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Alsaadawy RM, Sayed ASM, Ali MM, Abd-Elghaffar SK. Detection of Bartonella henselae in feline erythrocytes in Egypt by using Giemsa staining, transmission electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. Microsc Res Tech 2024. [PMID: 39319444 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Bartonella species (Bartonella spp.) have gained recognition as a significant human pathogen, implicated in a wide range of diseases. Among these, Bartonella henselae infection has been extensively studied for its primary occurrence in cats and its role in the development of cat-scratch disease in humans. While light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have traditionally played crucial roles in identifying causative agents of infectious diseases, including Bartonella spp., the accuracy of these methods in identifying Bartonella spp. remains undefined. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap by employing both light microscopy and TEM to detect Bartonella in feline blood samples and to confirm B. henselae with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Examination of blood smears stained with Giemsa and toluidine blue semithin sections by using light microscopy revealed the presence of intraerythrocytic corpuscles, suggesting Bartonella infection in six out of 33 examined cat blood samples. TEM findings corroborated these observations, showcasing the engulfment of bacteria by the erythrocyte membrane, along with the presence of some Bartonella spp., adhering to the erythrocyte wall. PCR-based molecular detection confirmed the presence of B. henselae in these six samples. It is concluded that light microscopy and TEM are considered valuable in the screening of cats' blood for the potential presence of Bartonella. However, further molecular techniques are essential for precise identification and confirmation of specific Bartonella spp. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Giemsa-stained blood smear and semithin section showed potential intraerythrocytic Bartonella spp. corpuscles. TEM demonstrated the engulfment of Bartonella spp. by the erythrocyte membrane, along with the presence of some Bartonella spp. adhering to the erythrocyte wall. Molecular analysis of blood samples from cats by PCR unveiled that six out of 33 (18.18%) samples tested positive for B. henselae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Alsaadawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal S M Sayed
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Magda M Ali
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sary Kh Abd-Elghaffar
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, Assiut, Egypt
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Razzaq MA, Imran M, Atif FA, Abbas RZ, Alvi MA, Swelum AA, Sindhu ZUD, Khan MK, Sabir Mughal MA, Khan A, Wu WF. Molecular surveillance based on anaplasmosis in domestic small ruminants: First report on zoonotic Anaplasma capra and phylogenetic insights from Faisalabad, Pakistan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305412. [PMID: 39241048 PMCID: PMC11379319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma is an intracellular alphaproteobacteria that infects diverse blood cell types in animal hosts including small ruminants. Epidemiological and risk factors information on zoonotic anaplasmosis with respect to anaplasmosis in sheep and goats are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors of anaplasmosis and phylogenetic investigation of A. capra in sheep and goats from Faisalabad district, Pakistan. Briefly, 384 blood samples were randomly collected from sheep and goats of Faisalabad district, Pakistan, during January to May 2022. The samples were processed for the detection of Anaplasma targeting 16S rRNA gene using PCR. The data regarding disease determinants were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Out of 384 samples, 131 samples were found positive for Anaplasma spp. with a prevalence rate of 34.11%. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of anaplasmosis in goats (41.88%) compared to sheep (22.00%). In addition, the chi square indicated that housing type, tick infestation, gender, tick control practices, age, mix farming, and hygiene were significantly associated with the occurrence of disease. The analysis of multivariate logistic regression expressed gender as the significant risk factor (p = 0.0001, OR = 1.757, CI = 1.305-2.366). The acquired sequences revealed four novel isolates of A. capra (Genbank accession numbers ON834323, ON838209, ON838210, and ON838211). The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of A. capra revealed three distinct clusters with 99-100% homology with other isolates from different countries. Our isolates showed higher similarity with isolates from China (KM206273, KP314237, MT799937), Pakistan (ON238129, ON238130, ON238131), Angola (MT898988), India (MZ558066), Iran (MW692362), and Turkey (MT632469) isolated from human, sheep, ticks, goats, cattle, Gaddi goat, Persian Onager (Equus hemionus onager), and Turkish goats, respectively. In conclusion, A. capra is endemic in Punjab, Pakistan, there is a need to conduct large scale surveillance studies to assess the status of this pathogen at human-animal interface as well as to develop effective preventive and control strategies to reduce the economic losses associated with anaplasmosis in small ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad A Razzaq
