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Köppen K, Fatykhova D, Holland G, Rauch J, Tappe D, Graff M, Rydzewski K, Hocke AC, Hippenstiel S, Heuner K. Ex vivo infection model for Francisella using human lung tissue. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1224356. [PMID: 37492528 PMCID: PMC10365108 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1224356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tularemia is mainly caused by Francisella tularensis (Ft) subsp. tularensis (Ftt) and Ft subsp. holarctica (Ftt) in humans and in more than 200 animal species including rabbits and hares. Human clinical manifestations depend on the route of infection and range from flu-like symptoms to severe pneumonia with a mortality rate up to 60% without treatment. So far, only 2D cell culture and animal models are used to study Francisella virulence, but the gained results are transferable to human infections only to a certain extent. Method In this study, we firstly established an ex vivo human lung tissue infection model using different Francisella strains: Ftt Life Vaccine Strain (LVS), Ftt LVS ΔiglC, Ftt human clinical isolate A-660 and a German environmental Francisella species strain W12-1067 (F-W12). Human lung tissue was used to determine the colony forming units and to detect infected cell types by using spectral immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Chemokine and cytokine levels were measured in culture supernatants. Results Only LVS and A-660 were able to grow within the human lung explants, whereas LVS ΔiglC and F-W12 did not replicate. Using human lung tissue, we observed a greater increase of bacterial load per explant for patient isolate A-660 compared to LVS, whereas a similar replication of both strains was observed in cell culture models with human macrophages. Alveolar macrophages were mainly infected in human lung tissue, but Ftt was also sporadically detected within white blood cells. Although Ftt replicated within lung tissue, an overall low induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was observed. A-660-infected lung explants secreted slightly less of IL-1β, MCP-1, IP-10 and IL-6 compared to Ftt LVS-infected explants, suggesting a more repressed immune response for patient isolate A-660. When LVS and A-660 were used for simultaneous co-infections, only the ex vivo model reflected the less virulent phenotype of LVS, as it was outcompeted by A-660. Conclusion We successfully implemented an ex vivo infection model using human lung tissue for Francisella. The model delivers considerable advantages and is able to discriminate virulent Francisella from less- or non-virulent strains and can be used to investigate the role of specific virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Köppen
- Working group “Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens”, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Diana Fatykhova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, ZBS 4, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Rauch
- Research Group Zoonoses, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Research Group Zoonoses, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Graff
- Department for General and Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rydzewski
- Working group “Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens”, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Heuner
- Working group “Cellular Interactions of Bacterial Pathogens”, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms (ZBS 2), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Cervantes D, Schaunaman N, Downey GP, Chu HW, Day BJ. Desert particulate matter from Afghanistan increases airway obstruction in human distal lungs exposed to type 2 cytokine IL-13. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1177665. [PMID: 37448802 PMCID: PMC10336202 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1177665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deployment related asthma-like symptoms including distal airway obstruction have been described in U.S. military personnel who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. The mechanisms responsible for the development of distal airway obstruction in deployers exposed to desert particulate matter (PM) is not well understood. We sought to determine if respiratory exposure to PM from Afghanistan (PMa) increases human distal airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) with or without exposures to IL-13, a type 2 cytokine. We further tested whether mitochondrial dysfunction, such as ATP signaling and oxidative stress, may contribute to PMa- mediated AHR. Methods Precision-cut lung slices from donors without a history of lung disease, tobacco smoking, or vaping were pre-treated with IL-13 for 24 h. This was followed by exposure to PMa or PM from California (PMc, control for PMa) for up to 72 h. The role of hydrogen peroxide and ATP in AHR was assessed using the antioxidant enzyme catalase or an ATP receptor P2Y13 antagonist MRS2211. AHR in response to methacholine challenges as well as cytokine IL-8 production were measured. Results PMa alone, but not PMc alone, trended to increase AHR. Importantly, the combination of PMa and IL-13 significantly amplified AHR compared to control or PMc+IL-13. PMa alone and in combination with IL-13 increased IL-8 as compared to the control. PMa increased H2O2 and ATP. MRS211 and catalase reduced AHR in PCLS exposed to both PMa and IL-13. Discussion Our data suggests that PMa in a type 2 inflammation-high lung increased AHR in part through oxidative stress and ATP signaling.
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Yang YH, Wang QC, Kong J, Yang JT, Liu JF. Global profiling of lysine lactylation in human lungs. Proteomics 2023:e2200437. [PMID: 37170646 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is closely related to various cellular processes, such as angiogenesis, responses to hypoxia, and macrophage polarization, while regulating natural immune signaling pathways and promoting neurogenesis and cognitive function. Lysine lactylation (Kla) is a novel posttranslational modification, the examination of which may lead to new understanding of the nonmetabolic functions of lactate and the various physiological and pathological processes in which lactate is involved, such as infection, tumorigenesis and tumor development. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), researchers have identified lactylation in human gastric cancer cells and some other species, but no research on lactylation in human lungs has been reported. In this study, we performed global profiling of lactylation in human lungs under normal physiological conditions, and 724 Kla sites in 451 proteins were identified. After comparing the identified proteins with those reported in human lactylation datasets, 141 proteins that undergo lactylation were identified for the first time in this study. Our work expands the database on human lactylation and helps advance the study on lactylation function and regulation under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao-Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Reichmann J, Verleden SE, Kühnel M, Kamp JC, Werlein C, Neubert L, Müller JH, Bui TQ, Ackermann M, Jonigk D, Salditt T. Human lung virtual histology by multi-scale x-ray phase-contrast computed tomography. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68. [PMID: 37167977 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acd48d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As the central organ of the respiratory system, the human lung is responsible for supplying oxygen to the blood, which reaches the erythrocytes by diffusion through the alveolar walls and is then distributed throughout the body. By exploiting the difference in electron density detected by a phase shift in soft tissue, high-resolution X-ray phase-contrast computed tomography (XPCT) can resolve biological structures in a sub-μm range, shedding new light on the three-dimensional structure of the lungs, physiological functions and pathological mechanisms.

This work presents both synchrotron and laboratory XPCT results of postmortem tissue from autopsies and biopsies embedded with various preparation protocols such as precision-cut lung slices, cryogenically fixed lung tissue, as well as paraffin and alcohol fixed tissue. The selection of pathological abnormalities includes channel of Lambert, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins. Subsequently, quantification and visualization approaches are presented.

The overall high image quality even of in-house XPCT scans for the case of FFPE biopsies can be exploited for a wide range of pulmonary pathologies and translated to dedicated and optimized instrumentation which could be operated in clinical setting. By using synchrotron radiation, contrast can be further increased to resolve sub-μm sized features down to the sub-cellular level. The results demonstrate that a wide range of preparation protocols including sample mounting in liquids can be used. 

With XPCT, poorly understood 3D structures can be identified in larger volume overview and subsequently studied in more detail at higher resolution. With the full 3D structure, the respective physiological functions of airways or vascular networks, and the different pathophysiologic mechanisms can be elucidated or at least underpinned with structural data. Moreover, synchrotron data can be used to validate laboratory protocols and provide ground truth for standardizing the method.

