452 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2243808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite significant advancements in immunosuppressive regimens and surgical techniques, the prevalence of adverse events related to immunosuppression remains a major challenge affecting the long-term survival rates of pancreas and kidney allografts. AREAS COVERED This article presents a comprehensive review of the literature and knowledge (Jan/2012-Feb/2023) concerning glucose metabolism disorders and nephrotoxicity associated with tacrolimus and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi). Novel signaling pathways potentially implicated in these adverse events are discussed. Furthermore, we extensively examine the findings from clinical trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, mTORi, and steroid minimization. EXPERT OPINION Tacrolimus-based regimens continue to be the standard treatment following pancreas transplants. However, prolonged use of tacrolimus and mTORi may lead to hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Understanding and interpreting experimental data, particularly concerning novel signaling pathways beyond calcineurin-NFAT and mTOR pathways, can offer valuable insights for therapeutic interventions to mitigate hyperglycemia and nephrotoxicity. Additionally, critically analyzing clinical trial results can identify opportunities for personalized safety-based approaches to minimize side effects. It is imperative to conduct randomized-controlled studies to assess the impact of mTORi use and steroid-free protocols on pancreatic allograft survival. Such studies will aid in tailoring treatment strategies for improved transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Vidigal
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora D de Lucena
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Stephany Beyerstedt
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érika B Rangel
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ren X, Lv J, Fu Y, Zhang N, Zhang C, Dong Z, Chudhary M, Zhong S, Kong L, Kong H. Upregulation of thioredoxin contributes to inhibiting diabetic hearing impairment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2021; 179:109025. [PMID: 34454003 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hair cell reduction was related to diabetes-induced hearing loss. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy participate in this process. Thioredoxin (Trx) is a protein with many biological functions which can regulate them. In this study, aiming to clarify protective effect of Trx on diabetic hearing loss and to identify an early potential therapeutic target for diabetic hearing impairment in the future. METHODS Trx transgenic (Tg) mice were used to establish a diabetic model by intraperitoneally injecting streptozotocin (STZ) and with/without SF or PX12 treatment. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining was used to evaluate the loss of hair cells. The relative expression of related proteins and genes was detected using western blotting and qRT-PCR. RESULTS In vivo, loss of outer hair cells was observed. However, it can be delayed Trx overexpression. Moreover, the expression of PGC-1α, bcl-2 and LC3 was increased in Tg(+)-DM mice compared with Tg(-)-DM mice. The expression of ASK1, Txnip, GRP78, CHOP and p62 was decreased in Tg(+)-DM mice compared with Tg(-)-DM mice. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of Trx protects diabetes-induced cochlear hair cells reduction. The underlying mechanisms were related to the regulation of ER stress through ASK1 and the mitochondrial pathway or autophagy via Txnip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, LiaoNing Province, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Jinjuan Lv
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Yuzhen Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Zhenghao Dong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Maryam Chudhary
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Shiwen Zhong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, LiaoNing Province, China
| | - Li Kong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, LiaoNing Province, China.
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, LiaoNing Province, China.
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Stimulation of AMPK Prevents Diabetes-Induced Photoreceptor Cell Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5587340. [PMID: 34093959 PMCID: PMC8140850 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5587340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a kind of severe retinal neurodegeneration. The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) affect autophagy, and mitochondrial function is involved in DR. Adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important metabolic sensor that can regulate energy homeostasis in cells. However, the effect of AMPK in DR is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of AMPK on diabetes-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration. In vivo, a diabetic mouse model was established by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe retinal morphology and measure the thicknesses of different layers in the retina. Electroretinogram (ERG) was used to evaluate retinal function. In vitro, 661w cells were treated with AGEs with/without an AMPK agonist (metformin) or AMPK inhibitor (compound C). Flow cytometry and CCK-8 assays were used to analyse apoptosis. Mitochondrial membrane potential was analysed by JC-1. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to examine the expression of related proteins and genes, respectively. The wave amplitude and the thickness of the outer nuclear layer were decreased in diabetic mice. The expression of rhodopsin and opsin was also decreased in diabetic mice. In vitro, the percentage of apoptotic cells was increased, the expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax was increased, and Bcl-2 was decreased after AGE treatment in 661w cells. The expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3 was decreased, and p62 was increased. The mitochondrial-related gene expression and membrane potential were decreased, and mitochondrial morphology was abnormal, as observed by TEM. However, AMPK stimulation ameliorated this effect. These results indicate that AMPK stimulation can delay diabetes-induced photoreceptor degeneration by regulating autophagy and mitochondrial function.
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He J, Chen Z, Kang X, Wu L, Jiang JM, Liu SM, Wei HJ, Chen YJ, Zou W, Wang CY, Zhang P. SIRT1 Mediates H 2S-Ameliorated Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Rats: Possible Involvement of Inhibiting Hippocampal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Synaptic Dysfunction. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:611-623. [PMID: 33534060 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes-associated cognitive dysfunction (DACD) characterized by hippocampal injury increases the risk of major cerebrovascular events and death. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and synaptic dysfunction play vital roles in the pathological process. At present, no specific treatment exists for the prevention and/or the therapy of DACD. We have recently reported that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exhibits therapeutic potential for DACD, but the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) has been shown to play a role in regulating the progression of diabetes and is also indispensable for memory formation and cognitive performance. Hence, the present study was performed to explore whether SIRT1 mediates the protective effect of H2S on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cognitive deficits, an in vivo rat model of DACD, via inhibiting hippocampal ER stress and synaptic dysfunction. The results showed that administration of NaHS (an exogenous H2S donor) increased the expression of SIRT1 in the hippocampus of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Then, results proved that sirtinol, a special blocker of SIRT1, abrogated the inhibition of NaHS on STZ-induced cognitive deficits, as appraised by Morris water maze test, Y-maze test, and Novel object recognition behavioral test. In addition, administration of NaHS eliminated STZ-induced ER stress as evidenced by the decreases in the expressions of ER stress-related proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, and cleaved caspase-12 in the hippocampus, while these effects of NaHS were also reverted by sirtinol. Furthermore, the NaHS-induced up-regulation of hippocampal synapse-related protein (synapsin-1, SYN1) expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats was also abolished by sirtinol. Taken together, these results demonstrated that SIRT1 mediates the protection of H2S against cognitive dysfunction in STZ-diabetic rats partly via inhibiting hippocampal ER stress and synaptic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan He
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, Yiyang Center Hospital, Yiyang, 413000, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Kang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Mei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Su-Mei Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jun Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, University of South China, No. 336, Dongfeng South Road, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Neuroscience, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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