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rao Z Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mughees A Alvi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zia-Ud-Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad K Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Adil Khan
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Wen-Feng Wu
- Department of Radiology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Akwongo CJ, Byaruhanga C. Epidemiology of Anaplasma species amongst cattle in Africa from 1970 to 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Vet Med 2024; 228:106214. [PMID: 38733736 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens of the genus Anaplasma cause anaplasmosis in livestock and humans, impacting health and livelihoods, particularly in Africa. A comprehensive review on the epidemiology of Anaplasma species is important to guide further research and for implementation of control approaches. We reviewed observational studies concerning Anaplasma species amongst cattle in Africa. Peer-reviewed studies published in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science - from database inception to 2022 - were searched. The quality of individual studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool and the pooled prevalences by diagnostic method were estimated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity across the studies was tested and quantified using the Cochran's Q statistic and the I2 statistic. Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated by subgroup analysis. A total of 1117 records were retrieved and at the end of the screening, 149 records (155 studies) were eligible for this meta-analysis. The occurrence of Anaplasma species was reported in 31/54 countries in all regions. Seven recognised species (A. marginale, A. centrale, A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, A. capra, A. bovis, A. ovis) and nine uncharacterised genotypes (Anaplasma sp. Hadesa; Anaplasma sp. Saso; Anaplasma sp. Dedessa; Anaplasma sp. Mymensingh; Anaplasma sp. Lambwe-1; Candidatus Anaplasma africae; Anaplasma sp.; Candidatus Anaplasma boleense) were reported in African cattle. Anaplasma marginale was the most frequently reported (n=144/155 studies) and the most prevalent species (serology methods 56.1%, 45.9-66.1; direct detection methods 19.9%, 15.4-24.7), followed by A. centrale (n=26 studies) with a prevalence of 8.0% (95% CI: 4.8-11.9) and A. platys (n=19 studies) with prevalence of 9.7% (95% CI: 5.4-15.2). Anaplasma marginale, A. centrale and A. platys were reported in all Africa's regions, while A. ovis and A. capra were reported only in the northern and central regions. The uncharacterised Anaplasma taxa were mostly detected in the eastern and southern regions. Subgroup analysis showed that significant determinants for A. marginale exposure (serology) were geographical region (p=0.0219), and longitude (p=0.0336), while the technique employed influenced (p<0.0001) prevalence in direct detection approaches. Temperature was the only significant variable (p=0.0269) for A. centrale. These findings show that various Anaplasma species, including those that are zoonotic, circulate in African cattle. There is need for more genetic and genome data, especially for unrecognised species, to facilitate effective identification, improve livestock and minimise the health risk in human populations. Additional epidemiological data including pathogen occurrence, tick vectors and host range, as well as pathogenicity are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Julie Akwongo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, Napoli 80137, Italy
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa; National Agricultural Research Organisation, P.O. Box 259, Entebbe, Uganda
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Altay K, Erol U, Sahin OF. Anaplasma capra: a new emerging tick-borne zoonotic pathogen. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1329-1340. [PMID: 38424380 PMCID: PMC11147849 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma includes A. marginale, A. centrale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum transmitted by ticks, some of which are zoonotic and cause anaplasmosis in humans and animals. In 2012, a new species was discovered in goats in China. In 2015, the same agent was detected in humans in China, and it was provisionally named Anaplasma capra, referring to 2012. The studies conducted to date have revealed the existence of A. capra in humans, domestic animals, wild animals, and ticks from three different continents (Asia, Europe, and Africa). Phylogenetic analyses based on gltA and groEL sequences show that A. capra clearly includes two different genotypes (A. capra genotype-1 and A. capra genotype-2). Although A. capra human isolates are in the genotype-2 group, goat, sheep, and cattle isolates are in both groups, making it difficult to establish a host genotype-relationship. According to current data, it can be thought that human isolates are genotype-2 and while only genotype-1 is found in Europe, both genotypes are found in Asia. Anaplasma capra causes clinical disease in humans, but the situation is not yet sufficient to understand the zoonotic importance and pathogenicity in animals. In the present review, the history, hosts (vertebrates and ticks), molecular prevalence, pathogenic properties, and genetic diversity of A. capra were evaluated from a broad perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kursat Altay
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye.