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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Reichmann
- University of Göttingen Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, 37077, GERMANY
| | - Stijn E Verleden
- Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre (ASTARC), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen, 2000, BELGIUM
| | - Mark Kühnel
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover, Niedersachsen, 30625, GERMANY
| | - Jan C Kamp
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease , German Center for Lung Research, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, Niedersachsen, 30625, GERMANY
| | - Christopher Werlein
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover, Niedersachsen, 30625, GERMANY
| | - Lavinia Neubert
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, Hannover, Niedersachsen, 30625, GERMANY
| | - Jan-Hendrik Müller
- University of Göttingen Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, 37077, GERMANY
| | - Thanh Quynh Bui
- University of Göttingen Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, 37077, GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Ackermann
- Institute of Pathology and Department of Molecular Pathology, HELIOS University Hospital Wuppertal, Heusnerstraße 40, Wuppertal, Nordrhein-Westfalen, 42283, GERMANY
| | - Danny Jonigk
- RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, Pauwelsstraße 30, Aachen, Nordrhein-Westfalen, 52074, GERMANY
| | - Tim Salditt
- University of Göttingen Institute for X-Ray Physics, Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1, Gottingen, Niedersachsen, 37077, GERMANY
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Hui KPY, Ho JCW, Ng KC, Cheng SMS, Sit KY, Au TWK, Poon LLM, Nicholls JM, Peiris M, Chan MCW. Replication of Novel Zoonotic-Like Influenza A(H3N8) Virus in Ex Vivo Human Bronchus and Lung. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:1210-1214. [PMID: 37095078 DOI: 10.3201/eid2906.221680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human infection with avian influenza A(H3N8) virus is uncommon but can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. In explant cultures of the human bronchus and lung, novel H3N8 virus showed limited replication efficiency in bronchial and lung tissue but had a higher replication than avian H3N8 virus in lung tissue.
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Patel VS, Amin K, Wahab A, Marimoutou M, Ukishima L, Alvarez J, Battle K, Stucki AO, Clippinger AJ, Behrsing HP. Cryopreserved human precision-cut lung slices provide an immune competent pulmonary test system for "on-demand" use and long-term cultures. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:253-265. [PMID: 36617185 PMCID: PMC9936202 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS), considered a highly relevant ex vivo model of the lung, offer native architecture and cells of the lung tissue including respiratory parenchyma, small airways, and immune competent cells. However, the irregular availability of donor lungs has limited the accessibility of this system. As described here, thousands of hPCLS can be created from 1 lung, cryopreserved, and used "on demand" by applying slicing and cryopreservation methodology improvements. Fresh and cryopreserved (∼7 and ∼34 weeks; F&C) hPCLS from 1 donor lung were cultured for up to 29 days and evaluated for biomass, viability, tissue integrity, and inflammatory markers in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 µg/ml) and Triton X-100 (TX100; 0.1%) challenge (24 h) at days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 following culture initiation. The F&C hPCLS retained biomass, viability, and tissue integrity throughout the 29 days and demonstrated immune responsiveness with up to ∼30-fold LPS-induced cytokine increases. Histologically, more than 70% of normal cytomorphological features were preserved in all groups through day 29. Similar retention of tissue viability and immune responsiveness post cryopreservation (4-6 weeks) and culture (up to 14 days) was observed in hPCLS from additional 3 donor lungs. Banking cryopreserved hPCLS from various donors (and disease states) provides a critical element in researching human-derived pulmonary tissue. The retention of viability and functional responsiveness (≥4 weeks) allows evaluation of long-term, complex endpoints reflecting key events in Adverse Outcome Pathways and positions hPCLS as a valuable human-relevant model for use in regulatory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Patel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., 30 West Watkins Mill Road, Suite 100, Gaithersburg, MD 20878. E-mail:
| | - Khalid Amin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Adam Wahab
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Méry Marimoutou
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Lindsey Ukishima
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Jose Alvarez
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Kelley Battle
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
| | - Andreas O Stucki
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart 70499, Germany
| | - Amy J Clippinger
- PETA Science Consortium International e.V., Stuttgart 70499, Germany
| | - Holger P Behrsing
- Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA
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Xia JY, Zeng YF, Wu XJ, Xu F. Short-term ex vivo tissue culture models help study human lung infectionsA review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32589. [PMID: 36607848 PMCID: PMC9829290 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on human lung infection have been performed using animal models, formalin or other fixed tissues, and in vitro cultures of established cell lines. However, the experimental data and results obtained from these studies may not completely represent the complicated molecular events that take place in intact human lung tissue in vivo. The newly developed ex vivo short-term tissue culture model can mimic the in vivo microenvironment of humans and allow investigations of different cell types that closely interact with each other in intact human lung tissues. Therefore, this kind of model may be a promising tool for future studies of different human lung infections, owing to its special advantages in providing more realistic events that occur in vivo. In this review, we have summarized the preliminary applications of this novel short-term ex vivo tissue culture model, with a particular emphasis on its applications in some common human lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi-Fei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xue-Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * Correspondence: Feng Xu, Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China (e-mail: )
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Belgacemi R, Danopoulos S, Deutsch G, Glass I, Dormoy V, Bellusci S, Al Alam D. Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Orchestrates Human Lung Branching Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5265. [PMID: 35563656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway plays an essential role in mouse lung development. We hypothesize that the HH pathway is necessary for branching during human lung development and is impaired in pulmonary hypoplasia. Single-cell, bulk RNA-sequencing data, and human fetal lung tissues were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal localization of HH pathway actors. Distal human lung segments were cultured in an air-liquid interface and treated with an SHH inhibitor (5E1) to determine the effect of HH inhibition on human lung branching, epithelial-mesenchymal markers, and associated signaling pathways in vitro. Our results showed an early and regulated expression of HH pathway components during human lung development. Inhibiting HH signaling caused a reduction in branching during development and dysregulated epithelial (SOX2, SOX9) and mesenchymal (ACTA2) progenitor markers. FGF and Wnt pathways were also disrupted upon HH inhibition. Finally, we demonstrated that HH signaling elements were downregulated in lung tissues of patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). In this study, we show for the first time that HH signaling inhibition alters important genes and proteins required for proper branching of the human developing lung. Understanding the role of the HH pathway on human lung development could lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for childhood pulmonary diseases.
