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Rizzo A, Foschi A, Bracchitta F, Faggion I, Salari F, Borgonovo F, Fusetti C, Mileto D, Rizzardini G, Lombardi A, Gismondo MR, Micheli V. Persistent detection and sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in the bloodstream of an immunocompromised patient. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28381. [PMID: 36478593 PMCID: PMC9877964 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rizzo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Antonella Foschi
- Department of Infectious DiseasesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Fiorenza Bracchitta
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Ivano Faggion
- Department of Infectious DiseasesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Federica Salari
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Fabio Borgonovo
- Department of Infectious DiseasesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Chiara Fusetti
- Department of Infectious DiseasesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Davide Mileto
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Department of Infectious DiseasesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Alessandra Lombardi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Maria R. Gismondo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
| | - Valeria Micheli
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and BioemergenciesASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco ‐ L. Sacco HospitalMilanItaly
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Markarian NM, Galli G, Patel D, Hemmings M, Nagpal P, Berghuis AM, Abrahamyan L, Vidal SM. Identifying Markers of Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Patients With Secondary Immunodeficiency. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:933983. [PMID: 35847101 PMCID: PMC9283111 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.933983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the world has been challenged by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. With COVID-19 cases rising globally, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve, resulting in the emergence of variants of interest (VOI) and of concern (VOC). Of the hundreds of millions infected, immunodeficient patients are one of the vulnerable cohorts that are most susceptible to this virus. These individuals include those with preexisting health conditions and/or those undergoing immunosuppressive treatment (secondary immunodeficiency). In these cases, several researchers have reported chronic infections in the presence of anti-COVID-19 treatments that may potentially lead to the evolution of the virus within the host. Such variations occurred in a variety of viral proteins, including key structural ones involved in pathogenesis such as spike proteins. Tracking and comparing such mutations with those arisen in the general population may provide information about functional sites within the SARS-CoV-2 genome. In this study, we reviewed the current literature regarding the specific features of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in immunocompromised patients and identified recurrent de novo amino acid changes in virus isolates of these patients that can potentially play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Markarian
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Gaël Galli
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- CNRS, ImmunoConcEpT, UMR 5164, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, FHU ACRONIM, Centre National de Référence des Maladies Auto-Immunes et Systémiques Rares Est/Sud-Ouest, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dhanesh Patel
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark Hemmings
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Priya Nagpal
- Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center and Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Silvia M. Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Wee LE, Tan JY, Ko KKK, Wan WY, Lai DCM, Oon LLE, Tan-Garcia A, Yeong JPS, Pena AMT, Lim TKH, Conceicao EP, Venkatachalam I, Wijaya L, Tan TT. Detection of viable SARS-CoV-2 in deep respiratory specimens despite negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR: Occult COVID-19 as an unsuspected cause of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. IDCases 2022; 30:e01611. [PMID: 36032521 PMCID: PMC9395297 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2022.e01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged shedding/relapse of COVID-19 infection has been reported, particularly in patients who received anti-CD20 agents (eg. rituximab). However, cases of occult COVID-19, in which SARS-CoV-2 persistence in lung parenchyma is diagnosed despite clearance from nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens, are uncommon. Case summary We describe two cases of occult COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients. Both patients had received rituximab previously. Both cases initially presented as ground-glass infiltrates on lung imaging; the diagnosis was originally not suspected due to repeated demonstration of negative SARS-CoV-2 from NP specimens, and alternative etiologies were originally considered. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in lung parenchyma, however, was demonstrated on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens; additionally, isolation of viable SARS-CoV-2 virus and detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid and spike-protein antigen in lung tissue on immunohistochemistry close to 3-months from primary infection strongly suggested ongoing viral persistence and replication as a driver of the lung parenchymal changes, which resolved after antiviral treatment. Discussion Occult COVID-19 can be a cause of unexplained ground-glass infiltrates on lung imaging; negative NP samples do not rule out SARS-CoV-2 persistence and invasive sampling must be considered. The unsuspected presence of viable virus on BAL, however, highlights that procedurists perfoming aerosol-generating-procedures during an ongoing pandemic wave must also practise appropriate infection-prevention precautions to limit potential exposure.
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