| | - Ufuk Erol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
| | - Omer Faruk Sahin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Türkiye
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Ceylan O, Ma Z, Ceylan C, Culha MH, Galon EM, Ji S, Li H, Zafar I, Mohanta UK, Xuan X, Sevinc F. Wide bovine tick-borne pathogen spectrum: Predominancy of Theileria annulata and the first molecular detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Turkey. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1037-1059. [PMID: 38072901 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases indulge in severe economic losses in the livestock industry by adversely affecting cattle breeding in tropical and subtropical zone countries, including Turkey, encompassing a wide land area representing diverse climatic conditions. This study aimed to investigate significant bovine tick-borne piroplasm, rickettsia, and some other bacterial agents by genus- or species-specific PCR and nested PCR techniques in Turkey. A total of 210 cattle blood samples were collected from sixteen provinces in different geographical regions of Turkey. PCR analyses were performed targeting the detection of Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon sp. 18S rRNA, Babesia/Theileria sp. 18S rRNA (V4), B. bigemina RAP-1a, B. bovis SBP-4, B. ovata AMA-1, B. naoaki AMA-1, T. annulata Tams-1, T. orientalis MPSP, T. mutans 18S rRNA, Anaplasma/Ehrlichia sp. 16S rRNA, A. marginale MSP4, A. bovis 16S rRNA, A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA, A. capra 16S rRNA, E. ruminantium pSC20, Mycoplasma sp. 16S rRNA, and Coxiella burnetii 16S rRNA genes. Overall, 133 (63.3%) cattle were found to be infected with at least one of the following protozoan or bacterial pathogens; B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. occultans, T. annulata, T. orientalis, A. marginale, A. phagocytophilum, and Mycoplasma sp. The total prevalence of pathogens was determined as follows; 0.5% B. bovis, 0.5% B. bigemina, 1.4% B. occultans, 41.0% T. annulata, 1.4% T. orientalis, 10.5% A. marginale, 13.8% A. phagocytophilum, 0.5% A. bovis, 2.9% Uncultured Anaplasma sp., 0.5% E. minasensis, 0.5% Uncultured Ehrlichia sp., and 23.3% Mycoplasma sp. Moreover, large part of the total infection (n:133) was composed of single infections (63.9%); however, double (24.8%), triple (7.5%), quadruple (2.3%), and quintuple (1.5%) co-infections were also encountered. In addition to some bovine pathogens such as B. occultans, T. orientalis, A. bovis, M. wenyonii, and Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, which were rarely reported in Turkey, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed the first detection of Uncultured Ehrlichia sp. (0.5%), and E. minasensis (0.5%) with 100% nucleotide sequence identities. The study also indicates that the spectrum of pathogens harbored by Turkish cattle is quite wide, and these pathogens cause multiple co-infections with various combinations, and T. annulata stands out as the primary bovine pathogen among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ceylan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey.