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Wronski S, Beinke S, Obernolte H, Belyaev NN, Saunders KA, Lennon MG, Schaudien D, Braubach P, Jonigk D, Warnecke G, Zardo P, Fieguth HG, Wilkens L, Braun A, Hessel EM, Sewald K. Rhinovirus-induced Human Lung Tissue Responses Mimic COPD and Asthma Gene Signatures. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:544-554. [PMID: 34181859 PMCID: PMC8641849 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0337oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbations. The exploration of RV pathogenesis has been hampered by a lack of disease-relevant model systems. We performed a detailed characterization of host responses to RV infection in human lung tissue ex vivo and investigated whether these responses are disease relevant for patients with COPD and asthma. In addition, impact of the viral replication inhibitor rupintrivir was evaluated. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were infected with RV1B with or without rupintrivir. At Days 1 and 3 after infection, RV tissue localization, tissue viability, and viral load were determined. To characterize host responses to infection, mediator and whole genome analyses were performed. RV successfully replicated in PCLS airway epithelial cells and induced both antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines such as IFNα2a, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFN-γ, TNFα, and CCL5. Genomic analyses revealed that RV not only induced antiviral immune responses but also triggered changes in epithelial cell–associated pathways. Strikingly, the RV response in PCLS was reflective of gene expression changes described in patients with COPD and asthma. Although RV-induced host immune responses were abrogated by rupintrivir, RV-triggered epithelial processes were largely refractory to antiviral treatment. Detailed analysis of RV-infected human PCLS and comparison with gene signatures of patients with COPD and asthma revealed that the human RV PCLS model represents disease-relevant biological mechanisms that can be partially inhibited by a well-known antiviral compound and provide an outstanding opportunity to evaluate novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Wronski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany;
| | - Soren Beinke
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nikolai N Belyaev
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ken A Saunders
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Mark G Lennon
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Dsease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Pathology, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Zardo
- Hannover Medical School, 9177, Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Edith M Hessel
- Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of Fraunhofer international Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Member of Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.,Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Hannover, Germany
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Fu W, Wang W, Yuan L, Lin Y, Huang X, Chen R, Cai M, Liu C, Chen L, Zhou M, Wu K, Zhao H, Pan D, Ma J, Hong J, Zhai B, Zhang Y, Kong Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Zhu H, Cheng T, Guan Y, Xia N. A SCID mouse- human lung xenograft model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Theranostics 2021; 11:6607-6615. [PMID: 33995679 PMCID: PMC8120224 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, can cause life-threatening pneumonia, respiratory failure and even death. Characterizing SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in primary human target cells and tissues is crucial for developing vaccines and therapeutics. However, given the limited access to clinical samples from COVID-19 patients, there is a pressing need for in vitro/in vivo models to investigate authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary human lung cells or tissues with mature structures. The present study was designed to evaluate a humanized mouse model carrying human lung xenografts for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Methods: Human fetal lung tissue surgically grafted under the dorsal skin of SCID mice were assessed for growth and development after 8 weeks. Following SARS-CoV-2 inoculation into the differentiated lung xenografts, viral replication, cell-type tropism and histopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and local cytokine/chemokine expression were determined over a 6-day period. The effect of IFN-α treatment against SARS-CoV-2 infection was tested in the lung xenografts. Results: Human lung xenografts expanded and developed mature structures closely resembling normal human lung. SARS-CoV-2 replicated and spread efficiently in the lung xenografts with the epithelial cells as the main target, caused severe lung damage, and induced a robust pro-inflammatory response. IFN-α treatment effectively inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in the lung xenografts. Conclusions: These data support the human lung xenograft mouse model as a useful and biological relevant tool that should facilitate studies on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 lung infection and the evaluation of potential antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Lunzhi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yanzhen Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, P. R. China
| | - Xiumin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361004, P. R. China
| | - Rirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Minping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Che Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Dequan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Junping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Bingke Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, P. R. China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
- Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, P. R. China
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11
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Daniloski Z, Jordan TX, Wessels HH, Hoagland DA, Kasela S, Legut M, Maniatis S, Mimitou EP, Lu L, Geller E, Danziger O, Rosenberg BR, Phatnani H, Smibert P, Lappalainen T, tenOever BR, Sanjana NE. Identification of Required Host Factors for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Cells. Cell 2021; 184:92-105.e16. [PMID: 33147445 PMCID: PMC7584921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To better understand host-virus genetic dependencies and find potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19, we performed a genome-scale CRISPR loss-of-function screen to identify host factors required for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection of human alveolar epithelial cells. Top-ranked genes cluster into distinct pathways, including the vacuolar ATPase proton pump, Retromer, and Commander complexes. We validate these gene targets using several orthogonal methods such as CRISPR knockout, RNA interference knockdown, and small-molecule inhibitors. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we identify shared transcriptional changes in cholesterol biosynthesis upon loss of top-ranked genes. In addition, given the key role of the ACE2 receptor in the early stages of viral entry, we show that loss of RAB7A reduces viral entry by sequestering the ACE2 receptor inside cells. Overall, this work provides a genome-scale, quantitative resource of the impact of the loss of each host gene on fitness/response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zharko Daniloski
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tristan X Jordan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hans-Hermann Wessels
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daisy A Hoagland
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silva Kasela
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mateusz Legut
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Eleni P Mimitou
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Evan Geller
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oded Danziger
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brad R Rosenberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter Smibert
- Technology Innovation Lab, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuuli Lappalainen
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Neville E Sanjana
- New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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12
