1
|
Çalışkan DM, Kumar S, Hinse S, Schughart K, Wiewrodt R, Fischer S, Krueger V, Wiebe K, Barth P, Mellmann A, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Molecular characterisation of influenza B virus from the 2017/18 season in primary models of the human lung reveals improved adaptation to the lower respiratory tract. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2402868. [PMID: 39248230 PMCID: PMC11421153 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2402868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
The 2017/18 influenza season was characterized by unusual high numbers of severe infections and hospitalizations. Instead of influenza A viruses, this season was dominated by infections with influenza B viruses of the Yamagata lineage. While this IBV/Yam dominance was associated with a vaccine mismatch, a contribution of virus intrinsic features to the clinical severity of the infections was speculated. Here, we performed a molecular and phenotypic characterization of three IBV isolates from patients with severe flu symptoms in 2018 and compared it to an IBV/Yam isolate from 2016 using experimental models of increasing complexity, including human lung explants, lung organoids, and alveolar macrophages. Viral genome sequencing revealed the presence of clade but also isolate specific mutations in all viral genes, except NP, M1, and NEP. Comparative replication kinetics in different cell lines provided further evidence for improved replication fitness, tolerance towards higher temperatures, and the development of immune evasion mechanisms by the 2018 IBV isolates. Most importantly, immunohistochemistry of infected human lung explants revealed an impressively altered cell tropism, extending from AT2 to AT1 cells and macrophages. Finally, transcriptomics of infected human lung explants demonstrated significantly reduced amounts of type I and type III IFNs by the 2018 IBV isolate, supporting the existence of additional immune evasion mechanisms. Our results show that the severeness of the 2017/18 Flu season was not only the result of a vaccine mismatch but was also facilitated by improved adaptation of the circulating IBV strains to the environment of the human lower respiratory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Merve Çalışkan
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sriram Kumar
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Saskia Hinse
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rainer Wiewrodt
- Department of Medicine A, Haematology, Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Foundation Mathias Spital, Rheine and Ibbenbueren, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Foundation Mathias Spital, Rheine and Ibbenbueren, Germany
| | - Vera Krueger
- Department of Medicine A, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, Foundation Mathias Spital, Rheine and Ibbenbueren, Germany
| | - Karsten Wiebe
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Peter Barth
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grewal T, Nguyen MKL, Buechler C. Cholesterol and COVID-19-therapeutic opportunities at the host/virus interface during cell entry. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302453. [PMID: 38388172 PMCID: PMC10883773 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of vaccines to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has been critical to reduce the severity of COVID-19. However, the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 subtypes highlights the need to develop additional approaches that oppose viral infections. Targeting host factors that support virus entry, replication, and propagation provide opportunities to lower SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and improve COVID-19 outcome. This includes cellular cholesterol, which is critical for viral spike proteins to capture the host machinery for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Once endocytosed, exit of SARS-CoV-2 from the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment occurs in a cholesterol-sensitive manner. In addition, effective release of new viral particles also requires cholesterol. Hence, cholesterol-lowering statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies, and ezetimibe have revealed potential to protect against COVID-19. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol exiting late endosomes/lysosomes identified drug candidates, including antifungals, to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review describes the multiple roles of cholesterol at the cell surface and endolysosomes for SARS-CoV-2 entry and the potential of drugs targeting cholesterol homeostasis to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and COVID-19 disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mai Khanh Linh Nguyen
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- https://ror.org/01226dv09 Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang J. 25-hydroxycholesterol: an integrator of antiviral ability and signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268104. [PMID: 37781400 PMCID: PMC10533924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, as an important component in mammalian cells, is efficient for viral entry, replication, and assembly. Oxysterols especially hydroxylated cholesterols are recognized as novel regulators of the innate immune response. The antiviral ability of 25HC (25-Hydroxycholesterol) is uncovered due to its role as a metabolic product of the interferon-stimulated gene CH25H (cholesterol-25-hydroxylase). With the advancement of research, the biological functions of 25HC and its structural functions have been interpreted gradually. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of antiviral effect of 25HC are not only limited to interferon regulation. Taken up by the special biosynthetic ways and structure, 25HC contributes to modulate not only the cholesterol metabolism but also autophagy and inflammation by regulating signaling pathways. The outcome of modulation by 25HC seems to be largely dependent on the cell types, viruses and context of cell microenvironments. In this paper, we review the recent proceedings on the regulatory effect of 25HC on interferon-independent signaling pathways related to its antiviral capacity and its putative underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xia JY, Zeng YF, Wu XJ, Xu F. Short-term ex vivo tissue culture models help study human lung infectionsA review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32589. [PMID: 36607848 PMCID: PMC9829290 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on human lung infection have been performed using animal models, formalin or other fixed tissues, and in vitro cultures of established cell lines. However, the experimental data and results obtained from these studies may not completely represent the complicated molecular events that take place in intact human lung tissue in vivo. The newly developed ex vivo short-term tissue culture model can mimic the in vivo microenvironment of humans and allow investigations of different cell types that closely interact with each other in intact human lung tissues. Therefore, this kind of model may be a promising tool for future studies of different human lung infections, owing to its special advantages in providing more realistic events that occur in vivo. In this review, we have summarized the preliminary applications of this novel short-term ex vivo tissue culture model, with a particular emphasis on its applications in some common human lung infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * Correspondence: Feng Xu, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China (e-mail: )
| |
Collapse
|