| | - Zhuowei Ma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Ceylan Ceylan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Siirt University, Siirt, 56000, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Hudai Culha
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Iqra Zafar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Uday Kumar Mohanta
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
- Faculty of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Sher-E-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Ferda Sevinc
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Selcuk University, Konya, 42130, Turkey
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Abdelbaset AE, Kwak ML, Nonaka N, Nakao R. Human-biting ticks and zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in North Africa: diversity, distribution, and trans-Mediterranean public health challenges. One Health 2023; 16:100547. [PMID: 37363219 PMCID: PMC10288109 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
North Africa is home to more than 200 million people living across five developing economies (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) and two Spanish exclaves (Ceuta and Melilla), many of whom are impacted by ticks and tick-borne zoonoses. Populations in Europe are also increasingly vulnerable to North African ticks and tick-borne zoonoses due to a combination of climate change and the movement of ticks across the Mediterranean on migratory birds, human travellers, and trafficked wildlife. The human-biting ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in North Africa are reviewed along with their distribution in the region. We also assess present and future challenges associated with ticks and tick-borne zoonoses in North African and highlight opportunities for collaboration and coordination between governments in Europe and North Africa to address public health challenges posed by North African ticks and tick-borne zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Mackenzie L. Kwak
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Nariaki Nonaka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakao
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18 W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
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Adjadj NR, Cargnel M, Ribbens S, Quinet C, Malandrin L, Mignon B, Mori M. Prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. in cattle serum and questing ticks from Belgium. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102146. [PMID: 37044019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaplasmosis, borreliosis, rickettsiosis and babesiosis are tick-borne diseases of medical, veterinary and economic importance. In Belgium, little is known on the prevalence of these diseases in animals and previous screenings relate only to targeted geographic regions, clinical cases or a limited number of tested samples. We therefore performed the first nationwide seroprevalence study of Anaplasma spp., A. phagocytophilum, Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. in Belgian cattle. We also screened questing ticks for the aforementioned pathogens. METHODS ELISAs and IFATs were performed on a representative sample set of cattle sera stratified proportionally to the number of cattle herds per province. Questing ticks were collected in areas where the highest prevalence for the forenamed pathogens in cattle serum were observed. Ticks were analyzed by quantitative PCR for A. phagocytophilum (n = 783), B. burgdorferi sensu lato (n = 783) and Rickettsia spp. (n = 715) and by PCR for Babesia spp. (n = 358). RESULTS The ELISA screening for antibodies to Anaplasma spp. and Borrelia spp. in cattle sera showed an overall seroprevalence of 15.6% (53/339) and 12.9% (52/402), respectively. The IFAT screening for antibodies against A. phagocytophilum, Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp. resulted in an overall seroprevalence of 34.2% (116/339), 31.2% (99/317) and 3.4% (14/412), respectively. At the provincial level, the provinces of Liege and Walloon Brabant harboured the highest seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. (44.4% and 42.7% respectively) and A. phagocytophilum (55.6% and 71.4%). East Flanders and Luxembourg exhibited the highest seroprevalence of Borrelia spp. (32.4%) and Rickettsia spp. (54.8%) respectively. The province of Antwerp showed the highest seroprevalence of Babesia spp. (11%). The screening of field-collected ticks resulted in a prevalence of 13.8% for B. burgdorferi s.l., with B. afzelii and B. garinii being the most common genospecies (65.7% and 17.1%, respectively). Rickettsia spp. was detected in 7.1% of the tested ticks and the only identified species was R. helvetica. A low prevalence was found for A. phagocytophilum (0.5%) and no Babesia positive tick was detected. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence data in cattle indicate hot spots for tick-borne pathogens in specific provinces and highlights the importance of veterinary surveillance in anticipating the emergence of diseases among humans. The detection of all pathogens, with the exception of Babesia spp. in questing ticks, underlines the need of raising awareness among public and professionals on other tick-borne diseases along with lyme borreliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadjah Radia Adjadj
- Sciensano, Bacterial zoonoses unit, Veterinary bacteriology, Brussels, Belgium; Sciensano, Unit of exotic viruses and vector-borne diseases, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mickaël Cargnel
- Sciensano, Department of epidemiology and public health, service of veterinary epidemiology, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | - Christian Quinet
- Association Regionale de Sante et d'Identification Animales (ARSIA), Ciney, Belgium.
| | | | - Bernard Mignon
- University of Liège, department of infectious and parasitic diseases, Liège, FARAH (Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health) Belgium.
| | - Marcella Mori
- Sciensano, Bacterial zoonoses unit, Veterinary bacteriology, Brussels, Belgium.