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Taghizadeh S, Jones MR, Olmer R, Ulrich S, Danopoulos S, Shen C, Chen C, Wilhelm J, Martin U, Chen C, Al Alam D, Bellusci S. Fgf10 Signaling-Based Evidence for the Existence of an Embryonic Stage Distinct From the Pseudoglandular Stage During Mouse Lung Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:576604. [PMID: 33195211 PMCID: PMC7642470 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.576604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence during mouse lung development of an embryonic stage temporally and functionally distinct from the subsequent pseudoglandular stage has been proposed but never demonstrated; while studies in human embryonic lung tissue fail to recapitulate the molecular control of branching found in mice. Lung development in mice starts officially at embryonic day (E) 9.5 when on the ventral side of the primary foregut tube, both the trachea and the two primary lung buds emerge and elongate to form a completely separate structure from the foregut by E10. In the subsequent 6 days, the primary lung buds undergo an intense process of branching to form a ramified tree by E16.5. We used transgenic mice allowing to transiently inhibit endogenous fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10) activity in mutant embryos at E9, E9.5, and E11 upon intraperitoneal exposure to doxycycline and examined the resulting lung phenotype at later developmental stages. We also determined using gene arrays the transcriptomic response of flow cytometry-isolated human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells derived from hESC or hiPSC, grown in vitro for 12 or 24 h, in the presence or absence of recombinant FGF10. Following injection at E9, the corresponding mutant lungs at E18.5 appear almost normal in size and shape but close up examination indicate failure of the right lung to undergo lobar septation. At E9.5, the lungs are slightly hypoplastic but display normal differentiation and functionality. However, at E11, the lungs show impaired branching and are no longer functional. Using gene array data, we report only a partial overlap between human and mouse in the genes previously shown to be regulated by Fgf10 at E12.5. This study supports the existence of an embryonic stage of lung development where Fgf10 signaling does not play a function in the branching process but rather in lobar septation. It also posits that functional comparisons between mouse and human organogenesis must account for these distinct stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Taghizadeh
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Saskia Ulrich
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Chengguo Shen
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Martin
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), REBIRTH - Research Center for Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Key laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI) and Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Abstract
Modeling particle deposition in the human lung requires information about the morphology of the lung in terms of simple geometric units, e.g., characterizing bronchial airways by straight cylindrical tubes. Five different regional deposition models are discussed in this section with respect to morphometric lung models and related mathematical modeling techniques: 1) one-dimensional cross-section or "trumpet" model, 2) deterministic symmetric generation or "single-path" model, 3) deterministic asymmetric generation or "multiple-path" model, 4) stochastic asymmetric generation or "multiple-path" model, and 5) single-path computational fluid and particle dynamics (CFPD) model. Current deposition models can predict the following regional deposition quantities relevant for the administration of medical aerosols: 1) regional bronchial and alveolar deposition, 2) generational lung deposition, 3) lobar deposition, 4) generational lobar deposition, and 5) generational surface deposition. Although deposition fractions predicted by the different models depend on the selection of a specific morphometric lung model and a specific set of analytical deposition equations, all models predict the same trends as functions of particle diameter and breathing parameters. In general, the overall agreement between the modeling predictions obtained by the various deposition models and the available experimental evidence indicates that current deposition models correctly predict regional and generational deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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14
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Patel VI, Booth JL, Dozmorov M, Brown BR, Metcalf JP. Anthrax Edema and Lethal Toxins Differentially Target Human Lung and Blood Phagocytes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070464. [PMID: 32698436 PMCID: PMC7405021 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of inhalation anthrax, is a serious concern as a bioterrorism weapon. The vegetative form produces two exotoxins: Lethal toxin (LT) and edema toxin (ET). We recently characterized and compared six human airway and alveolar-resident phagocyte (AARP) subsets at the transcriptional and functional levels. In this study, we examined the effects of LT and ET on these subsets and human leukocytes. AARPs and leukocytes do not express high levels of the toxin receptors, tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2). Less than 20% expressed surface TEM8, while less than 15% expressed CMG2. All cell types bound or internalized protective antigen, the common component of the two toxins, in a dose-dependent manner. Most protective antigen was likely internalized via macropinocytosis. Cells were not sensitive to LT-induced apoptosis or necrosis at concentrations up to 1000 ng/mL. However, toxin exposure inhibited B. anthracis spore internalization. This inhibition was driven primarily by ET in AARPs and LT in leukocytes. These results support a model of inhalation anthrax in which spores germinate and produce toxins. ET inhibits pathogen phagocytosis by AARPs, allowing alveolar escape. In late-stage disease, LT inhibits phagocytosis by leukocytes, allowing bacterial replication in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet I. Patel
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - J. Leland Booth
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Mikhail Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Brent R. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
| | - Jordan P. Metcalf
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (V.I.P.); (J.L.B.); (B.R.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Fleming JS, Conway J, Bennett MJ, Tossici-Bolt L, Guy M, Blé FX, McCrae C, Carlsson M, Bondesson E. Quantitative Assessment of Regional Mucociliary Clearance in Smokers with Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Chronic Bronchitis from Planar Radionuclide Imaging. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2020; 33:342-356. [PMID: 32640859 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mucociliary clearance (MCC) rate from the lung has been shown to be reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study investigates the value of regional clearance measurements in assessing MCC in mild-to-moderate disease. Methods: Measurement of lung MCC using planar gamma camera imaging was performed in three groups: (i) healthy nonsmoking controls (NSCs) (n = 9), (ii) smoking controls (SCs) who were current smokers with normal lung function (n = 10), and (iii) current smokers with mild-to-moderate COPD and bronchitis (n = 15). The mean (±standard deviation) forced expiratory volumes at 1 second (FEV1) for the three groups were 109 (± 18), 94 (± 5), and 78 (± 12), respectively. After inhalation of a technetium-99m labeled aerosol, planar imaging was performed over 4 hours and then at 24 hours. Both lung clearance and tracheobronchial clearance (TBC) (normalized to 24 hours clearance) were calculated for inner and outer lung zones. Inner zone clearance was corrected for input from the outer zone. A novel parameter, the bronchial airways clearance index (BACI), which combined clearance data from both zones, was also evaluated. Regional results were compared with whole lung clearance in the same subjects. Results: Corrected inner zone clearance at 3 hours was not reduced compared with NSC in either SCs or COPD. Outer zone clearance was higher in COPD than in the other groups. Corrected inner zone TBC showed significant reductions in SC and COPD compared with NSC. BACI was significantly reduced in COPD compared with NSC and also correlated with FEV1. The mean BACI for SC was also reduced compared with NSC, but the distribution of results was bimodal, with a significant proportion of subjects having values in the NSC range. Conclusions: Regional MCC demonstrated differences between NSCs, SCs, and subjects with mild-to-moderate COPD, which were not apparent with whole lung measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Fleming
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory and Critical Care Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Conway
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory and Critical Care Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Bennett
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory and Critical Care Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Livia Tossici-Bolt
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Guy
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - François-Xavier Blé
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher McCrae
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmune (RIA), R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Carlsson