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Eberhardt AT, Manzoli DE, Fernandez C, Zurvera D, Monje LD. Anaplasma species infecting questing ticks in the Iberá wetlands ecoregion, Argentina. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 89:485-496. [PMID: 37027054 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the presence of Anaplasma species in questing ticks from six sites with opposing land usage (i.e., protected natural areas or livestock establishments) within the Iberá wetlands ecoregion in Argentina. The ticks were determined as Amblyomma dubitatum (n = 15,096), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 399), Amblyomma triste (n = 134), Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (n = 5), and Amblyomma tigrinum (n = 1). Using a real-time PCR assay targeting the 16S rRNA gene, Anaplasma sp. was detected in A. dubitatum samples (one nymph, three nymph pools and one larvae pool) and one R. microplus larvae pool. The overall minimum infection rate (MIR) for Anaplasma sp. in questing A. dubitatum nymphs was 0.169% (0.175% in protected natural areas and 0% in livestock establishments). For R. microplus, overall Anaplasma sp. MIR was 0.25% (0.52% in protected natural areas and 0% in livestock establishments). Phylogenetic analysis positioned the Anaplasma sp. from A. dubitatum in the same clade as Anaplasma odocoilei, whereas the Anaplasma sp. from R. microplus was related to Anaplasma platys. In conclusion, these results support a possible role of A. dubitatum in the ecology of the Anaplasma agent reported to infect capybaras in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen T Eberhardt
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Darío E Manzoli
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Camilo Fernandez
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Daniel Zurvera
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas D Monje
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), R.P. Kreder 2805, S3080, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Presence of Anaplasma spp. and Their Associated Antibodies in the Swedish Goat Population. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030333. [PMID: 36766222 PMCID: PMC9913567 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that has a severe impact on livestock production and welfare. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the presence of Anaplasma spp. and associated antibodies in a subset of the Swedish goat population. In 2020, six goat herds located in different parts of Sweden were visited and whole blood and serum samples were collected. The whole blood samples (n = 40) were analysed for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra using quantitative and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The serum samples (n = 59) were analysed for the presence of antibodies to Anaplasma spp. using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the same analysis was carried out on additional serum samples previously collected in 2018, 2019 and 2020 (n = 166). One goat (2.5%) tested positive for the presence of A. phagocytophilum genetic material, while the seropositivity rate ranged from 20 to 71%, depending on the surveyed year and area. These results indicate widespread exposure to Anaplasma spp. in the Swedish goat population. To inform future risk assessments and control efforts, further research is warranted to determine the prevalence of anaplasmosis and its impact on goat farming in Sweden.
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Molecular characterization of Anaplasma capra infecting captive mouflon (Ovis gmelini) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) of Pakistan. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Defaye B, Moutailler S, Grech‐Angelini S, Galon C, Ferrandi S, Pasqualini V, Quilichini Y. Detecting zoonotic and non-zoonotic pathogens in livestock and their ticks in Corsican wetlands. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2662-2677. [PMID: 36207820 PMCID: PMC9677362 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corsica is a large French island in the Mediterranean Sea with high human and animal migration rates, especially near wetlands where these migrations are particularly frequent. Among the livestock populations, cattle and sheep are widely present all across the entire Mediterranean region. Trade can be responsible for the circulation of numerous pathogens and their vectors, thereby representing a health and economic threat for the livestock industry. OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to investigate the presence of pathogens in cattle and sheep farms in the wetlands of Corsica using a high-throughput screening technique. METHODS In our study, blood samples and ticks were collected from cattle and sheep in 20 municipalities near Corsican wetlands to screen for the presence of various types of pathogens. The samples were processed using a high-throughput screening technique based on real-time microfluidic PCR: 45 pathogens were screened in 47 samples simultaneously. RESULTS A total of 372 cattle and 74 sheep were sampled, and 444 ticks were collected from cattle. Out of the eight tick species detected, the main one was Rhipicephalus bursa (38.7% of the ticks collected). From cattle blood samples, one species and two genera were found: Anaplasma marginale, Trypanosoma sp. and Babesia sp. in respectively 61.5%, 58.3% and 12.2% of the cattle blood samples. From sheep blood samples, 74.3% were positive for Anaplasma sp, 2.7% for Anaplasma ovis and 1.4% for Anaplasma capra. This is the first report of A. ovis DNA in blood samples from sheep in Corsica. Out of 444 the tick samples, 114 were positive: 77.2% for Rickettsia aeschlimannii, 20.2% for Rickettsia sp., 3.5% for Babesia sp. and 1.8% for Anaplasma sp. Among them, 2.7% were co-infected with R. aeschlimannii and Babesia sp. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the extent of possible circulation of different pathogens near Corsican wetlands, not only in ticks collected from livestock but also directly in cattle and sheep, with two (Trypanosoma sp. and Babesia sp.) being detected for the first time in cattle, one for the first time in sheep (A. ovis) and one for the first time in Corsica (A. capra).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Defaye
- UMR CNRS SPE 6134 – Université de Corse Pascal PaoliCorteFrance
| | - Sara Moutailler
- ANSESINRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | - Clémence Galon
- ANSESINRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé AnimaleMaisons‐AlfortFrance
| | | | | | - Yann Quilichini
- UMR CNRS SPE 6134 – Université de Corse Pascal PaoliCorteFrance
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First Molecular Identification of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma in Goats from the Philippines. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101109. [PMID: 36297166 PMCID: PMC9612162 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats are key livestock animals and goat raising is an income-generating venture for smallholder farmers, supporting agricultural development in many parts of the world. However, goat production is often limited by various factors, such as tick-borne diseases. Goat piroplasmosis is a disease caused by apicomplexan parasites Babesia spp. and Theileria spp., while anaplasmosis is caused by bacterial Anaplasma spp. In the Philippines, the presence of Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma has not been reported in goats. In this study, DNA obtained from goats were molecularly screened for Babesia/Theileria and Anaplasma. Of 396, 77.02% (305/396) and 38.64% (153/396) were positive for piroplasma and Anaplasma using PCR assays targeting the 18S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes, respectively. Similarly, Babesia ovis was detected in six samples (1.52%). Representative Babesia/Theileria sequences shared 89.97–97.74% identity with each other and were most closely related to T. orientalis, T. annulata, and Theileria spp. Meanwhile, Anaplasma 16SrRNA sequences were related to A. odocoilei, A. platys, and A. phagocytophilum. This is the first molecular identification of B. ovis, Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp. in goats from the Philippines.
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Sahin OF, Erol U, Altay K. Buffaloes as new hosts for Anaplasma capra: Molecular prevalence and phylogeny based on gtlA, groEL, and 16S rRNA genes. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:458-464. [PMID: 36148715 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma capra is a tick-borne pathogen that was discovered for the first time in goats in China in 2012. The studies carried out from the first detection in China to the present have revealed the presence of this species in eight countries including Angola, France, Iranian, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Spain, and Türkiye in three continents (Africa, Asia, and Europe). It has also been determined that humans, sheep, cattle, dog, and wild animals are the hosts of A. capra. It was investigated whether water buffaloes were the host of A. capra using nested-PCR and DNA sequencing in this study. The prevalence of A. capra in Turkish water buffalo herds was investigated and phylogenetic analyzes were performed on the basis of gltA, groEL, and 16S rRNA genes. A total of 364 water buffalo blood samples were examined in terms of A. capra using gltA gene species-specific nested-PCR. A. capra were detected in 52 of 364 (14.28%) blood samples. There was no statistically significant difference between the prevalence, gender, and age parameters. The gltA, groEL, and 16S rRNA genes in randomly selected three positive samples were sequenced. A. capra isolates obtained from water buffaloes in this study shared 85.20-100%(gltA), 89.84-100%(groEL), and 99.82-100%(16S rRNA) nucleotide similarity with A.capra isolates present in GeneBank. Phylogenetic analyses of gtlA and groEL genes revealed that A. capra divided in two different genogroups. In conclusion, this study revealed that water buffalo is a new host of A. capra. However, comprehensive studies are needed to determine the pathogenicity, vectors, and biological properties of A. capra in this new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Faruk Sahin
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, 58140 Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Ufuk Erol
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, 58140 Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Kursat Altay
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sivas Cumhuriyet, 58140 Sivas, Türkiye.
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Atif FA, Mehnaz S, Qamar MF, Roheen T, Sajid MS, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Kashif M, Ben Said M. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Canine Infectious Cyclic Thrombocytopenia and Granulocytic Anaplasmosis: Emerging Diseases of Veterinary and Public Health Significance. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8120312. [PMID: 34941839 PMCID: PMC8705095 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8120312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the diagnostic methods used, the control strategies adopted, and the global epidemiological status of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia and granulocytic anaplasmosis at the animal–human interface. Canine anaplasmosis is an important worldwide disease, mainly caused by Anaplasma platys and A. phagocytophilum with zoonotic implications. A. platys chiefly infects platelets in canids, while A. phagocytophilum is the most common zoonotic pathogen infecting neutrophils of various vertebrate hosts. Diagnosis is based on the identification of clinical signs, the recognition of intracellular inclusions observed by microscopic observation of stained blood smear, and/or methods detecting antibodies or nucleic acids, although DNA sequencing is usually required to confirm the pathogenic strain. Serological cross-reactivity is the main problem in serodiagnosis. Prevalence varies from area to area depending on tick exposure. Tetracyclines are significant drugs for human and animal anaplasmosis. No universal vaccine is yet available that protects against diverse geographic strains. The control of canine anaplasmosis therefore relies on the detection of vectors/reservoirs, control of tick vectors, and prevention of iatrogenic/mechanical transmission. The control strategies for human anaplasmosis include reducing high-risk tick contact activities (such as gardening and hiking), careful blood transfusion, by passing immunosuppression, recognizing, and control of reservoirs/vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Ahmad Atif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: or (F.A.A.); or (M.B.S.); Tel.: +92-47-7671270 (F.A.A.); +216-58-964147 (M.B.S.)