- Patient Safety, Chief Medical Office, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Castaldi A, Horie M, Rieger ME, Dubourd M, Sunohara M, Pandit K, Zhou B, Offringa IA, Marconett CN, Borok Z. Genome-wide integration of microRNA and transcriptomic profiles of differentiating human alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L173-L184. [PMID: 32432919 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00519.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The alveolar epithelium is comprised of two cell types, alveolar epithelial type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) cells, the latter being capable of self-renewal and transdifferentiation into AT1 cells for normal maintenance and restoration of epithelial integrity following injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of several biological processes, including cell differentiation; however, their role in establishment/maintenance of cellular identity in adult alveolar epithelium is not well understood. To investigate this question, we performed genome-wide analysis of sequential changes in miRNA and gene expression profiles using a well-established model in which human AT2 (hAT2) cells transdifferentiate into AT1-like cells over time in culture that recapitulates many aspects of transdifferentiation in vivo. We defined three phases of miRNA expression during the transdifferentiation process as "early," "late," and "consistently" changed, which were further subclassified as up- or downregulated. miRNAs with altered expression at all time points during transdifferentiation were the largest subgroup, suggesting the need for consistent regulation of signaling pathways to mediate this process. Target prediction analysis and integration with previously published gene expression data identified glucocorticoid signaling as the top pathway regulated by miRNAs. Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) emerged as a central regulatory factor, whose downregulation correlated temporally with gain of hsa-miR-424 and hsa-miR-503 expression. Functional validation demonstrated specific targeting of these miRNAs to the 3'-untranslated region of SGK1. These data demonstrate the time-related contribution of miRNAs to the alveolar transdifferentiation process and suggest that inhibition of glucocorticoid signaling is necessary to achieve the AT1-like cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Castaldi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Masafumi Horie
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Megan E Rieger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mickael Dubourd
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mitsuhiro Sunohara
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kusum Pandit
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Beiyun Zhou
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ite A Offringa
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Crystal N Marconett
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Wang L, Dorn P, Zeinali S, Froment L, Berezowska S, Kocher GJ, Alves MP, Brügger M, Esteves BIO, Blank F, Wotzkow C, Steiner S, Amacker M, Peng RW, Marti TM, Guenat OT, Bode PK, Moehrlen U, Schmid RA, Hall SRR. CD90 +CD146 + identifies a pulmonary mesenchymal cell subtype with both immune modulatory and perivascular-like function in postnatal human lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L813-L830. [PMID: 32073879 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of mesenchymal cell subsets and their function in human lung affected by aging and in certain disease settings remains poorly described. We use a combination of flow cytometry, prospective cell-sorting strategies, confocal imaging, and modeling of microvessel formation using advanced microfluidic chip technology to characterize mesenchymal cell subtypes in human postnatal and adult lung. Tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective surgery for congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) and other airway abnormalities including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In microscopically normal postnatal human lung, there was a fivefold higher mesenchymal compared with epithelial (EpCAM+) fraction, which diminished with age. The mesenchymal fraction composed of CD90+ and CD90+CD73+ cells was enriched in CXCL12 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) and located in close proximity to EpCAM+ cells in the alveolar region. Surprisingly, alveolar organoids generated from EpCAM+ cells supported by CD90+ subset were immature and displayed dysplastic features. In congenital lung lesions, cystic air spaces and dysplastic alveolar regions were marked with an underlying thick interstitium composed of CD90+ and CD90+PDGFRα+ cells. In postnatal lung, a subset of CD90+ cells coexpresses the pericyte marker CD146 and supports self-assembly of perfusable microvessels. CD90+CD146+ cells from COPD patients fail to support microvessel formation due to fibrinolysis. Targeting the plasmin-plasminogen system during microvessel self-assembly prevented fibrin gel degradation, but microvessels were narrower and excessive contraction blocked perfusion. These data provide important new information regarding the immunophenotypic identity of key mesenchymal lineages and their change in a diverse setting of congenital lung lesions and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Soheila Zeinali
- Organs-on-chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurène Froment
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Gregor J Kocher
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I O Esteves
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Blank
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Wotzkow
- DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Selina Steiner
- DBMR Live Imaging Core Facility, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Marti
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier T Guenat
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Organs-on-chip Technologies Laboratory, ARTORG Center, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter K Bode
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph A Schmid
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sean R R Hall
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Chu X, Chen C, Chen C, Zhang JS, Bellusci S, Li X. Evidence for lung repair and regeneration in humans: key stem cells and therapeutic functions of fibroblast growth factors. Front Med 2019; 14:262-272. [PMID: 31741137 PMCID: PMC7095240 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration carries the idea of regrowing partially or completely a missing organ. Repair, on the other hand, allows restoring the function of an existing but failing organ. The recognition that human lungs can both repair and regenerate is quite novel, the concept has not been widely used to treat patients. We present evidence that the human adult lung does repair and regenerate and introduce different ways to harness this power. Various types of lung stem cells are capable of proliferating and differentiating upon injury driving the repair/regeneration process. Injury models, primarily in mice, combined with lineage tracing studies, have allowed the identification of these important cells. Some of these cells, such as basal cells, broncho-alveolar stem cells, and alveolar type 2 cells, rely on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling for their survival, proliferation and/or differentiation. While preclinical studies have shown the therapeutic benefits of FGFs, a recent clinical trial for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) using intravenous injection of FGF7 did not report the expected beneficial effects. We discuss the potential reasons for these negative results and propose the rationale for new approaches for future clinical trials, such as delivery of FGFs to the damaged lungs through efficient inhalation systems, which may be more promising than systemic exposure to FGFs. While this change in the administration route presents a challenge, the therapeutic promises displayed by FGFs are worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chaolei Chen
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Laboratory of Interventional Pulmonology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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19
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Darquenne C, Prisk GK. The Effect of Aging on Aerosol Bolus Deposition in the Healthy Adult Lung: A 19-Year Longitudinal Study. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2019; 33:133-139. [PMID: 31613688 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2019.1566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While it is recognized that peripheral lung structure and ventilation heterogeneity change with age, the effects of age on aerosol deposition in the healthy adult lung is largely unknown. Methods: A series of aerosol bolus inhalations were repeatedly performed in four healthy subjects over a period of 19 years (years = 0, 9, 15 and 19). For each series, a bolus of 1 μm particles was inhaled at penetration volumes (Vp) ranging from 200 to 1200 mL. Aerosol bolus deposition (DE), dispersion (H), and mode shift (MS) were calculated along with the rate of increase in these parameters with increasing Vp (slope-DE, slope-H, and slope-MS). Results: Slope-DE significantly increased from 0.040 ± 0.014 (mean ± standard deviation) at year 0 to 0.069 ± 0.007%/mL at year 19 (p = 0.02) with no significant difference in DE at shallow depth (Vp = 200 mL; 14% ± 4% at year 0 vs. 15% ± 7% at year 19, p = 0.25). There was no significant effect of age on either slope-H (0.44 ± 0.05 at year 0 vs. 0.47 ± 0.09 mL/mL at year 19, p = 0.6) or dispersion at shallow depth (192 ± 36 mL at year 0 vs. 220 ± 54 mL at year 19, p = 0.2). Slope-MS became significantly more negative with increasing age (-0.096 ± 0.044 at year 0 vs. -0.171 ± 0.027 mL/mL at year 19, p = 0.001) with no significant difference in MS at shallow depth (12 ± 10 at year 0 vs. 7 ± 15 mL at year 19, p = 0.3). Conclusions: These data suggest that (1) peripheral deposition increases with aging in the healthy lung, likely as a result of increasing closing volume with age; (2) alterations in the mechanical properties of healthy adult lungs with age occur uniformly; and (3) the significant increase in the magnitude of MS-slope with age is likely due to the concomitant increase in peripheral deposition and possible alterations in flow sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - G Kim Prisk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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20