| | - Saba Mehnaz
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.F.Q.); (S.E.-u.-H.)
| | - Taleeha Roheen
- Department of Chemistry (Biochemistry), University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Syed Ehtisham-ul-Haque
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (M.F.Q.); (S.E.-u.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (S.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Correspondence: or (F.A.A.); or (M.B.S.); Tel.: +92-47-7671270 (F.A.A.); +216-58-964147 (M.B.S.)
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The Novel Zoonotic Pathogen, Anaplasma capra, Infects Human Erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1 Cells In Vitro. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050600. [PMID: 34069112 PMCID: PMC8156996 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma capra, a species of the family Anaplasmataceae, is zoonotic tick-borne obligate intracellular bacteria. There have been no reports of human infection with this pathogen since 2015. Therefore, the zoonotic characteristics of A. capra need to be further studied. To verify the ability of A. capra to infect human cells, A. capra were inoculated in human erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1 cell lines in vitro. Cell smears were taken after inoculation, using Giemsa staining, transmission electron microscope (TEM), chromogenic in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry for detection. In the Giemsa staining, many dark colored corpuscles or purple granules were seen in the inoculated erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1 cells. The results of chromogenic in situ hybridization show that there were brown precipitates on the surface of most erythrocytes. Immunocytochemistry results show many dark brown vacuolar structures or corpuscles in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1 cell lines. The A. capra morulae were seen in the cytoplasm of both HL-60 and TF-1 in TEM, and their diameter was about 295–518 nm. Both dense-cored (DC) and reticulate cell (RC) form morulae could be seen. This study confirmed the ability of A. capra to infect human erythrocytes, HL-60, and TF-1. This study is of profound significance in further verifying the zoonotic characteristics of the pathogen and for establishing an in vitro cultivation model.
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Rar V, Tkachev S, Tikunova N. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma bacteria: Twenty years later. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 91:104833. [PMID: 33794351 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Anaplasma (family Anaplasmataceae, order Rickettsiales) includes obligate intracellular alphaproteobacteria that multiply within membrane-bound vacuoles and are transmitted by Ixodidae ticks to vertebrate hosts. Since the last reclassification of Anaplasmataceae twenty years ago, two new Anaplasma species have been identified. To date, the genus includes eight Anaplasma species (A. phagocytophilum, A. marginale, A. centrale, A. ovis, A. bovis, A. platys, A. odocoilei, and A. capra) and a large number of unclassified genovariants that cannot be assigned to known species. Members of the genus can cause infection in humans and a wide range of domestic animals with different degrees of severity. Long-term persistence which, in some cases, is manifested as cyclic bacteremia has been demonstrated for several Anaplasma species. Zoonotic potential has been shown for A. phagocytophilum, the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and for some other Anaplasma spp. that suggests a broader medical relevance of this genus. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. has been intensively studied in recent years, and it has been shown that some Anaplasma spp. can be considered as a complex of genetically distinct lineages differing by geography, vectors, and host tropism. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge concerning the natural history, pathogenic properties, and genetic diversity of Anaplasma spp. and some unclassified genovariants with particular attention to their genetic characteristics. The high genetic variability of Anaplasma spp. prompted us to conduct a detailed phylogenetic analysis for different Anaplasma species and unclassified genovariants, which were included in this review. The genotyping of unclassified genovariants has led to the identification of at least four distinct clades that might be considered in future as new candidate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rar
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergey Tkachev
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nina Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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