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Du Y, Clair GC, Al Alam D, Danopoulos S, Schnell D, Kitzmiller JA, Misra RS, Bhattacharya S, Warburton D, Mariani TJ, Pryhuber GS, Whitsett JA, Ansong C, Xu Y. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic data identifies biological functions in cell populations from human infant lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L347-L360. [PMID: 31268347 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00475.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Systems biology uses computational approaches to integrate diverse data types to understand cell and organ behavior. Data derived from complementary technologies, for example transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, are providing new insights into development and disease. We compared mRNA and protein profiles from purified endothelial, epithelial, immune, and mesenchymal cells from normal human infant lung tissue. Signatures for each cell type were identified and compared at both mRNA and protein levels. Cell-specific biological processes and pathways were predicted by analysis of concordant and discordant RNA-protein pairs. Cell clustering and gene set enrichment comparisons identified shared versus unique processes associated with transcriptomic and/or proteomic data. Clear cell-cell correlations between mRNA and protein data were obtained from each cell type. Approximately 40% of RNA-protein pairs were coherently expressed. While the correlation between RNA and their protein products was relatively low (Spearman rank coefficient rs ~0.4), cell-specific signature genes involved in functional processes characteristic of each cell type were more highly correlated with their protein products. Consistency of cell-specific RNA-protein signatures indicated an essential framework for the function of each cell type. Visualization and reutilization of the protein and RNA profiles are supported by a new web application, "LungProteomics," which is freely accessible to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Du
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Geremy C Clair
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Daniel Schnell
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Heart Institute and Center for Translational Fibrosis Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph A Kitzmiller
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ravi S Misra
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Soumyaroop Bhattacharya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Division of Neonatology and Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.,Division of Neonatology and Program in Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Gloria S Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charles Ansong
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Yan Xu
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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21
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) plays an important role in mouse lung development, injury, and repair. It is considered the main morphogen driving lung branching morphogenesis in rodents. While many studies have found FGF10 SNPs associated with COPD and branch variants in COPD smokers, there is no evidence of a causative role for FGF10 or these SNPs in human lung development and pediatric lung diseases. We and others have shown divergent roles for FGF10 in mouse lung development and early human lung development. Herein, we only review the existing literature on FGF signaling in human lung development and pediatric human lung diseases, comparing what is known in mouse lung to that in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soula Danopoulos
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Shiosaki
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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22
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Maarsingh H, Bidan CM, Brook BS, Zuidhof AB, Elzinga CRS, Smit M, Oldenburger A, Gosens R, Timens W, Meurs H. Small airway hyperresponsiveness in COPD: relationship between structure and function in lung slices. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 316:L537-L546. [PMID: 30628486 PMCID: PMC6459292 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00325.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct relationship between pulmonary structural changes and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. We investigated AHR in relation to airway and parenchymal structural changes in a guinea pig model of COPD and in COPD patients. Precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were prepared from guinea pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide or saline two times weekly for 12 wk. Peripheral PCLS were obtained from patients with mild to moderate COPD and non-COPD controls. AHR to methacholine was measured in large and small airways using video-assisted microscopy. Airway smooth muscle mass and alveolar airspace size were determined in the same slices. A mathematical model was used to identify potential changes in biomechanical properties underlying AHR. In guinea pigs, lipopolysaccharide increased the sensitivity of large (>150 μm) airways toward methacholine by 4.4-fold and the maximal constriction of small airways (<150 μm) by 1.5-fold. Similarly increased small airway responsiveness was found in COPD patients. In both lipopolysaccharide-challenged guinea pigs and patients, airway smooth muscle mass was unaltered, whereas increased alveolar airspace correlated with small airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs. Fitting the parameters of the model indicated that COPD weakens matrix mechanical properties and enhances stiffness differences between the airway and the parenchyma, in both species. In conclusion, this study demonstrates small airway hyperresponsiveness in PCLS from COPD patients. These changes may be related to reduced parenchymal retraction forces and biomechanical changes in the airway wall. PCLS from lipopolysaccharide-exposed guinea pigs may be useful to study mechanisms of small airway hyperresponsiveness in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University , West Palm Beach, Florida.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, Centre for Scientific Research, Université Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble , France.,Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Potsdam , Germany
| | - Bindi S Brook
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Annet B Zuidhof
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Carolina R S Elzinga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Oldenburger
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.,Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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23
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Cooper GE, Ostridge K, Khakoo SI, Wilkinson TMA, Staples KJ. Human CD49a + Lung Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity in Response to Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1671. [PMID: 30079068 PMCID: PMC6062652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major global public health burden due to its routine evasion of immunization strategies. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic cells with important antiviral activity in the human body, yet the function of these cells in the control of IAV infection is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of lung NK cell cytotoxic responses to IAV. Human lung explants were infected ex vivo with IAV, and lung NK cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic responses of NK cell subsets against IAV-infected macrophages were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA. Despite reports of hypofunctionality in the pulmonary environment, human lung-associated NK cells responded rapidly to ex vivo IAV infection, with upregulation of surface CD107a 24 h post-infection. The lung NK cell phenotype is similar in maturity and differentiation to NK cells of the peripheral blood but a unique CD56brightCD49a+CD103+CD69+ NK cell population was identified in the lung, indicating NK cell residency within this organ. In response to ex vivo IAV infection a greater proportion of resident CD56brightCD49a+ NK cells expressed surface CD107a compared with CD56brightCD49a− NK cells, suggesting a hyperfunctional NK cell population may be present within human lung tissue and could be the result of innate immunological training. Furthermore, NK cells provided significant antiviral, cytotoxic activity following contact with influenza-infected cells, including the production and release of IFN-γ and granzyme-B resulting in macrophage cell death. These results suggest that a resident, trained NK cell population are present in the human lung and may provide early and important control of viral infection. A greater understanding of this resident mucosal population may provide further insight into the role of these cells in controlling viral infection and generating appropriate adaptive immunity to IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Cooper
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristoffer Ostridge
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salim I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M A Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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24
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Sá RC, Zeman KL, Bennett WD, Prisk GK, Darquenne C. Regional Ventilation Is the Main Determinant of Alveolar Deposition of Coarse Particles in the Supine Healthy Human Lung During Tidal Breathing. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:322-331. [PMID: 28277885 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2016.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To quantify the relationship between regional lung ventilation and coarse aerosol deposition in the supine healthy human lung, we used oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and planar gamma scintigraphy in seven subjects. METHODS Regional ventilation was measured in the supine posture in a 15 mm sagittal slice of the right lung. Deposition was measured by using planar gamma scintigraphy (coronal scans, 40 cm FOV) immediately postdeposition, 1 hour 30 minutes and 22 hours after deposition of 99mTc-labeled particles (4.9 μm MMAD, GSD 2.5), inhaled in the supine posture (flow 0.5 L/s, 15 breaths/min). The distribution of retained particles at different times was used to infer deposition in different airway regions, with 22 hours representing alveolar deposition. The fraction of total slice ventilation per quartile of lung height from the lung apex to the dome of the diaphragm at functional residual capacity was computed, and co-registered with deposition data-apices aligned-using a transmission scan as reference. The ratio of fractional alveolar deposition to fractional ventilation of each quartile (r) was used to evaluate ventilation and deposition matching (r > 1, regional aerosol deposition fraction larger than regional ventilation fraction). RESULTS r was not significantly different from 1 for all regions (1.04 ± 0.25, 1.08 ± 0.22, 1.03 ± 0.17, 0.92 ± 0.13, apex to diaphragm, p > 0.40) at the alveolar level (r22h). For retention times r0h and r1h30, only the diaphragmatic region at r1h30 differed significantly from 1. CONCLUSIONS These results support the hypothesis that alveolar deposition is directly proportional to ventilation for ∼5 μm particles that are inhaled in the supine posture and are consistent with previous simulation predictions that show that convective flow is the main determinant of aerosol transport to the lung periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Carlos Sá
- 1 Pulmonary Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kirby L Zeman
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - William D Bennett
- 2 Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - G Kim Prisk
- 1 Pulmonary Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California.,3 Pulmonary Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Chantal Darquenne
- 1 Pulmonary Imaging Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California
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25
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Kim SH, Liu CY, Fan PW, Hsieh CH, Lin HY, Lee MC, Fang K. The aqueous extract of Brucea javanica suppresses cell growth and alleviates tumorigenesis of human lung cancer cells by targeting mutated epidermal growth factor receptor. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3599-3609. [PMID: 27843300 PMCID: PMC5098521 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s117443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As a practical and safe herbal medicine, the seeds of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr., were used to cure patients suffering from infectious diseases such as malaria. Recent advances revealed that the herb could also be a useful cancer therapy agent. The study demonstrated that aqueous B. javanica (BJ) extract attenuated the growth of human non-small-lung cancer cells bearing mutant L858R/T790M epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The reduced cell viability in H1975 cells was attributed to apoptosis. Transfection of EGFR small hairpin RNA reverted the sensitivities. When nude mice were fed BJ extract, the growth of xenograft tumors, as established by H1975 cells, was suppressed. Additional histological examination and fluorescence analysis of the resected tissues proved that the induced apoptosis mitigated tumor growth. The work proved that the BJ extract exerted its effectiveness by targeting lung cancer cells carrying mutated EGFR while alleviating tumorigenesis. Aqueous BJ extract is a good candidate to overcome drug resistance in patients undergoing target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hun Kim
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
| | - Chun-Yen Liu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
| | - Po-Wei Fan
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
| | - Chang-Heng Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
| | - Ming-Chung Lee
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kang Fang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei
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Le NPK, Channabasappa S, Hossain M, Liu L, Singh B. Leukocyte-specific protein 1 regulates neutrophil recruitment in acute lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L995-1008. [PMID: 26320151 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of excessive migration of activated neutrophils into inflamed lungs, credited with tissue damage, are not fully understood. We explored the hitherto unknown expression of leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) in human and mouse lungs and neutrophils and examined its role in neutrophil migration in acute lung inflammation. Autopsied septic human lungs showed increased LSP1 labeling in epithelium, endothelium, and leukocytes, including in their nuclei compared with normal lungs. We induced acute lung inflammation through intranasal administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (80 μg) in LSP1-deficient (Lsp1(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) 129/SvJ mice. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots showed increased expression of LSP1 and phosphorylated LSP1 in lungs of LPS-treated WT mice. Histology showed more congestion, inflammation, and Gr-1(+) neutrophils in lung of WT mice than Lsp1(-/-) mice. LPS-treated WT mice had significantly more neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and myeloperoxidase levels in lungs compared with Lsp1(-/-) mice. However, there were no differences in lung tissue and BAL concentrations of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and -1β, vascular permeability, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK between LPS-treated WT and Lsp1(-/-) mice, whereas TNF-α concentration was higher in BAL fluid from LPS-treated WT. Immunoelectron microscopy showed increased LSP1 in the nuclei of LPS-treated neutrophils. We also found increased levels of phosphorylated LSP1 associated with plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytosol at various times after LPS treatment of murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils, suggesting its role in modulation of neutrophil cytoskeleton and the membrane. These data collectively show increased expression of LSP1 in inflamed mouse and human lungs and its role in neutrophil recruitment and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phuong Khanh Le
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Shankaramurthy Channabasappa
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mokarram Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;
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Darquenne C, Zeman KL, Sá RC, Cooper TK, Fine JM, Bennett WD, Prisk GK. Removal of sedimentation decreases relative deposition of coarse particles in the lung periphery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:546-55. [PMID: 23743403 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01520.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung deposition of >0.5-μm particles is strongly influenced by gravitational sedimentation, with deposition being reduced in microgravity (μG) compared with normal gravity (1G). Gravity not only affects total deposition, but may also alter regional deposition. Using gamma scintigraphy, we measured the distribution of regional deposition and retention of radiolabeled particles ((99m)Tc-labeled sulfur colloid, 5-μm diameter) in five healthy volunteers. Particles were inhaled in a controlled fashion (0.5 l/s, 15 breaths/min) during multiple periods of μG aboard the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Microgravity Research Aircraft and in 1G. In both cases, deposition scans were obtained immediately postinhalation and at 1 h 30 min, 4 h, and 22 h postinhalation. Regional deposition was characterized by the central-to-peripheral ratio and by the skew of the distribution of deposited particles on scans acquired directly postinhalation. Relative distribution of deposition between the airways and the alveolar region was derived from data acquired at the various time points. Compared with inhalation in 1G, subjects show an increase in central-to-peripheral ratio (P = 0.043), skew (P = 0.043), and tracheobronchial deposition (P < 0.001) when particles were inhaled in μG. The absence of gravity caused fewer particles to deposit in the lung periphery than in the central region where deposition occurred mainly in the airways in μG. Furthermore, the increased skew observed in μG likely illustrates the presence of localized areas of deposition, i.e., "hot spots", resulting from inertial impaction. In conclusion, gravity has a significant effect on deposition patterns of coarse particles, with most of deposition occurring in the alveolar region in 1G but in the large airways in μG.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0623, USA.
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28
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Tomaselli F, Dittrich P, Maier A, Woltsche M, Matzi V, Pinter J, Nuhsbaumer S, Pinter H, Smolle J, Smolle-Jüttner FM. Penetration of piperacillin and tazobactam into pneumonic human lung tissue measured by in vivo microdialysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 55:620-4. [PMID: 12814459 PMCID: PMC1884255 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The pharmacokinetic profile of antibiotics at the site of anti-infective action is one of the most important determinants of drug response, since it correlates with antimicrobial effect. Up to now, only limited information on the lung tissue pharmacokinetics of antibiotic agents has been available. The aim of this study was to measure, using a new microdialysis-based approach, antibiotic penetration into the extracellular space fluid of pneumonic human lung parenchyma. PATIENTS AND METHODS The lung penetration of a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam, substances with low protein binding, was determined in five patients suffering from pneumonia and metapneumonic pleural empyema. The condition was treated by decortication after lateral thoracotomy. Intra-, or post-operatively, respectively, two microdialysis probes were inserted into pneumonic lung tissue, and into healthy skeletal muscle to obtain reference values. Serum and microdialysis samples were collected at 20-min intervals for at last 8 h following i.v. administration of a single dose of 4 g piperacillin and 500 mg tazobactam. RESULTS The mean free interstitial concentration profiles of piperacillin in infected lung tissue and serum showed a maximal tissue concentration (Cmax) of 176.0 +/- 105.0 mg l-1 and 326.0 +/- 60.6 mg l-1, respectively. The mean AUC (area under the curve) for infected lung tissue was 288.0 +/- 167.0 mg.h l-1 and for serum 470.0 +/- 142.0 mg.h l-1. There was a statistically significant difference between AUC (lung) and AUC (serum) (P = 0.018) as well as between AUC (lung) and AUC (muscle) (P = 0.043). The intrapulmonary concentrations of piperacillin and tazobactam exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for most relevant bacteria for 4-6 h. The procedure was well tolerated by all patients and no adverse events or microdialysis-associated side-effects were observed. CONCLUSION This microdialysis technique enabled continuous tissue pharmacokinetic measurement of free, unbound anti-infective agents in the lung tissue of patients with pneumonia. The present data corroborate the use of piperacillin and tazobactam in the treatment of lung infections caused by extracellular bacteria and demonstrate the distribution of piperacillin and tazobactam in the interstitial space of pneumonic lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomaselli
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic and Hyperbaric Surgery, University Medical School of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Gilbody J, Lipman MC, Johnson MA, Atkins M, Poulter LW. Progression of HIV disease is associated with increased expression of Fc gammaRI and CR1 on alveolar macrophages. Clin Exp Immunol 1997; 107:31-6. [PMID: 9010253 PMCID: PMC1904534 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of receptors for complement and the Fc region of immunoglobulin by alveolar macrophages (AM) constitutes a valuable aid to effector function of these cells. However, during HIV infection such expression may also act to increase binding of immune complexes, thus facilitating viral infection of these cells. This study was designed to determine whether changes in the expression of these receptors occurs in situ during HIV infection. Lung macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage in groups of HIV+ subjects segregated on the basis of peripheral CD4 count. A group of normal subjects was also investigated. Expression of CR1 and Fc gammaRI was quantified by measuring the optical density of reaction product following controlled immunoperoxidase staining with MoAbs CD35 and CD64. Both CR1 and Fc gammaRI were increased over normal in all HIV+ subjects. This increase was progressive with advancing disease as determined by correlation with declining peripheral CD4 count. Comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects with HIV infection showed no difference in CR1 expression but a rise in Fc gammaRI expression in the latter group. An overall inverse correlation was also found between peripheral CD4 count and Fc gammaRI expression, but not CR1 expression. These data demonstrate a significant increase in the expression of these receptors on AM from HIV+ subjects, and show that this increase may occur before any symptoms in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gilbody
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free Hospital and School of Medicine, London, UK
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30
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Baba M, Obara T, Bonfil RD, Yamaguchi Y, Trump BF, Resau J, Klein-Szanto AJ. Resistance to serum-induced terminal differentiation in normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells after in vivo exposure to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Jpn J Cancer Res 1988; 79:734-41. [PMID: 3137200 PMCID: PMC5917572 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1988.tb02230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells (NHTBECs) from nine donors were used to repopulate de-epithelialized rat tracheas. After transplantation into nude mice and treatment with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), the transplants were removed at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. Epithelial cells from DMBA-treated tracheas were subculturable. Epithelial cells from most untreated tracheas were not subculturable. After treatment with 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8% serum, cells exhibited increased subculturability after in vivo treatment with DMBA, did not terminally differentiate and were still proliferating even in medium containing 8% serum. Karyotypes from these cells showed considerable aneuploidy. Although these cells did not survive for more than 10 subcultures (42 weeks), this was considerably longer than the survival of control cells. Because of their longer survival, resistance to serum-induced terminal differentiation and chromosome alterations, they were considered to be phenotypically altered or partially transformed cells produced by in vivo treatment of human cells with a chemical carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baba
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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Sakatani M, Ogura T, Masuno T, Kishimoto S, Yamamura Y. Effect of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton on augmentation of cytotoxicity function in human pleural macrophages. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1987; 25:119-25. [PMID: 2822242 PMCID: PMC11038356 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/1987] [Accepted: 05/11/1987] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) to augment macrophage cytotoxicity function was examined using human pleural macrophages prepared from 32 malignant pleural effusions and 53 pleural washings. The cytostatic activity of pleural macrophages for human lung cancer cells (PC-9) was augmented following incubation of pleural mononuclear cells with 10 micrograms/ml N-CWS for 24 h. Macrophage activity was increased by direct interaction of macrophages with N-CWS or by incubation of macrophages with supernatant culture fluids from pleural lymphocytes with N-CWS. The cytotoxic potential of the pleural macrophages obtained from patients treated with 500 micrograms of N-CWS intrapleurally was also increased. The heat and acid stability studies revealed that the culture fluids from pleural lymphocytes treated with N-CWS contained macrophage activation factor in addition to interferon-gamma. These results suggest that direct and indirect macrophage activation is part of the mechanism in which N-CWS has a clinical effect on malignant pleural effusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sakatani
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Kinki-Chuo Hospital for Chest diseases, Osaka, Japan
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Swinburne S, Moore M, Cole P. Further studies on the differences in cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages for cultured human lung cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985; 19:62-7. [PMID: 3844975 PMCID: PMC11039032 DOI: 10.1007/bf00199314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1984] [Accepted: 10/02/1984] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported differences between the cytostatic activity of human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) and bronchoalveolar macrophages (BAM) for cultured human lung tumor cells have been further investigated. The differences are both quantitative and qualitative and are shown not to be due to the respective methods of purification. There was a varying contribution of cytolysis to the cytostasis detected by the 75selenomethionine post-labeling assay used. Bronchoalveolar macrophages were cytolytic when tested at both low and high E:T ratios but PBM were only cytolytic at the low E:T ratio. A variable dependence upon soluble cytostatic factor(s) was suggested, and there was evidence of heterogeneity in the factors released by the two populations. Cytostatic factor production by both populations appeared to be under similar regulatory constraints. In vitro maturation of PBM altered their cytostatic dose-response curve to one resembling that previously reported for BAM. It was also shown that sera from poor-prognosis lung tumor patients, which suppressed the in vitro maturation of PBM, also suppressed the in vitro cytostatic activity of PBM for cultured human lung tumor cells.
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Lewis RA, Austen KF, Drazen JM, Clark DA, Marfat A, Corey EJ. Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis: identification of leukotrienes C-1 and D from human and rat sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3710-4. [PMID: 6106193 PMCID: PMC349688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Slow reacting substance(s) of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) was isolated from both human (lung) and rat sources and compared with three synthetic SRS-As of known structure-leukotrienes (LTs) C-1, C-2, and D. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was used both as a final purification step and a means of comparison of biologically derived and synthetic substances. Two major peaks of SRS-A activity of both rat and human origin corresponded chromatographically with LTC-1 and LTD, respectively, and had equivalent specific activities on the guinea pig ileum. With guinea pig ileum, the specific activities (units/pmol) for synthetic leukotrienes and anaphylactic peaks were (mean +/- SEM): synthetic LTC-1, 1.93 +/- 0.13; SRS-A(rat) peak I, 1.69 +/- 0.43; synthetic LTD, 6.10 +/- 1.15; SRS-A(rat) peak II, 7.14 +/- 0.51; and SRS-A(hu) peak II, 1.90. Both synthetic LTC-1 and LTD and their SRS-A natural counterparts had a preferential contractile activity on guinea pig peripheral airway compared to central airways and were at least 200 times more active than histamine on peripheral airways on a molar basis. Leukotriene D is the major SRS-A of human lung and accounts for almost all of the biological activity. It likely is formed from leukotriene C-1 in vivo by an enzymic process of the well-known gamma-glutamyltransferase type.
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